The small theropod dinosaurs Tugulusaurus and Phaedrolosaurus from the early Cretaceous of Xinjiang, China

LITERATURE CITED

• Barrett , P. M. , Hasegawa , Y. , Manabe , M. , Isaji , S. and Matsuoka , H. 2002 . Sauropod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Asia: taxonomic and biogeographical implications . Palaeontology , 45 : 1197 – 1217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsbold , R. 1974 . Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America . Palaeontologia Polonica , 30 : 5 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Barsbold , R. and Maryanska , T. 1990 . “ Segnosauria; ” . In The Dinosauria Edited by: Weishampel , D. B. , Dodson , P. and Osmólska , H. 408 – 415 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barsbold , R. and Osmólska , H. 1990 . “ Ornithomimosauria; ” . In The Dinosauria Edited by: Weishampel , D. B. , Dodson , P. and Osmolska , H. 225 – 244 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barsbold , R. and Osmólska , H. 1999 . The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia . Acta Palaeon-tologica Polonica , 44 : 189 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsbold , R. and Perle , A. 1984 . [The first record of a primitive ornithomimosaur from the Cretaceous of Mongolia] . Paleontologicheski Zhurnal , 1984 : 121 – 123 . [Russian]
   Google Scholar
• Barsbold , R. , Maryanska , T. and Osmólska , H. 1990 . “ Oviraptorosauria; ” . In The Dinosauria Edited by: Weishampel , D. B. , Dodson , P. and Osmolska , H. 249 – 258 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barsbold , R. , Osmólska , H. and Kurzanov , S. M. 1987 . On a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 32 : 121 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Carrano , M. T. , Sampson , S. D. and Forster , C. A. 2002 . The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 22 : 510 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , P.-J. , Dong , Z.-M. and Zhen , S.-N. 1998 . An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China . Nature , 391 : 147 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , J. M. , Norell , M. A. and Chiappe , L. M. 1999 . An oviraptorid skeleton from the Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, preserved in an avianlike brooding position over an oviraptorid nest . American Museum Novitates , 3265 : 1 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , J. M. , Perle , A. and Norell , M. A. 1994 . The skull of Erlicosaurus andrewsi, a Late Cretaceous “segnosaur” (Theropoda: Therizino-sauridae) from Mongolia . American Museum Novitates , 3115 : 1 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Currie , P. J. 1985 . Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 22 : 1643 – 1658 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie , P. J. 1990 . “ Elmisauridae; ” . In The Dinosauria Edited by: Weishampel , D. B. , Dodson , P. and Osmolska , H. 245 – 248 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Currie , P. J. and Zhao , X.-J. 1993 . A new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) braincase from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 30 : 2231 – 2247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Klerk , W. J. , Forster , C. A. , Sampson , S. D. , Chinsamv , A. and Ross , C. F. 2000 . A new coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 20 : 324 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong , Z.-M. 1973 . [Dinosaurs from Wuerho]. Memoirs of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropolgy . Academia Sinica , 11 : 45 – 52 . [Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Dong , Z.-M. 1992 . Dinosaurian Faunas of China 188 Beijing : China Ocean Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elzanowski , A. and Wellnhofer , P. 1996 . Cranial morphology of Archaeopteryx: evidence from the seventh skeleton . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 16 : 81 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forster , C. A. , Sampson , S. D. , Chiappe , L. M. and Krause , D. W. 1998 . The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar . Science , 279 : 1915 – 1919 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galton , P. M. 1971 . Manus movements of the coelurosaurian dinosaur Syntarsus and opposability of the theropod hallux . Arnoldia , 5 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier , J. 1986 . Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds . Memoirs of the Californian Academy of Science , 8 : 1 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilmore , C. W. 1920 . Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus . Bulletin of the United States National Museum , 110 : 1 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , G. and Hahn , R. 1992 . Neue Multituberculaten-Zähne aus der Unterkreide (Barremium) von Spanien (Galve und Uña) . Geologica et Palaeontologica , 26 : 143 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Holtz , T. R. Jr. 2000 . A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs . Gaia , 15 : 5 – 61 . (for 1998
   Google Scholar
• von Huene , F. 1914 . Das natürliche System der Saurischia. Zentralblatt für Mineralogie . Geologie und Paläontologie, B , 1914 : 154 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Ji , Q. , Chiappe , L. M. and Ji , S. A. 1999 . A new Late Mesozoic confuciusornithid bird from China . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 19 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambe , L. M. 1917 . The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus. Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey . Memoir , 100 : 1 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , S. G. 2002 . Chinese Fossil Vertebrates 320 New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luo , Z. 1999 . A refugium for relicts . Nature , 400 : 23 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen , J. H. 1976 . Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology . Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin , 109 : 3 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Makovicky , P. J. 1995 . “ Phylogenetic aspects of the vertebral morphology of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen ” . 312
   Google Scholar
• Makovicky , P. J. and Sues , H.-D. 1998 . Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the theropod dinosaur Microvenator celer from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana . American Museum Novitates , 3240 : 1 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Maleev , E. A. 1974 . [Gigantic carnosaurs of the family Tyrannosauridae] . Sovmestnaja Sovetsko-Mongolskaja Paleontologisheskaja Ekspedicija Trudy , 1 : 132 – 191 . [Russian]
   Google Scholar
• Manabe , M. , Barrett , P. M. and Isaji , S. 2000 . A refugium for relicts?* . Nature , 404 : 953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , O. C. 1881 . Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part V. American Journal of Science . series 3 , 21 : 417 – 423 .
   Google Scholar
• Martill , D. M. , Frey , E. , Sues , H.-D. and Cruickshank , A. R. I. 2000 . Skeletal remains of a new small theropod dinosaur with associated soft structures from the Lower Cretaceous Santana Formation of northeastern Brazil . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 37 : 891 – 900 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molnar , R. E. 1991 . The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex . Palaeontographica A , 217 : 137 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Molnar , R. E. , Kurzanov , S. M. and Dong , Z.-M. 1990 . “ Carnosauria; ” . In The Dinosauria Edited by: Weishampel , D. B. , Dodson , P. and Osmólska , H. 169 – 209 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nixon , C. K. and Carpenter , J. M. 1993 . On outgroups . Cladistics , 9 : 413 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norell , M. A. and Makovicky , P. J. 1997 . Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton: information from a new specimen . American Museum Novitates , 3215 : 1 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Norell , M. A. and Makovicky , P. J. 1999 . Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis . American Museum Novitates , 3282 : 1 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Norman , D. B. 1990 . “ Problematic Theropoda: “Coelurosaurs”; ” . In The Dinosauria Edited by: Weishampel , D. B. , Dodson , P. and Osmolska , H. 280 – 305 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Norman , D. B. 1998 . On Asian ornithopods (Dinosauria: Ornithischia). 3. A new species of iguanodontid dinosaur . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 122 : 291 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn , H. F. 1916 . Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 35 : 733 – 771 .
   Google Scholar
• Osmólska , H. 1996 . An unusual theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Nemegt Formation of Mongolia . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica , 41 : 1 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osmólska , H. and Barsbold , R. 1990 . “ Troodontidae; ” . In The Dinosauria Edited by: Weishampel , D. B. , Dodson , P. and Osmóska , H. 259 – 268 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Osmólska , H. , Roniewicz , E. and Barsbold , R. 1972 . A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia . Palaeontologia Polonica , 27 : 103 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom , J. H. 1969 . Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana . Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History , 30 : 1 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom , J. H. 1976 . On a new specimen of the Lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus . Breviora , 439 : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom , J. H. 1978 . The osteology of Compsognathus longipes Wagner . Zitteliana , 4 : 73 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Owen , R. 1842 . Report on British fossil reptiles. Part II . Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Sciences , 11 : 60 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• dinosaurs , B. P. , Sanz , J. L. , Buscalioni , A. D. , Moratalla , J. J. , Ortega , F. and Rasskin-Gutman , D. 1994 . A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain . Nature , 370 : 363 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauhut , O. W. M. 2003 . The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs . Special Papers in Palaeontology , 69 : 1 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , T. and Gauthier , J. 1990 . “ Ceratosauria; ” . In The Dinosauria Edited by: Weishampel , D. B. , Dodson , P. and Osmólska , H. 151 – 168 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , D. A. 1970 . Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences . Publications in Paleontology , 1 : 1 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , D. A. 1993 . The role of central Asia in dinosaurian biogeography . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 30 : 2002 – 2012 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , D. A. and Dong , Z.-M. 1993a. . The affinities of a new theropod dinosaur from the Alxa desert, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 30 : 2107 – 2127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , D. A. and Dong , Z.-M. 1993b. . A nearly complete skeleton of a new troodontid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China . Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , 30 : 2163 – 2173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeley , H. G. 1887 . On the classification of the fossil animals commonly named Dinosauria . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , 43 : 165 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Sereno , P. C. 1999 . The evolution of dinosaurs . Science , 284 : 2137 – 2147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sereno , P. C. and Chao , S. 1988 . Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia), a new psittacosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of northwestern China . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 8 : 353 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Shen , Y. B. and Mateer , N. J. 1992 . “ An outline of the Cretaceous system in northern Xinjiang, western China; ” . In Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology Edited by: Mateer , N. J. and Chen , P. J. 49 – 77 . Beijing : China Ocean Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sues , H.-D. 1977 . The skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis, a small Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Mongolia . Paläontologische Zeitschrift , 51 : 173 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Sues , H.-D. 1997 . On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 17 : 698 – 716 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun , A. , Li , J. , Ye , X. , Dong , Z.-M. and Hou , L. 1992 . The Chinese fossil reptiles and their kins 260 Beijing : Science Press .
   Google Scholar
• Swisher , C. C. I. , Wang , Y.-Q. , Wang , X.-L. , Xu , X. and Wang , Y. 1999 . Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China . Nature , 400 : 58 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swofford , D. L. 1992 . PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, version 3.1 Champaign : Illinois Natural History Survey .
   Google Scholar
• Upchurch , P. , Hunn , C. A. and Norman , D. B. 2001 . An analysis of dinosaurian biogeography: evidence for the existence of vicariance and dispersal patterns caused by geological events. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series B , 269 : 613 – 621 .
   Google Scholar
• Welles , S. P. 1984 . Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Osteology and comparisons . Palaeontographica A , 185 : 85 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Wellnhofer , P. 1974 . Das fünfte Skelettexemplar von Archaeopteryx . Palaeontographica A , 147 : 169 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Wellnhofer , P. 1992 . “ A new specimen of Archaeopteryx from the Solnhofen limestone; ” . In Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County , Science Series Edited by: Campbell , K. E. J. 3 – 23 . Los Angeles
   Google Scholar
• Wellnhofer , P. 1993 . Das siebte Exemplar von Archaeopteryx aus den Solnhofener Schichten . Archaeopteryx , 11 : 1 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Xu , X. , Tang , Z.-L. and Wang , X.-L. 1999 . A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China . Nature , 399 : 350 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , X. , Wang , X.-L. and Wu , X.-C. 1999 . A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China . Nature , 401 : 262 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , X. , Zhao , X.-J. and Clark , J. M. 2001 . A new therizinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 21 : 477 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , X. , Zhou , Z. and Wang , X. 2000 . The smallest non-avian theropod dinosaur . Nature , 408 : 705 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , X. , Norell , M. A. , Wang , X.-L. , Makovicky , P. J. and Wu , X.-C. 2002 . A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China . Nature , 415 : 780 – 784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , X.-J. 1980 . [The Mesozoic Vertebrate Fossils and Stratigraphy in Northern Xinjiang] Beijing : Science Press . [Chinese]
   Google Scholar