Vegetation Structure and Temperature Regimes of Tropical Alpine Treelines

References Cited

• Alftine, K. J. and G. P. Malanson . 2004. Directional positive feedback and pattern at an alpine tree line. Journal of Vegetation Science 15:3–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armand, A. D. 1985. The change of vegetation near the timberline. Inter-Nord 17:59–62.
   Google Scholar
• Armand, A. D. 1992. Sharp and gradual mountain timberlines as a result of species interaction. In Hansen, A. J. and F. di Castri , editors. eds. Landscape boundaries: consequences for biotic diversity and ecological flows New York Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Azócar, A. and M. Monasterio . 1980. Estudios de la variabilidad meso y microclimática en el Páramo de Mucubají. In Monasterio, M. , editor. ed. Estudios ecológicos en los páramos andinos Mérida Ediciones de la Universidad de Los Andes. 225–262.
   Google Scholar
• Bader, M. Y. , M. Rietkerk , and A. K. Bregt . 2007. High solar radiation hinders tree regeneration above the alpine treeline in northern Ecuador. Plant Ecology 191:33–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, M. C. , V. S. Hodges , and G. P. Laughlin . 1991. Cold-induced photoinhibition limits regeneration of snow gum at tree-line. Functional Ecology 5:663–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekker, M. F. 2005. Positive feedback between tree establishment and patterns of subalpine forest advancement, Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 37:97–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendix, J. and M. D. Rafiqpoor . 2001. Studies on the thermal conditions of soils at the upper tree line in the páramo of Papallacta (Eastern Cordillera of Ecuador). Erdkunde 55:257–276.
   Google Scholar
• Bühler, 1897/1898. Studien über die Baumgrenze im Hochgebirge. Berichten der Schweizerischen Botanischer Gesellschaft.
   Google Scholar
• Cairns, D. M. and J. Moen . 2004. Herbivory influences tree lines. Journal of Ecology 92:1019–1024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns, D. M. and J. D. Waldron . 2003. Sigmoid wave transitions at alpine treeline. Geografiska Annaler Series A–Physical Geography 85A:115–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camarero, J. J. , E. Gutiérrez , and M-J. Fortin . 2000. Boundary detection in altitudinal treeline ecotones in the Spanish Central Pyrenees. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 32:117–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavieres, L. A. , F. Rada , A. Azócar , C. García-Núñez , and H. M. Cabrera . 2000. Gas exchange and low temperature resistance in two tropical high mountain tree species from the Venezuelan Andes. Acta Oecologica 21:203–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuatrecasas, J. 1958. Aspectos de la vegetación natural de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 10:221–269.
   Google Scholar
• Didier, L. and J-J. Brun . 1998. Limite supraforestière et changements environnementaux: pour une approche pluriscalaire et spatialisée des ecosystèmes d'altitude. Géographie physique et Quarternaire 52:245–253.
   Google Scholar
• Dullinger, S. , T. Dirnbock , and G. Grabherr . 2004. Modelling climate change-driven treeline shifts: relative effects of temperature increase, dispersal and invasibility. Journal of Ecology 92:241–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellenberg, H. 1966. Leben und Kampf an den Baumgrenzen der Erde. Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 4:133–139.
   Google Scholar
• Ellenberg, H. 1996. Paramos und Punas der Hochanden suedamerikas, heute grossenteils als potentielle Waelder anerkannt. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Oekologie 25:17–24.
   Google Scholar
• Fortin, M-J. 1994. Edge-detection algorithms for 2-dimensional ecological data. Ecology 75:956–965.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Germino, M. J. and W. K. Smith . 1999. Sky exposure, crown architecture, and low-temperature photoinhibition in conifer seedlings at alpine treeline. Plant, Cell and Environment 22:407–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace, J. , F. Berninger , and L. Nagy . 2002. Impacts of climate change on the tree line. Annals of Botany 90:537–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graumlich, L. J. , L. A. Waggoner , and A. G. Bunn . 2004. Detecting global change at alpine treeline: coupling paleoecology with contemporary studies. In Huber, U. , H. Bugmann , and M. Reasoner , editors. eds. Global change and mountain regions: a state of knowledge overview Dordrecht Springer. 405–412.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, L. S. , J. O. Juvik , and F. N. Scatena . 1995. Tropical montane cloud forests New York Springer Verlag. 407.
   Google Scholar
• Handa, I. T. , C. Körner , and S. Hättenschwiler . 2005. A test of the treeline carbon limitation hypothesis by in situ CO2 enrichment and defoliation. Ecology 86:1288–1300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoch, G. and C. Körner . 2003. The carbon charging of pines at the climatic treeline: a global comparison. Oecologia 135:10–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, R. , P. Segarra , and P. Mena Vásconez . 2003. Los páramos del Mundo Global Peatland Initiative/NC-IUCN/EcoCiencia. Quito Proyecto Atlas Mundial de los Páramos.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, C. A. , J. Pastor , and G. Pinay . 1992. Quantitative methods for studying landscape boundaries. In Hansen, A. J. and F. di Castri , editors. eds. Landscape boundaries, consequences for biotic diversity and ecological flows New York Springer. 107–125.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, M. 2002. The “ Polylepis problem”: where do we stand?. Ecotropica 8:97–110.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, M. and S. Hohnwald . 1998. Bodentemperaturen innerhalb und ausserhalb bewaldeter und unbewaldeter Blockhalden in den Bolivianischen Hochanden. Ein Test der Hypothese von Walter und Medina (1969). Erdkunde 52:54–62.
   Google Scholar
• Kimball, K. D. and D. M. Weihrauch . 2000. Alpine vegetation communities and the alpine-treeline ecotone boundary in New England as biomonitors for climate change. Wilderness science in a time of change conference, No. RMRS-P-15(Vol. 3) 93–101.
   Google Scholar
• Körner, C. 1998. A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation. Oecologia 115:445–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körner, C. and G. Hoch . 2006. A test of treeline theory on a montane permafrost island. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38:113–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körner, C. and J. Paulsen . 2004. A world-wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures. Journal of Biogeography 31:713–732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullman, L. 1998. Tree-limits and montane forests in the Swedish Scandes: sensitive biomonitors of climate change and variability. Ambio 27:312–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer, J. A. and D. M. Cairns . 1996. The suitability of montane ecotones as indicators of global climatic change. Progress in Physical Geography 20:253–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laegaard, S. 1992. Influence of fire in the grass páramo vegetation of Ecuador. In Balslev, H. and J. L. Luteyn , editors. eds. Páramo. An Andean ecosystem under human influence London Academic Press. 151–170.
   Google Scholar
• Lauer, W. 1978. Timberline studies in central Mexico. Arctic and Alpine Research 10:383–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer, W. 1988. Zum Wandel der Vegetationszonierung in den Lateinamerikanischen Tropen seit dem Höhepunkt der letzten Eiszeit. In Buchholz, H. J. and G. Gerold , editors. eds. Jahrbuch der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Hanover, Lateinamerikaforschung, Hannover Hannover Selbstverlag der geographischen Gesellschaft. 1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Leuschner, C. 1996. Timberline and alpine vegetation on the tropical and warm-temperate oceanic islands of the world: elevation, structure and floristics. Vegetatio 123:193–206.
   Google Scholar
• Ludwig, J. A. and J. M. Cornelius . 1987. Locating discontinuities along ecological gradients. Ecology 68:448–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malanson, G. P. 1997. Effects of feedbacks and seed rain on ecotone patterns. Landscape Ecology 12:27–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malanson, G. P. 2001. Complex responses to global change at alpine treeline. Physical Geography 22:333–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miehe, G. and S. Miehe . 1994. Zur oberen Waldgrenze in tropischen Gebirge. Phytocoenologia 24:53–110.
   Google Scholar
• Miehe, G. and S. Miehe . 2000. Comparative high mountain research on the treeline ecotone under human impact. Carl Troll's “Asymmetrical Zonation of the Humid Vegetation Types of the World” of 1948 reconsidered. Erdkunde 54:34–50.
   Google Scholar
• Monasterio, M. 1980. Estudios ecológicos en los páramos andinos Mérida Ediciones de la Universidad de Los Andes. 310.
   Google Scholar
• Noble, I. R. 1993. A model of the responses of ecotones to climate change. Ecological Applications 3:396–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, D. A. and W. Schönenberger . 1984. The growth forms and ecology of Nothofagus solandri at the alpine timberline, Craigieburn Range, New Zealand. Arctic and Alpine Research 16:361–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohsawa, M. 1990. An interpretation of latitudinal patterns of forest limits in south and east Asian mountains. Journal of Ecology 78:326–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, F. I. , L. A. Cavieres , M. Reyes-Díaz , and L. J. Corcuera . 2006. Carbon sink limitation and frost tolerance control performance of the tree Kageneckia aungustifolia D. Don (Rosaceae) at the treeline in central Chile. Plant Ecology 185:29–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundel, P. W. , A. P. Smith , and F. C. Meinzer . 1994. Tropical alpine environments. Plant form and function Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 369.
   Google Scholar
• Sarmiento, F. O. and L. M. Frolich . 2002. Andean cloud forest tree lines: Naturalness, agriculture and the human dimension. Mountain Research and Development 22:278–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. P. and T. P. Young . 1987. Tropical alpine plant ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:137–158.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, W. K. , M. J. Germino , T. E. Hancock , and D. M. Johnson . 2003. Another perspective on altitudinal limits of alpine timberlines. Tree Physiology 23:1101–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stützer, A. 2000. Die Wald- und Baumgrenze der Saualpe: Ein Vergleich alter und neuer Bilder. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 119:20–31.
   Google Scholar
• Timoney, K. P. , G. H. Laroi , and M. R. T. Dale . 1993. Sub-arctic forest-tundra vegetation gradients—The sigmoid wave hypothesis. Journal of Vegetation Science 4:387–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranquillini, W. 1979. Physiological ecology of the Alpine timberline : tree existence at high altitudes with special reference to the European Alps Berlin Springer. 137.
   Google Scholar
• Troll, C. 1959. Die tropischen gebirge. Ihre dreidimensionale klimatische und pflanzengeographische Zonierung Bonn Ferd. Dümmlers.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Hammen, T. and A. M. Cleef . 1986. Development of the high Andean páramo flora and vegetation. In Vuilleumier, F. and M. Monasterio , editors. eds. High altitude tropical biogeography New York, Oxford Oxford University Press. 153–200.
   Google Scholar
• van Langevelde, F. , C. van de Vijver , L. Kumar , J. van de Koppel , N. de Ridder , J. van Andel , A. K. Skidmore , J. W. Hearne , L. Stroosnijder , W. J. Bond , H. H. T. Prins , and M. Rietkerk . 2003. Effects of fire and herbivory on the stability of savanna ecosystems. Ecology 84:337–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilà, M. , F. Lloret , E. Ogheri , and J. Terradas . 2001. Positive fire-grass feedback in Mediterranean Basin woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 147:3–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, H. and E. Medina . 1969. Die Bodentemperatur als ausschlaggebender Faktor für die Gliederung der subalpinen und alpinen Stufe in den Anden Venezuelas. Berichte Der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 82:275–281.
   Google Scholar
• Wardle, P. 1965. A comparison of alpine timber lines in New Zealand and North America. New Zealand Journal of Botany 3:113–135.
   Google Scholar
• Wardle, P. , C. Ezcurra , C. Ramirez , and S. Wagstaff . 2001. Comparison of the flora and vegetation of the southern Andes and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39:69–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weberbauer, A. 1911. Die Pflanzenwelt der Peruanischen Anden in ihren Grundzügen dargestellt Leipzig Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann.
   Google Scholar
• Wiegand, T. , J. J. Camarero , N. Rüger , and E. Gutiérrez . 2006. Abrupt population changes in treeline ecotones along smooth gradients. Journal of Ecology 94:880–892.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wille, M. , H. Hooghiemstra , R. Hofstede , J. Fehse , and J. Sevink . 2002. Upper forest line reconstruction in a deforested area in northern Ecuador based on pollen and vegetation analysis. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18:409–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. B. and A. D. Q. Agnew . 1992. Positive-feedback switches in plant communities. Advances in Ecological Research 23:263–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winiger, M. 1979. Soil temperatures and precipitation as indicators of a climate-ecological classification in tropical high mountains [Bodentemperaturen und Niederschlag als Indikatoren einer klimatiscch-ökologischen Gleiderung tropischer Gebirgsräume]. Geomethodica, Veroffentlichungen des Basler Geomethodischen Colloquiums 4:121–150.
   Google Scholar
• Young, K. R. and P. L. Keating . 2001. Remnant forests of Volcan Cotacachi, northern Ecuador. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 33:165–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar