Alpine Stream Habitat Classification: An Alternative Approach Incorporating the Role of Dynamic Water Source Contributions

References Cited

• Allan, D. J. 1995. Stream Ecology, Structure and Function of Running Waters. London, Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, N. H. and J. R. Sedell . 1979. Detritus processing by macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology 24:351–377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, G. A. and N. K. Kaushik . 1981. Coarse particulate organic matter in streams. In Lock, M. A., and Williams, D. D. (eds.), Perspectives in Running Water Ecology. New York: Plenum Press, 41–68.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, G. H. , M. Tranter , and M. J. Sharp . 1996. Subglacial chemical erosion-seasonal variations in solute provenance, Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Annals of Glaciology 22:25–31.
   Google Scholar
• Brittain, J. E. and A. M. Milner . 2001. Ecology of glacier-fed rivers: current status and concepts. Freshwater Biology 46:1571–1578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brittain, J. E. , S. J. Saltveit , E. Castella , J. B. Bogen , T. E. Bonsnes , I. Blakar , T. Bremnes , I. Haug , and G. Velle . 2001. The macroinvertebrate communities of two contrasting Norwegian glacial rivers in relation to environmental variables. Freshwater Biology 46:1723–1736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgherr, P. and J. V. Ward . 2001. Longitudinal and seasonal distribution patterns of the benthic fauna of an alpine glacial stream (Val Roseg, Swiss Alps). Freshwater Biology 46:1705–1722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castella, E. , H. Adalsteinsson , J. E. Brittain , G. M. Gíslason , A. Lechmann , V. Lencioni , B. Lods-Crozet , B. Maiolini , A. M. Milner , J. S. Ólafsson , S. J. Saltveit , and D. L. Snook . 2001. Macrobenthic invertebrate richness and composition along a latitudinal gradient of European glacier-fed streams. Freshwater Biology 46:1811–1832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church, M. 1987. Floods in cold climates. In Baker, V. R., Kochel, R. C., and Patton, P. C. (eds.), Flood Geomorphology. New York: Wiley, 205–229.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins, K. W. , R. C. Peterson , F. O. Howard , J. C. Wuycheck , and V. I. Holt . 1973. The utilization of leaf litter by stream detritivores. Ecology 54:336–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgmork, K. and O. A. Saether . 1970. Distribution of invertebrates in a high mountain brook in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. University of Colorado Studies, Series in Biology 31:1–55.
   Google Scholar
• Fenn, C. R. 1987. Electrical Conductivity. In Gurnell, A. M., and Clark, M. J. (eds.), Glacio-fluvial Sediment Transfer. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 377–414.
   Google Scholar
• Ford, D. C. 1993. Karst in cold environments. In French, H. M., and Slaymaker, O., (eds.), Canada's Cold Environments. Montreal: McGill Queen's University Press, 199–222.
   Google Scholar
• Friberg, N. , A. M. Milner , L. M. Svendsen , C. Lindegaard , and S. E. Larsen . 2001. Longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrates in two glacier-fed New Zealand rivers. Freshwater Biology 46:1753–1764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Füreder, L. 1999. High alpine streams: cold habitats for insect larvae. In Margesin, R., and Schinner, F. (eds.), Cold Adapted Organisms: Ecophysiology, Enzymology and Molecular Biology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 181–196.
   Google Scholar
• Füreder, L. , C. Schütz , M. Wallinger , and R. Burger . 2001. Physico-chemistry and aquatic insects of a glacier-fed and a spring-fed alpine stream. Freshwater Biology 46:1673–1690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurnell, A. M. 1987. Suspended sediment. In Gurnell, A. M., and Clark, M. J. (eds.), Glacio-fluvial Sediment Transfer. Chichester UK, John Wiley, 305–354.
   Google Scholar
• Gurnell, A. M. 1995. Sediment yield from alpine glacier catchments. In Foster, I. D. L., Gurnell, A. M., and Webb, B. W. (eds.), Sediment and Water Quality in River Catchments. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, 407–435.
   Google Scholar
• Gurnell, A. M. , P. J. Edwards , G. E. Petts , and J. V. Ward . 1999. A conceptual model for alpine proglacial river channel evolution under changing climatic conditions. Catena 38:223–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannah, D. M. , A. M. Gurnell , and G. R. McGregor . 1999. A methodology for investigation of the seasonal evolution in proglacial hydrograph form. Hydrological Processes 13:2603–2621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannah, D. M. , A. M. Gurnell , and G. R. McGregor . 2000a. Spatio-temporal variation in microclimate, the surface energy balance and ablation over a cirque glacier. International Journal of Climatology 20:733–758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannah, D. M. , B. P G. Smith , A. M. Gurnell , and G. R. McGregor . 2000b. An approach to hydrograph classification. Hydrological Processes 14:317–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannah, D. M. and A. M. Gurnell . 2001. A conceptual linear reservoir runoff model to investigate melt season changes in cirque glacier hydrology. Journal of Hydrology 246:123–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helliwell, R. C. , C. Soulsby , R. C. Ferrier , A. Jenkins , and R. Harriman . 1998. Influence of snow on the hydrology and hydrochemistry of the Allt a'Mharcaidh, Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. Science of the Total Environment 217:59–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodson, A. , M. Tranter , A. M. Gurnell , M. Clark , and J. O. Hagen . 2002. The hydrochemistry of Bayelva, a high arctic proglacial stream in Svalbard. Journal of Hydrology 257:91–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickin, E. J. 1993. Fluvial facies models: a review of Canadian research. Progress in Physical Geography 17:205–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynes, H. B N. 1970. Ecology of Running Waters. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Illies, J. 1961. Versuch einer allgemeinen biozönotischen Gliederung der Flieβgewässer. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 46:205–213.
   Google Scholar
• Illies, J. and L. Botosaneanu . 1963. Problèmes et methods de la classification et de la zonation écologiques des eaux courantes, considerées surtout du point de vue faunistique. Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie Mitteilungen 12:1–57.
   Google Scholar
• Johannessen, M. and A. Henriksen . 1978. Chemistry of snow meltwater: changes in concentration during melting. Water Resources Research 14:615–619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kownacka, M. and A. Kownacki . 1972. Vertical distribution of zoocenoses in the streams of the Tatra, Caucasus and Balkan Mts. Verhandlungen International Verein. Limnologie 18:742–750.
   Google Scholar
• Lafont, M. and F. Malard . 2001. Oligochaete communities in the hyporheic zone of a glacial river, the Roseg River, Switzerland. Hydrobiologia 463:75–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lencioni, V. 2000. Chironimid (Diptera: Chironimidae) assemblages in three alpine glacial systems. Ph.D. thesis. University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Lods-Crozet, B. , E. Castella , D. Cambin , C. Ilg , S. Knispel , and H. Mayor-Simeant . 2001. Macroinvertebrate community structure in relation to environmental variables in a Swiss glacial stream. Freshwater Biology 46:1641–1662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay, R. J. 1977. Behaviour of Pycnopsyche (Trichoptera:Limnephilidae) on mineral substrates in laboratory streams. Ecology 58:191–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malard, F. , K. Tockner , and J. V. Ward . 1999. Shifting dominance of subcatchment water sources and flow paths in a glacial floodplain, Val Roseg, Switzerland. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 31:135–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malard, F. , A. Mangin , U. Uehlinger , and J. V. Ward . 2001. Thermal heterogeneity in the hyporheic zone of a glacial floodplain. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58:1319–1335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, P. 1999. Snowcover formation and melt: recent advances and future prospects. Hydrological Processes 13:2117–2134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthaei, C. D. , U. Uehlinger , and A. Frutiger . 1997. Response of invertebrates to natural versus experimental disturbance in a Swiss prealpine river. Freshwater Biology 37:61–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor, G. , G. E. Petts , A. M. Gurnell , and A. M. Milner . 1995. Sensitivity of alpine stream ecosystems to climate change and human impacts. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 5:233–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner, A. M. and G. E. Petts . 1994. Glacial rivers: physical habitat and ecology. Freshwater Biology 32:295–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner, A. M. , J. E. Brittain , E. Castella , and G. E. Petts . 2001. Trends of macroinvertebrate community structure in glacier-fed rivers in relation to environmental conditions: a synthesis. Freshwater Biology 46:1833–1848.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minshall, G. W. 1984. Aquatic insect-substratum relationships. In Resh, V. H., and Rosenberg, D. M. (eds.), The Ecology of Aquatic Insects. New York and London: Praeger Publishers, 358–400.
   Google Scholar
• Newbury, R. W. 1984. Hydrologic determinants of aquatic insect habitats. In Resh, V. H., and Rosenberg, D. M. (eds.), The Ecology of Aquatic Insects. New York and London: Praeger Publishers, 323–357.
   Google Scholar
• Pfankuch, D. J. 1975. Stream Reach Inventory and Channel Stability Evaluation. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Region 1.
   Google Scholar
• Raiswell, R. 1984. Chemical models of solute acquisition in glacial meltwaters. Journal of Glaciology 30:49–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remmert, H. 1980. Arctic Animal Ecology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Resh, V. H. , A. V. Brown , A. P. Covich , M. E. Gurtz , H. W. Li , G. W. Minshall , S. R. Reice , A. L. Sheldon , J. B. Wallace , and R. C. Wissmar . 1988. The role of disturbance in stream ecology. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 7:433–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, C. T. , U. Uehlinger , and M. Hieber . 2001. Spatio-temporal variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages of glacial streams in the Swiss Alps. Freshwater Biology 46:1663–1672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röthlisberger, H. and H. Lang . 1987. Glacial Hydrology. In Gurnell, A. M., and Clark, M. J. (eds.), Glacio-fluvial Sediment Transfer. Chichester, UK: John Wiley, 207–284.
   Google Scholar
• Sabater, S. and J. R. Roca . 1990. Some factors affecting distribution of diatom assemblages in Pyrenean streams. Freshwater Biology 24:493–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltveit, S. J. , I. Haug , and J. E. Brittain . 2001. Invertebrate drift in a glacial river and its non-glacial tributary. Freshwater Biology 46:1777–1790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schütz, C. 1999. The benthic fauna of high alpine streams. Ph.D. thesis. University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B. P G. 1999. Water source and storage areas within a small alpine catchment in the French Pyrénées. Ph.D. thesis. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B. P G. , D. M. Hannah , A. M. Gurnell , and G. E. Petts . 2001. A hydrogeomorphological context for ecological research on alpine glacial rivers. Freshwater Biology 46:1579–1596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snook, D. L. 2000. Macroinvertebrate communities in alpine glacier-fed streams: the Taillon catchment in the French Pyrénées. Ph.D. thesis,. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Snook, D. L. and A. M. Milner . 2001. The influence of glacial runoff on stream macroinvertebrate communities in the Taillon catchment, French Pyrénées. Freshwater Biology 46:1609–1624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statzner, B. , J. A. Gore , and V. H. Resh . 1988. Hydraulic stream ecology: observed patterns and potential applications. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 7:307–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffan, A. W. 1971. Chironomid (Diptera) biocoenoses in Scandinavian glacier brooks. The Canadian Entomologist 103:477–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney, B. W. 1984. Factors influencing life-history patterns of aquatic insect. In Resh, V. H., and Rosenberg, D. M. (eds.), The Ecology of Aquatic Insects. New York and London: Praeger Publishers, 56–100.
   Google Scholar
• Tockner, K. , F. Malard , P. Burgherr , C. T. Robinson , U. Uehlinger , R. Zah , and J. V. Ward . 1997. Physico-chemical characterization of channel types in a glacial floodplain ecosystem (Val Roseg, Switzerland). Archiv für Hydrobiologie 140:433–463.
   Google Scholar
• Tockner, K. , F. Malard , U. Uehlinger , and J. V. Ward . 2002. Nutrients and organic matter in a glacial river-floodplain system (Val Roseg, Switzerland). Limnology and Oceanography 47:226–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranter, M. , P. W. Abrahams , I. Blackwood , T. D. Davies , P. Brimblcombe , I. P. Thompson , and C. E. Vincent . 1987. Changes in streamwater chemistry during snowmelt. In Jones, H. G., and Orville-Thomas, W. J. (eds.), Seasonal Snowcovers, Physics, Chemistry, Hydrology. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Riedel Publishing Co., 575–597.
   Google Scholar
• Tranter, M. , G. H. Brown , R. Raiswell , M. J. Sharp , and A. M. Gurnell . 1993. A conceptual model of solute acquisition by alpine glacial meltwaters. Journal of Glaciology 39:573–581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannote, R. L. and B. W. Sweeney . 1980. Geographic analysis of thermal equilibria: a conceptual model for evaluating the effect of natural and modified thermal regimes on aquatic insect communities. The American Naturalist 115:667–695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannote, R. L. , G. W. Minshall , K. W. Cummins , J. R. Sedell , and C. E. Cushing . 1980. The river continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37:130–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, J. V. 1985. Thermal characteristics of running waters. Hydrobiologia 125:31–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, J. V. 1992. Aquatic Insect Ecology, Vol. 1: Biology and Habitat. New York, Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, J. V. 1994. Ecology of Alpine Streams. Freshwater Biology 32:277–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, J. V. , F. Malard , K. Tockner , and U. Uehlinger . 1999. Influence of groundwater on surface water conditions in a glacial floodplain of the Swiss Alps. Hydrological Processes 13:277–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zah, R. , P. Burgherr , S. M. Bernasconi , and U. Uehlinger . 2001. Stable isotope analysis of macroinvertebrates and their food sources in a glacier stream. Freshwater Biology 46:871–882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar