Objective quantitative spatial verification of distributed snow cover simulations—an experiment for the whole of Switzerland / Vérification quantitative spatiale objective de simulations distribuées de la couche de neige—une étude pour l'ensemble de la Suisse

REFERENCES

• Apfl , G. , Barben , M. , Baumgartner , M. F. , Holzer , T. and Weingartner , R. 2001 . “ Variation of the snow line. ” . In Hydrological Atlas of Switzerland Ittigen , , Switzerland : Plate 3.6. Swiss Federal Office for Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Baumgartner , M. F. and Apfl , G. 1994 . Towards an integrated geographic analysis system with remote sensing, GIS and consecutive modeling for snow cover monitoring. . Int. J. Remote Sens. , 15 ( 7 ) : 1507 – 1517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beven , K. 2001 . How far can we go in distributed hydrological modelling? . Hydrol. Earth System Sci. , 5 ( 1 ) : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blöschl , G. 1999 . Scaling issues in snow hydrology. . Hydrol. Processes , 13 (14–15) : 2149 – 2175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blöschl , G. , Kirnbauer , R. and Gutknecht , D. 1991 . Distributed snowmelt simulations in an alpine catchment. 1. Model evaluation on the basis of snow cover patterns. . Water Resour. Res. , 27 ( 12 ) : 3171 – 3179 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blöschl , G. , Kirnbauer , R. , Jansa , J. , Kraus , K. , Kusching , D. , Gutknecht , D. and Reszler , C. 2002 . Using remote sensing methods for calibrating and verifying a spatially distributed snow model. . Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft (ÖWW) , 54 : 16
   Google Scholar
• Cline , D. W. , Bales , R. C. and Dozier , J. 1998 . Estimating the spatial distribution of snow in mountain basins using remote sensing and energy balance modeling. . Water Resour. Res. , 34 ( 5 ) : 1275 – 1285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doswell , C. A. , Daviesjones , R. and Keller , D. L. 1990 . On summary measures of skill in rare event forecasting based on contingency-tables. . Weather Forecast , 5 ( 4 ) : 576 – 585 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeze , R. A. and Harlan , R. L. 1969 . Blueprint for a physically-based digitally simulated hydrologic response model. . J. Hydrol. , 9 : 237 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Grayson , R. B. and Blöschl , G. 2001 . Spatial Patterns in Catchment Hydrology: Observations and Modelling. Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grayson , R. B. , Blöschl , G. , Western , A. W. and McMahon , T. A. 2002 . Advances in the use of observed spatial patterns of catchment hydrological response. . Adv. Water Resour. , 25 (8–12) : 1313 – 1334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurtz , J. , Baltensweiler , A. and Lang , H. 1999 . Spatially distributed hydrotope-based modelling of evapotranspiration and runoff in mountainous basins. . Hydrol. Processes , 13 ( 17 ) : 2751 – 2768 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurtz , J. , Zappa , M. , Jasper , K. , Lang , H. , Verbunt , M. , Badoux , A. and Vitvar , T. 2003 . A comparative study in modelling runoff and its components in two mountainous catchments. . Hydrol. Processes , 17 ( 2 ) : 297 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen , A. 2003 . Fuzzy set approach to assessing similarity of categorical maps. . Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. , 17 ( 3 ) : 235 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidke , P. 1926 . Berechnung des Erfolges und der Gute der Windstarkevorhersagen im Sturmwarnungsdienst. . Geografiska Annaler , 8 : 301 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Huschke , R. A. 1959 . Glossary of Meteorology. Boston , , USA : Am. Met. Soc. .
   Google Scholar
• Jasper , K. and Kaufmann , P. 2003 . Coupled runoff simulations as validation tools for atmospheric models at the regional scale. . Quart. J. R. Met. Soc. , 129 ( 588 ) : 673 – 692 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirnbauer , R. , Blöschl , G. and Gutknecht , D. 1994 . Entering the era of distributed snow models. . Nordic Hydrol. , 25 (1–2) 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Klok , E. J. , Jasper , K. , Roelofsma , K. P. , Gurtz , J. and Badoux , A. 2001 . Distributed hydrological modelling of a heavily glaciated Alpine river basin. . Hydrol. Sci. J. , 46 ( 4 ) : 553 – 570 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legates , D. R. and McCabe , G. J. 1999 . Evaluating the use of “goodness-of-fit” measures in hydrologic and hydroclimatic model validation. . Water Resour. Res. , 35 ( 1 ) : 233 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehning , M. , Doorschot , J. and Bartelt , P. 2000 . A snowdrift index based on SNOWPACK model calculations. . Ann. Glac. , 31 : 382 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merz , R. and Bloschl , G. 2004 . Regionalisation of catchment model parameters. . J. Hydrol. , 287 : 95 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , A. H. and Epstein , E. S. 1989 . Skill scores and correlation-coefficients in model verification. . Monthly Weather Rev. , 117 ( 3 ) : 572 – 581 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash , J. E. and Sutcliffe , J. V. 1970 . River flow forecasting through conceptual models. 1. A discussion of principles. . J. Hydrol. , 10 : 282 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfaundler , M. and Zappa , M. 2006 . Die mittleren Abflüsse über die ganze Schweiz—Ein optimierter Datensatz im 500 x 500 m Raster. . Wasser, Energie, Luft , 4 : 291 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Refsgaard , J. C. 1997 . Parameterisation, calibration and validation of distributed hydrological models. . J. Hydrol. , 198 (1–4) : 69 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrer , M. B. , Braun , L. N. and Lang , H. 1994 . Long-term records of snow cover water equivalent in the Swiss Alps. 1. Analysis. . Nordic Hydrol. , 25 (1–2) : 53 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Schäfer , J. T. 1990 . The critical success index as an indicator of warning skill. . Weather Forecast. , 5 ( 4 ) : 570 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmugge , T. J. , Kustas , W. P. , Ritchie , J. C. , Jackson , T. J. and Rango , A. 2002 . Remote sensing in hydrology. . Adv. Water Resour. , 25 (8–12) : 1367 – 1385 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seibert , J. and McDonnell , J. J. 2002 . On the dialog between experimentalist and modeler in catchment hydrology: use of soft data for multicriteria model calibration. . Water Resour. Res. , 38 ( 11 ) Art no. 1241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles , W. H. and Ulaby , F. T. 1980 . The active and passive microwave response to snow parameters. 1. Wetness. . J. Geophys. Res. Oceans & Atmos. , 85 ( NC2 ) : 1037 – 1044 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasser , U. and Mauser , W. 2001 . Modelling the spatial and temporal variations of the water balance for the Weser catchment 1965–1994. . J. Hydrol. , 254 (1–4) : 199 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhlenbrook , S. and Sieber , A. 2005 . On the value of experimental data to reduce the prediction uncertainty of a process-oriented catchment model. . Environ. Model. Software , 20 ( 1 ) : 19 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbunt , M. , Zappa , M. , Gurtz , J. and Kaufmann , P. 2006 . Verification of a coupled hydrometeorological modelling approach for alpine tributaries in the Rhine basin. . J. Hydrol. , 324 (1–4) : 224 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Storch , H. and Zwiers , F. W. 1999 . Statistical Analysis in Climate Research. Cambridge , , USA : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wealands , S. R. , Grayson , R. B. and Walker , J. P. 2005 . Quantitative comparison of spatial fields for hydrological model assessment—some promising approaches. . Adv. Water Resour. , 28 ( 1 ) : 15 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wigmosta , M. S. , Vail , L. W. and Lettenmaier , D. P. 1994 . A distributed hydrology-vegetation model for complex terrain. . Water Resour. Res. , 30 ( 6 ) : 1665 – 1679 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zappa , M. 2002 . “ Multiple-response verification of a distributed hydrological model at different spatial scales. ” . Diss. no. 14895, ETH Zurich, available online at: http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=14895.
   Google Scholar
• Zappa , M. and Gurtz , J. 2003 . Simulation of soil moisture and evapotranspiration in a soil profile during the 1999 MAP-Riviera Campaign. . Hydrol. Earth System Sci. , 7 ( 6 ) : 903 – 919 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zappa , M. and Kan , C. 2007 . Extreme heat and runoff extremes in the Swiss Alps. . Nat. Hazard Earth Sys. , 7 : 375 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zappa , M. , Pos , F. , Strasser , U. , Warmerdam , P. and Gurtz , J. 2003 . Seasonal water balance of an Alpine catchment as evaluated by different methods for spatially distributed snowmelt modelling. . Nordic Hydrol. , 34 ( 3 ) : 179 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , H. and Casey , T. 2000 . Verification of categorical probability forecasts. . Weather Forecast. , 15 ( 1 ) : 80 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar