Active Layer Stratigraphy and Organic Layer Thickness at a Thermokarst Site in Arctic Alaska Identified Using Ground Penetrating Radar

References Cited

• AMAP , 2012: Arctic Climate 2011: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA). Oslo, Norway: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Booth, A. D. , Clark R. A. , and Murray, T. , 2010: Semblance response to a ground-penetrating radar wavelet and resulting errors in velocity analysis. Near Surface Geophysics , 8: 235–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, A. D. , Clark R. A. , and Murray, T. , 2011: Influences on the resolution of GPR velocity analyses and a Monte Carlo simulation for establishing velocity precision. Near Surface Geophysics , 9: 399–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, J. H. , McNamara J. P. , Boden W. , and Gooseff, M. N. , 2005: Measuring thaw depth beneath peat-lined Arctic streams using ground-penetrating radar. Hydrological Processes , 19: 2689–2699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosten, T. R. , Bradford, J. H. , McNamara, J. P. , Zarnetske J. P. , Gooseff, M. N. , Breck Bowden, W. , 2006: Profiles of temporal thaw depths between two Arctic stream types using ground penetrating radar. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , 17: 341–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosten, T. R. , Bradford, J. H. , McNamara, J. P. , Gooseff, M. N. , Zarnetske, J. P. , Bowden, W. B. , and Johnston, M. E. , 2009: Estimating 3D variation in active layer thickness beneath Arctic streams using ground penetrating radar. Journal of Hydrology , 373: 479–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. , Hinkel, K. M. , and Nelson, F. E. , 2000: The circumpolar active layer monitoring (CALM) program: Research designs and initial results. Polar Geography , 24(3): 166–258, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889370009377698 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis, J. L. , and Annan, A. P. , 1989: Ground-penetrating radar for high-resolution mapping of soil and rock stratigraphy. Geophysical Prospecting , 37: 531–551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dix, C. H. , 1955: Seismic velocities from surface measurements. Geophysics , 20: 68–86.
   Google Scholar
• Dolittle, J. A. , Hardisky, M. A. , and Gross, M. F. , 1990: A ground penetrating radar study of active layer thickness in areas of moist sedge and wet sedge tundra near Bethel, Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research , 22(2): 175–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greaves, R. J. , Lesmes, D. P. , Lee, J. M. , and Toksoz, M. N. , 1996: Velocity variation and water content estimated from multi-offset, ground penetrating radar. Geophysics , 61: 683–695.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard, S. S. , Gangodagamage, C. , Dafflon, B. , Wainwright, H. , Peterson, J. , Gusmeroli, A. , Ulrich, C. , Wu, Y. , Wilson, C. , Rowland, J. , Tweedie, C. , and Wullschleger, S. D. , 2012: Quantifying and relating land-surface and subsurface variability in permafrost environments using LiDAR and surface geophysical datasets. Hydrogeology Journal , 21 (1): 149–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, K. D. , Harden, J. W. , McGuire, A. D. , Clark, M. , Yuan, F. , and Finley, A. O. , 2013: Permafrost and organic layer interactions over a climate gradient in a discontinuous permafrost zone. Environmental Research Letters , 8: 12 pp., http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L. , Zhang, T. , and Wahr, J. , 2010: InSAR measurements of surface deformation over permafrost on the North Slope of Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Sciences , 115: F03023, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001547 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsekian, A. D. , Jones, B. M. , Jones, M. C. , Grosse, G. , Walter Anthony, K. M. , and Slater, L. , 2011: Expansion rate and geometry of floating vegetation mats on the margins of thermokarst lakes, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms , 36(14): 1889–1897, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.2210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheriff, R. E. , and Geldart, L. P. , 1995: Exploration Seismology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shiklomanov, N. I. , Streletskiy, D. A. , Nelson, F. E. , Hollister, R. D. , Romanovsky, V. E. , Tweedie, C. E. , and Brown, J. , 2010: Decadal variations of active- layer thickness in moisture controlled landscapes, Barrow, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research , 115: G00I04, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JG00124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, S. L. , Romanovsky, V. E. , Lewkowicz, A. G. , Burn, C. R. , Allard, M. , Clow, G. D. , Yoshikawa, K. , and Throop, J. , 2010: Thermal state of permafrost in North America: a contribution to the international polar year. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes , 21(2): 117–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steelman, C. M. , Endres, A. L. , and van der Kruk, J. , 2010: Field observations of shallow freeze and thaw processes using high-frequency ground-penetrating radar. Hydrological Processes , 24: 2022–2033, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7688 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streletskiy, D. , Shiklomanov, N. , Nelson, F. , and Klene, A. , 2008: Long-term active and ground surface temperature trends: 13 years of observations at Alaskan CALM sites. In Proceedings, Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, vol. 29, 1727–1732.
   Google Scholar
• Taner, M. T. , and Koehler, F. , 1969: Velocity spectra-digital computer derivation and applications of velocity functions. Geophysics , 34: 859–881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topping, J. , 1972: Errors Observation and Their Treatment. London: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Tronicke, J. , Dietrich, P. , and Appel, E. , 2000: Georadar velocity determination: A comparison of different techniques. In Proceedings, 6th meeting of the EEGS-ES, Bochum, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Westermann, S. , Wollschläger, U. , and Boike, J. , 2010: Monitoring of active layer dynamics at a permafrost site on Svalbard using multi-channel ground-penetrating radar. The Cryosphere , 4: 475–487, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-475-2010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollschläger, U. , Gerhards, H. , Yu, Q. , and Roth, K. , 2010: Multi channel ground-penetrating radar to explore spatial variations in thaw depth and moisture content in the active layer of a permafrost site. The Cryosphere , 4: 269–283, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-269-2010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi, S. , Woo, M. K. , and Arain, M. A. , 2007: Impacts of peat and vegetation on permafrost degradation under climate warming. Geophysical Research Letters , 34: L16504, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar