Potential utility of GB virus type C as a preventive vaccine for HIV-1

References

• Baggio-Zappia GL, Hernandes Granato CF. HIV-GB virus C co-infection: an overview. Clin. Chem. Lab Med. 47(1), 12–19 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reshetnyak VI, Karlovich TI, Ilchenko LU. Hepatitis G virus. World J. Gastroenterol. 14(30), 4725–4734 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Björkman P, Widell A. HIV and GB virus C infections seen from the perspective of the vertically coexposed infant. J. Infect. Dis. 197(10), 1358–1360 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maidana MT, Sabino EC, Kallas EG. GBV-C/HGV and HIV-1 coinfection. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. (2), 122–125 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaiser T, Tillmann HL. GB virus C infection: is there a clinical relevance for patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus? AIDS Rev. 7(1), 3–12 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leary TP, Muerhoff AS, Simons JN et al. Sequence and genomic organization of GBV-C: a novel member of the Flaviviridae associated with human non-A-E hepatitis. J. Med. Virol. 48, 60–67 (1996).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito H, Abe K. Genotyping system of GBV-C/HGV type 1 to type 4 by the polymerase chain reaction using typespecific primers and geographical distribution of viral genotypes. J. Virol. Methods 1, 3–9 (2001).
   Google Scholar
• Smith DB, Cuceanu N, Davidson F, Jarvis LM, Mokili JL, Hamid S et al. Discrimination of hepatitis G virus/GBVC geographical variants by analysis of the 5′ non-coding region. J. Gen. Virol. 78, 1533–1542 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muerhoff AS, Smith DB, Leary TP, Erker JC, Desai Mushahwar IK. Identification of GB virus C variants bb phylogenetic analysis of 5′-untranslated and coding region sequences. J. Virol. 71, 6501–6508 (1997).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sathar MA, York DF, Gouws E, Coutsoudis A, Coovadia HM. GB virus type C coinfection in HIV-infected African mothers and their infants, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38, 405–409 (2004).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohr EL, Murthy KK, McLinden JH, Xiang J, Stapleton JT. The natural history of nonhuman GB Virus C (GBV-Ccpz) in captive chimpanzees. J. Gen. Virol. 92, 91–100 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu Odeh RO. Detection and genotyping of GB virus-C in dromedary camels in the United Arab Emirates. Vet. Microbiol. 147, 226–230 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stapleton JT, Williams CF, Xiang J. GB virus type C: a beneficial infection? J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 915–3919 (2004).
   Google Scholar
• George SL, Varmaz D, Stapleton JT. GB virus C replicates in primary T and B lymphocytes. J. Infect. Dis. 193, 451–454 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefrere JJ, Roudot-Thoraval F, Morand-Joubert L et al. Carriage of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus RNA is associated with a slower immunologic, virologic, and clinical progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease in coinfected persons. J. Infect. Dis. 179, 783–789 (1999).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang J, Wunschmann S, Diekema DJ et al. Effect of coinfection with GB virus C on survival among patients with HIV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 707–714 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillmann HL, Heiken H, Knapik-Botor A et al. Infection with GB virus C and reduced mortality among HIV-infected patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 715–724 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Bij AK, Kloosterboer N, Prins M et al. GB virus C coinfection and HIV-1 disease progression: the Amsterdam Cohort Study. J. Infect. Dis. 191, 678–685 (2005).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang W, Chaloner K, Tillmann HL, Williams CF, Stapleton JT. Effect of early and late GB virus C viraemia on survival of HIV-infected individuals: a meta-analysis. HIV Med. 7, 173–180 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillmann HL, Manns MP. GB virus-C infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Antiviral Res. 52, 83–90 (2001).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyoda H, Fukuda Y, Hayakawa T, Takamatsu J, Saito H. Effect of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus coinfection on the course of HIV infection in hemophilia patients in Japan. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 17, 209–213 (1998).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heringlake S, Ockenga J, Tillmann HL et al. GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection: a favorable prognostic factor in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients? J. Infect. Dis. 177, 1723–1726 (1998).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birk M, Lindback S, Lidman C. No influence of GB virus C replication on the prognosis in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 16, 2482–2485 (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorkman P, Naucler A, Winqvist N, Mushahwar I, Widell A. A case-control study of the transmission routes for GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Swedish blood donors lacking markers for hepatitis C virus infection. Vox Sang. 81, 148–153 (2001).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bjorkman P, Flamholc L, Naucler A, Molnegren V, Wallmark E, Widell A. GB virus C during the natural course of HIV-1 infection: viremia at diagnosis does not predict mortality. AIDS 18, 877–886 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómara MJ, Fernández L, Pérez T, Ercilla G, Haro I. Assessment of synthetic chimeric multiple antigenic peptides for diagnosis of GB virus C infection. Anal. Biochem. 396(1), 51–48 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómara MJ, Fernández L, Pérez T et al. Diagnostic value of anti-GBV-C antibodies in HIV-infected patients. Chem. Biol. Drug. Des. 78(2), 277–282 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagasra O, Sheraz M. Role of GBV-C specific miRNAs in HIV-1 inhibition. Presented at: 111th ASM Annual Conference. New Orleans, LA, USA, 21–25 May 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Stapleton JT. GB virus type C/Hepatitis G virus. Semin. Liver Dis. 23, 137–148 (2003).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr EL, Xiang J, McLinden JH et al. GB virus type C envelope protein E2 elicits antibodies that react with a cellular antigen on HIV-1 particles and neutralize diverse HIV-1 isolates. J. Immunol. 185(7), 4496–4505 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr EL, Stapleton JT. GB virus type C interactions with HIV: the role of envelope glycoproteins. J. Viral. Hepat. 16(11), 757–768 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera E, Tenckhoff S, Gómara MJ et al. Effect of synthetic peptides belonging to E2 envelope protein of GB virus C on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Med. Chem. 53(16), 6054–6063 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagasra O. A unified concept of HIV-1 latency. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 6, 1135–1149 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagasra O, Stir AE, Pirisi-Creek L, Creek KE, Bagasra Au, Lee JS. Role of miRNAs in regulation of lentiviral latency and persistence. Appl. Immunochem. Mol. Morphol. 14, 276–290 (2006).
   Google Scholar
• Kanak MA, Alseiari MA, Addanki KC et al. Triplex forming microRNAs form stable complexes with HIV-1 provirus and inhibit its replication. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 18(6), 532–545 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medzhitov R, Littman D. HIV immunology needs a new direction. Nature 455, 591 (2008).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker BD, Goulder PJ. AIDS. Escape from the immune system. Nature 407, 313–314 (2000).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korber BT, Letvin NL, Haynes BF. T-cell vaccine strategies for human immunodeficiency virus, the virus with a thousand faces. J. Virol. 83(17), 8300–8314 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houzet L, Yeung ML, de Lame V, Desai D, Smith SM, Jeang KT. MicroRNA profile changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive individuals. Retrovirology. 5, 118 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lama J. The physiological relevance of CD4 receptor down-modulation during HIV infection. Curr. HIV Res. 1(2), 167–184 (2003).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The International HIV Controllers Study. The major genetic determinants of HIV-1 control affect HLA Class I peptide presentation. Science 330, 1551–1557 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krajden M, Yu A, Braybrook H et al. GBV-C/ hepatitis G virus infection and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case control study. Int. J. Cancer 126(12), 2885–2892 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvilleur E, Wilson LA, Willis AE. Translation deregulation in B-cell lymphomas. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 38(6), 1593–1597 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotani A, Harnprasopwat R, Toyoshima T, Kawamata T, Tojo A. miRNAs in normal and malignant B cells. Int. J. Hematol. 92(2), 255–261 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stapleton JT, Chaloner K. GB virus C infection and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: important to know but the jury is out. Int. J. Cancer 126(12), 2759–2761 (2010)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagasra O, Prilliman KP. RNA interference: the molecular immune system. J. Mol. Histol. 35, 545–553 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang GL, Li YX, Zheng SQ, Liu M, Li X, Tang H. Suppression of hepatitis B virus replication by microRNA-199a-3p and microRNA-210. Antiviral Res. 88(2), 169–175 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakim ST, Alsayari M, McLean DC et al. A large number of the primate microRNAs target lentiviruses, RE and endogenous retroviruses. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 369, 357–362 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagasra O, Pace DG. Back to the soil: retroviruses and transposons. In: Biocommunication of Soil-Bacteria and Viruses. Springer, 161–188 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Lecellier CH, Dunoyer P, Arar K et al. A cellular microRNA mediates antiviral defense in human cells. Science 308(5721), 557–560 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer S, Baumert TF. Impact of microRNAs for pathogenesis and treatment of hepatitis C virus minfection. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol. 2034(8–9), 431–435 (2010).
   Google Scholar
• Morita K, Taketomi A, Shirabe K et al. Clinical significance and potential of hepatic microRNA-122 expression in hepatitis C. Liver Int. 31(4), 474–484 (2010).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qiu L, Fan H, Jin W et al. miR-122-induced down-regulation of HO-1 negatively affects miR-122-mediated suppression of HBV. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 398(4), 771–777 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarze-Zander C, Neibecker M, Othman S et al. GB virus C coinfection in advanced HIV type-1 disease is associated with low CCR5 and CXCR4 surface expression on CD4(+) T-cells. Antivir. Ther. 15(5), 745–752 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Martín MJ, Urbán P, Pujol M, Haro I, Alsina MA, Busquets MA. Biophysical investigations of GBV-C E1 peptides as potential inhibitors of HIV-1 fusion peptide. Chemphyschem. 2(15), 2816–2822 (2011).
   Google Scholar
• Zhou T, Xu L, Dey B et al. Structural definition of a conserved neutralization epitope on HIV-1 gp120. Nature 445(7129), 732–737 (2007).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwong PD. Human immunodeficiency virus: refolding the envelope. Nature 433(7028), 815–816 (2005).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moenkemeyer M, Schmidt RE, Wedemeyer H, Tillmann HL, Heiken H. GBV-C coinfection is negatively correlated to Fas expression and Fas-mediated apoptosis in HIV-1 infected patients. J. Med. Virol. 80(11), 1933–1940 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Martín MJ, Busquets MA, Girona V, Haro I, Alsina MA, Pujol M. Effect of E1(64–81) hepatitis G peptide on the in vitro interaction of HIV-1 fusion peptide with membrane models. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1808(9), 2178–2188 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haro I, Gómara MJ, Galatola R et al. Study of the inhibition capacity of an 18-mer peptide domain of GBV-C virus on gp41-FP HIV-1 activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1808(6), 1567–1573 (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berzsenyi MD, Woollard DJ, McLean CA et al. Down-regulation of intra-hepatic T-cell signaling associated with GB virus C in a HCV/HIV co-infected group with reduced liver disease. J. Hepatol. 55(3), 536–544 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koedel Y, Eissmann K, Wend H, Fleckenstein B, Reil H. Peptides derived from a distinct region of GB virus C glycoprotein E2 mediate strain-specific HIV-1 entry inhibition. J. Virol. 85(14), 7037–7047 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera E, Gomara MJ, Mazzini S, Ragg E, Haro I. Synthetic peptides of hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) in the selection of putative peptide inhibitors of the HIV-1 fusion peptide. J. Phys. Chem. B. 113(20), 7383–7391 (2009).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenizia C, Keele BF, Nichols D et al. TRIM5α does not affect simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 replication in vaccinated or unvaccinated Indian Rhesus Macaques following intrarectal challenge exposure. J. Virol. 85(23), 12399–12409 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauring AS, Jones JO, Andino R. Rationalizing the development of live attenuated virus vaccines. Nat. Biotechnol. 28(6), 573–579 (2010).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang J, George SL, Wunschmann S, Chang Q, Klinzman D, Stapleton JT. Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by GB virus C infection through increases in RANTES, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, and SDF-1. Lancet 363, 2040–2046 (2004).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh P, Wanchu A, Bhatnagar A, Sachdeva RK, Sharma M. Spontaneous and antigen-induced chemokine production in exposed but uninfected partners of HIV type 1-infected individuals in North India. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 23(2), 261–268 (2007).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luciw PA, Shaw KE, Unger RE et al. Genetic and biological comparisons of pathogenic and nonpathogenic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac). AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses. 8(3), 395–402 (1992).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bagasra O. Retroviruses and AIDS: birth of a new epidemic. HIV and Molecular Immunity: Prospect for AIDS Vaccine. Eaton Publishing, MA, 9–59 (1999).
   Google Scholar
• Bosinger SE, Sodora DL, Silvestri G. Generalized immune activation and innate immune responses in simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS. 6(5), 411–418. (2011).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar