On the phylogenetic relationships of the Cretaceous snakes with legs, with special reference to Pachyrhachis problematicus (Squamata, Serpentes)

LITERATURE CITED

• Bäckström , K. 1931 . Rekonstruktionsbilder zur Ontogenie des Kopfskeletts von Tropidonotus natrix. Acta Zoologica . Stockholm , 12 : 83 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Bellairs , A. D'A. and Kamal , A. M. 1981 . “ The chondrocranium and the development of the skull in recent reptiles ” . In Biology of the Reptilia Edited by: Gans , C. and Parsons , T. S. Vol. 11 , 1 – 263 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell , M. W. 1999 . Squamate phylogeny and the relationships of snakes and mosasauroids. . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 125 : 115 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell , M. W. 2000 . On the phylogenetic relationships of Pachyrhachis within snakes: a response to Zaher (1998). . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 20 : 187 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell , M. W. and Lee , M. S. Y. 1997 . A snake with legs from the marine Cretaceous of the Middle East. . Nature , 386 : 705 – 709 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , R. L. 1988 . Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution 698 New York : W. H. Freeman & Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Cundall , D. , Wallach , V. and Rossman , D. A. 1993 . The systematic relationships of the snake genus Anomochilus . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 109 : 275 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes , R. , Frazzetta , T. H. and Williams , E. E. 1970 . Studies on the fossil snake Dinilysia patagonica Woodward. Part I. Cranial morphology. . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology , 140 : 25 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , S. E. and Barbadillo , L. J. 1998 . An unusual lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Early Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain. . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 124 : 235 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genest-Villard , H. 1966 . Développement du crâne d'un boidé: Sanzinia madagascariensis . Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle A , 40 : 207 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodrich , E. S. 1930 . Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates 837 London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Graybeal , A. 1998 . Is it better to add taxa or characters to a difficult phylogenetic problem? . Systematic Biology , 47 : 9 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , H. W. and Cundall , D. 2000 . Limbless tetrapods and snakes with legs. . Science , 5460 : 1939 – 1941 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas , G. 1964 . Anatomical observations on the head of Liotyphlops albirostris (Typhlopidae, Ophidia). Acta Zoologica . Stockholm , 45 : 1 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Haas , G. 1979 . On a new snakelike reptile from the Lower Cenomanian of Ein Jabrud, near Jerusalem. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle . Paris (Ser. 4) , 1 : 51 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Haas , G. 1980a . Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas, snakelike reptile from the Lower Cenomanian: ventral view of the skull. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle . Paris (Ser. 4) , 2 : 87 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Haas , G. 1980b . “ Remarks on a new ophiomorph reptile from the lower Cenomanian of Ein Jabrud, Israel ” . In Aspects of Vertebrate History Edited by: Jacobs , L. L. 177 – 192 . Flagstaff : Museum of Northern Arizona Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hallermann , J. 1998 . The ethmoidal region of Dibamus taylori (Squamata: Dibamidae), with a phylogenetic hypothesis on dibamid relationships within Squamata. . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 122 : 385 – 426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal , A. M. 1966 . On the process of rotation of the quadrate cartilage in Ophidia. . Anatomischer Anzeiger , 118 : 87 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamal , A. M. and Hammouda , H. G. 1965 . The columella of the snake Psammophis sibilans . Anatomischer Anzeiger , 116 : 124 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Kluge , A. 1991 . Boine snake phylogeny and research cycles. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology . University of Michigar , 178 : 1 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. 1997a . The phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes. . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B , 352 : 53 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. 1997b . On snake-like dentition in mosasaurian lizards. . Journal of Natural History , 31 : 303 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. 1998 . Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships. . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 65 : 369 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. and Caldwell , M. W. 1998 . Anatomy and relationships of Pachyrhachis problematicus, a primitive snake with hindlimbs. . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B , 352 : 1521 – 1552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. , Bell , G. L. Jr. and Caldwell , M. W. 1999a . The origin of snake feeding. . Nature , 400 : 655 – 657 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. S. Y. , Caldwell , M. W. and Scanlon , J. D. 1999b . A second primitive marine snake: Pachyophis woodwardi from the Cretaceous of Bosnia-Herzogewina. Journal of Zoology . London , 248 : 509 – 520 .
   Google Scholar
• Nopcsa , E. 1923 . Eidolosaurus und Pachyophis. Zwei neue Neocom-Reptilien. . Palaeontographica , 65 : 97 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Poe , S. 1998 . The effect of taxonomic sampling on accuracy of phylogeny reconstruction: test case of a known phylogeny. . Molecular Biology and Evolution , 15 : 1086 – 1090 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pringle , J. A. 1954 . The cranial development of certain South African snakes and the relationship of these groups. . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , 123 : 813 – 865 .
   Google Scholar
• Rage , J. C. and Escuillié. , F. 2000 . Un nouveau serpent bipède du Cénomanien (Crétacé). Implications phylétiques. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris . Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes , 330 : 513 – 520 .
   Google Scholar
• Reynoso , V.-H. 1998 . Huehuecuetzpalli mixtecus gen. et sp. nov: a basal squamate (Reptilia) from the Early Cretaceous of Tepexi de Rodriguez, Central Mexico. . Philosophical Transactions of the Linnean Society of London B , 353 : 477 – 500 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieppel , O. 1980 . The sound-transmitting apparatus in primitive snakes and its phylogenetic significance. . Zoomorphology , 96 : 45 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieppel , O. 1988 . Fundamentals of Comparative Biology 202 Basel : Birkhäuser Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Rieppel , O. and Zaher , H. 2000a . The intramandibular joint in squamates, and the phylogenetic relationships of the fossil snake Pachyrhachis problematicus Haas. Fieldiana . Geology , 43 : 1 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Rieppel , O. and Zaher , H. 2000b . The braincases of mosasaurs and Varanus, and the relationships of snakes. . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 129 : 489 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieppel , O. and Zaher , H. 2001 . Re-building the bridge between mosasaurs and snakes. . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaeontologie , 221 : 111 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlon , J. D. and Lee , M. S. Y. 2000 . The Pleistocene serpent Wonambi and the early evolution of snakes. . Nature , 403 : 416 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlon , J. D. , Lee. , M. S.Y. , Caldwell , M. W. and Shine , R. 1999 . The paleoecology of the primitive snake Pachyrhachis . Historical Biology , 13 : 127 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Swofford , D. L. and Begle , D. P. 1993 . PAUP—Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Version 3.1 Washington , DC : Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Smithsonian Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Tchernov , E. , Rieppel , O. , Zaher , H. , Polcyn , M. J. and Jacobs , L. L. 2000 . A fossil snake with limbs. . Science , 287 : 2010 – 2012 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler , W. C. 1992 . “ Extinction, sampling, and molecular phylogenetics ” . In Extinction and Phylogeny Edited by: Novacek , M. J. and Wheeler , Q. D. 205 – 215 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zaher , H. 1998 . The phylogenetic position of Pachyrhachis within snakes (Squamata, Lepidosauria). . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 18 : 1 – 3 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaher , H. and Rieppel , O. 1999a . Tooth implantation and replacement in squamates, with special reference to mosasaur lizards and snakes. . American Museum Novitates , 3271 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Zaher , H. and Rieppel , O. 1999b . The phylogenetic relationships of Pachyrhachis problematicus, and the evolution of limblessness in snakes (Lepidosauria, Squamata). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris . Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes , 329 : 831 – 837 .
   Google Scholar
• Zaher , H. and Rieppel , O. 2000 . A brief history of snakes. . Herpetological Review , 31 : 73 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Zaher , H. and Rieppel , O. The relationships of Wonambi revisited . Journal of Comparative Biology. , In press
   Google Scholar