Diversity Patterns in Relation to the Environment in Alpine Tundra Ecosystems of Northern Norway

References Cited

• AG Boden, 1996. Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung Stuttgart Schweizerbart.
   Google Scholar
• Austrheim, G. and O. Eriksson . 2001. Plant species diversity and grazing in the Scandinavian mountains—Patterns and processes at different spatial scales. Ecography 24:683–695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beniston, M. 2003. Climatic change in mountain regions. A review of possible impacts. Climatic Change 59:5–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudreau, S. and S. Payette . 2004. Caribou-induced changes in species dominance of lichen woodlands: an analysis of plant remains. American Journal of Botany 91:3 422–429.
   Google Scholar
• Braun-Blanquet, J. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie: Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde Wien Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Crête, M. , J-P. Ouellet , and L. Lesage . 2001. Comparative effects on plants of caribou/reindeer, moose and white-tailed deer herbivory. Arctic 54:4 407–417.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, E. 1956. Rondane. Mountain vegetation in south Norway and its relation to the environment. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske videnskaps-akademi i Oslo. I. Matematisk-naturvidenskapelig klasse 3, Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, E. 1987. Alpine-subalpine plant communities of south Scandinavia. Phytocoenologia 15:4 455–484.
   Google Scholar
• De’ath, G. and K. E. Fabricius . 2000. Classification and regression trees: a powerful yet simple technique for the analysis of complex ecological data. Ecology 81:3178–3192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Herder, M. , M-M. Kytöviita , and P. Niemelä . 2003. Growth of reindeer lichens and effects of reindeer grazing on ground cover vegetation in a Scots pine forest and a subarctic heathland in Finnish Lapland. Ecography 26:3–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz, H. F. , M. Grosjean , and L. Graumlich . 2003. Climate variability and change in high elevation regions: past, present and future. Climatic Change 59:1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DNMI 2006. Climatic data for Norway (http://www.eklima.no). Accessed 15 September 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Erschbamer, B. , R. Virtanen , and L. Nagy . 2003. The impact of vertebrate grazers on vegetation in European high mountains. In Nagy, L. , G. Grabherr , C. Körner , and D. B. A. Thompson , editors. Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Ecological Studies 167 Berlin Springer. 379–396.
   Google Scholar
• Førland, E. J. , P. Allerup , B. Dahlström , E. Elomaa , T. Jónsson , H. Madsen , J. Perälä , P. Rissanen , H. Vedin , and F. Vejen . 1996. Manual for operational correction of Nordic precipitation data. DNMI-Report 24/96.
   Google Scholar
• Fosaa, A. M. 2004. Biodiversity patterns of vascular plant species in mountain vegetation in the Faeroe Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10:217–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisvoll, A. A. , A. Elvebakk , K. I. Flatberg , and R. H. Økland . 1995. Sjekkliste over norke mosar. vitskapleg og norsk namneverk. Norsk institute for naturforskining (NINA) Temahefte 4:1–104.
   Google Scholar
• Gough, L. , G. R. Shaver , J. Carroll , D. L. Royer , and J. A. Laundre . 2000. Vascular plant species richness in Alaskan arctic tundra: the importance of soil pH. Journal of Ecology 88:54–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, W. A. and M. D. Walker . 1999. Plant communities and landscape diversity along a Canadian Arctic river. Journal of Vegetation Science 10:537–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grytnes, J. A. 2003. Species-richness patterns of vascular plants along seven altitudinal transects in Norway. Ecography 26:291–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikkinen, R. K. and S. Neuvonen . 1997. Species richness of vascular plants in the subarctic landscape of northern Finland: modelling relationships to the environment. Biodiversity and Conservation 6:1181–1201.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, M. O. and H. G. Gauch . 1980. Detrended correspondence analysis: an improved ordination technique. Vegetatio 42:47–58.
   Google Scholar
• Holten, J. I. 2003. Altitude ranges and spatial patterns of alpine plants in northern Europe. In Nagy, L. , G. Grabherr , C. Körner , and D. B. A. Thompson , editors. Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Ecological Studies 167 Berlin Springer. 173–184.
   Google Scholar
• Knox, R. 1989. Effects of detrending and rescaling on correspondence analysis: solution stability and accuracy. Vegetatio 83:129–136.
   Google Scholar
• Körner, C. 1995. Alpine plant diversity: a global survey and functional interpretations. In Chapin, F. S. and C. Körner , editors. Arctic and alpine biodiversity. Ecological Studies 113 Berlin Springer. 45–62.
   Google Scholar
• Körner, C. 2003. Alpine plant life: functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems Berlin Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Körner, C. 2004. Mountain biodiversity, its causes and function. Ambio Special Report 13. 11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Kovach Computing Services 2001. Multivariate statistical package MVSP 3.1 (http://www.kovcomp.com/). Accessed 28 April 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Krog, H. , H. Østhagen , and T. Tønsberg . 1994. Lavflora. Norske busk- og bladlav Oslo Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Leathwick, J. R. , B. R. Burns , and B. D. Clarkson . 1998. Environmental correlates of tree alpha-diversity in New Zealand primary forests. Ecography 21:235–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lid, J. and D. T. Lid . 1994. Norsk flora Oslo Det Norske Samlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Löffler, J. 2000. High mountain ecosystems and landscape degradation in northern Norway. Mountain Research and Development 20:356–363.
   Google Scholar
• Löffler, J. 2004. Degradation of high mountain ecosystems in northern Europe. Journal of Mountain Science 2:97–115.
   Google Scholar
• Löffler, J. 2007. Reindeer grazing changes diversity patterns in arctic-alpine landscapes of northern Norway. Die Erde 138:215–233.
   Google Scholar
• Lomolino, M. V. 2001. Elevation gradients of species-diversity: historical and prospective views. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10:9–13.
   Google Scholar
• Magurran, A. E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement London Croom Helm.
   Google Scholar
• Messerli, B. and J. D. Ives . 1997. Mountains of the world: A global priority New York Parthenon.
   Google Scholar
• Moen, A. 1999. National atlas of Norway: vegetation Hønefoss Norwegian Mapping Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Molau, U. 2003. Overview: patterns in diversity. In Nagy, L. , G. Grabherr , C. Körner , and D. B. A. Thompson , editors. Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Ecological Studies 167 Berlin Springer. 125–132.
   Google Scholar
• Moser, D. , S. Dullinger , T. Englisch , H. Niklfeld , C. Plutzar , N. Sauberer , H. G. Zechmeister , and G. Grabherr . 2005. Environmental determinants of vascular plant species richness in the Austrian Alps. Journal of Biogeography 32:1117–1127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy, L. , G. Grabherr , C. Körner , and D. B. A. Thompson . 2003. Alpine biodiversity in space and time: a synthesis. In Nagy, L. , G. Grabherr , C. Körner , and D. B. A. Thompson , editors. Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Ecological Studies 167 Berlin Springer. 453–464.
   Google Scholar
• Nordhagen, R. 1936. Versuch einer Einteilung der subalpinen-alpinen Vegetation Norwegens. Bergen Bergens Museums Ărbok. Naturvidensk, rekke 1936(7):. 1–88.
   Google Scholar
• Nordhagen, R. 1943. Sikilsdalen og Norges Fjellbeiter, en plantessosiologisk monografi. Bergen Bergens Museums Skrifter. 22 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Olofsson, J. , H. Kitti , P. Rautiainen , S. Stark , and L. Oksanen . 2001. Effects of summer grazing by reindeer on composition of vegetation, productivity and nitrogen cycling. Ecography 24:13–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olofsson, J. , S. Stark , and L. Oksanen . 2004. Reindeer influence on ecosystem processes in the tundra. Oikos 105:386–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Økland, R. H. 1990. Vegetation ecology: theory, methods and applications with reference to Fennoscandia. Sommerfeltia Supplement 1:1–233.
   Google Scholar
• Pausas, J. G. and M. P. Austin . 2001. Patterns of plant species richness in relation to different environments: an appraisal. Journal of Vegetation Science 12:153–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proulx, M. and A. Mazumder . 1998. Reversal of grazing impact on plant species richness in nutrient-poor vs. nutrient-rich ecosystems. Ecology 79:2581–2592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reindriftsforvaltningen 2005. Ressursregnskap for reindriftsnæringen. For reindriftsåret 1. april 2003–31. mars 2004 Alta Reindriftsforvaltningen.
   Google Scholar
• Richter, M. 2001. Zonal features of phytodiversity under natural conditions and under human impact—A comparative survey. In Barthlott, W. and M. Winiger , editors. Biodiversity. A challenge for development research and policy Berlin Springer. 83–109.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995. Species diversity in space and time Cambridge Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sætersdal, M. and H. J. B. Birks . 1997. A comparative ecological study of Norwegian mountain plants in relation to possible future climatic change. Journal of Biogeography 24:127–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Gonzáles, A. and L. López-Mata . 2005. Plant species richness and diversity along an altitudinal gradient in the Sierra Nevada, Mexico. Diversity and Distributions 11:567–575.
   Google Scholar
• SCWG [Soil Classification Working Group] 1998. The Canadian system of soil classification Ottawa Research Branch Agriculture and Agri-Food, Publication 1646.
   Google Scholar
• Sigmond, E. , M. Gustavson , and D. Roberts . 1984. Berggrunnskart over Norge—M. 1∶1.000.000 Trondheim Norges geologiske undersøkelse.
   Google Scholar
• Stumböck, M. 1995. Ein computergestütztes Modell zur Berechnung der potentiellen Glo-balstrahlung im Mikrorelief und seine Anwendung in Südgrönland. Bremen Norden. 10:37–46.
   Google Scholar
• Systat Software Inc 2004. SYSTAT 11 (http://www.systat.com). Accessed 13 October 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Tarboton, D. G. and C. H. Luce . 1996. Utah energy balance snow accumulation and melt model (UEB). Computer model technical description and users guide. Utah Water Research Laboratory and USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station (http://www.engineering.usu.edu/cee/faculty/dtarb/snow/snowrep.pdf). Accessed 15 September 2006.
   Google Scholar
• ter Braak, C. J. F. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67:1167–1179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Braak, C. J. F. and P. Smilauer . 2004. Canoco for Windows 4.5 (http://www.canoco.com). Accessed 13 October 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, L. G. 2000. Ice core evidence for climate changes in the tropics: implications for our future. Quaternary Science Reviews 19:19–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wal, R. , R. D. Bardgett , K. A. Harrison , and A. Stien . 2004. Vertebrate herbivores and ecosystem control: cascading effects of faeces on tundra ecosystems. Ecography 27:242–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen, R. , T. Dirnböck , S. Dullinger , G. Grabherr , H. Pauli , M. Staudinger , and L. Villar . 2003. Patterns in plant species richness of European high mountain vegetation. In Nagy, L. , G. Grabherr , C. Körner , and D. B. A. Thompson , editors. Alpine biodiversity in Europe. Ecological Studies 167. Berlin Springer. 149–172.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, D. A. 2000. Hierarchical subdivision of Arctic tundra based on vegetation response to climate, parent material and topography. Global Change Biology 6:Suppl. 1 19–34.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, M. D. 1995. Patterns and causes of Arctic plant community diversity. In Chapin, F. S. and C. Körner , editors. Arctic and alpine biodiversity. Ecological Studies 113 Berlin Springer. 3–20.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, R. H. 1975. Communities and ecosystems Houndmills Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Whittaker, R. J. , K. J. Willis , and R. Field . 2001. Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 28:453–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar