First report of snakes (Serpentes) from the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar

LITERATURE CITED

• Averianov , A. O. 1997 . Paleogene sea snakes from the eastern part of Tethys . Russian Journal of Herpetology , 4 : 128 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Bajpai , S. and Thewissen , J. G. M. 2002 . Vertebrate fauna from Panandhro lignite field (lower Eocene), District Kachchh, western India . Current Science (Bangalore) , 82 : 507 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender , F. 1983 . The Geology of Burma. Beiträge zur Regionalen Geologie der Erde, Band 16
   Google Scholar
• Benammi , M. , Chaimanee , Y. , Jaeger , J.-J. , Suteethorn , V. and Ducrocq , S. 2001 . Eocene Krabi basin (southern Thailand): paleontology and magnetostratigraphy . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 113 : 265 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brongniart , A. 1800 . Essai d'une classification naturelle des reptiles. lèrepartie. Establissement des Orders. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomatique . Paris , 11 ( 2 ) : 81 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Buffetaut , E. 1978 . A dyrosaurid (Crocodilia, Mesosuchia) from the upper Eocene of Burma. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaon-tologie . Monatshefte , 5 : 273 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Cadle , J. E. 1987 . “ Geographic distribution: problems in phylogeny and zoogeography; ” . In Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Edited by: Seigel , R. A. , Collins , J. T. and Novak , S. S. 77 – 105 . New York : McGraw-Hill Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Ciochon , R. L. and Gunnell , G. F. 2002 . Chronology of primate discoveries in Myanmar: influences on the anthropoid origins debate . Yearbook of Physical Anthropology , 45 : 2 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbert , E. 1938 . Fossil mammals from Burma in the American Museum of Natural History . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 74 : 255 – 436 .
   Google Scholar
• Cundall , D. , Wallach , V. and Rossman , D. A. 1993 . The systematic relationships of the snake genus Anomochilus . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 109 ( 3 ) : 275 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danilov , I. G. and Averianov , A. O. 1999 . A new species of Calamagras Cope, 1873 (Serpentes, Boidae, Erycinae) from the early Eocene of Kirghizia . Geodiversitas , 21 ( 1 ) : 85 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Ducrocq , S. , Buffetaut , E. , Buffetaut-Tong , H. , Helmcke-Ingavat , R. , Jaeger , J.-J. , Jongkanjanasoontorn , Y. and Suteethorn , V. 1992 . A lower Tertiary vertebrate fauna from Krabi (South Thailand). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie . Abhandlungen , 84 : 101 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Gingerich , P. D. , Russell , D. E. , Sigogneau-Russell , D. , Harten-berger , J.-L. , Ibrahim Shah , S. M. , Hassan , M. , Rose , K. D. and Ardrey , R. H. 1979 . Reconnaissance survey and vertebrate paleontology of some Paleocene and Eocene formations in Pakistan. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology . University of Michigan , 25 : 105 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Gunnell , G. F. , Ciochon , R. L. , Gingerich , P. D. and Holroyd , P. A. 2002 . New assessment of Pondaungia and Amphipithecus (Primates) from the late middle Eocene of Myanmar, with a comment on “Amphipithecidae.” Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology . University of Michigan , 30 : 337 – 372 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter , R. 1939 . Contribution à l'étude des Elapidae actuels et fossiles et de l'ostéologie des ophidians . Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon , 15 : 1 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter , R. 1958 . Un serpent marin du genre Pterosphenus (Pt. Sheppardi nov. sp.) dans L'Éocène supérieur de L'Équateur (Amérique de Sud) . Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France , 6 : 45 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter , R. and Gasc , J.-P. 1969 . Vertebrae and ribs of modern reptiles; 201 – 310 . in C. Gans (ed.), Biology of the Reptilia, Volume 1: Morphology. Academic Press, London
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstetter , R. and Gayrard , Y. 1965 . Observations sur l'ostéologie et la classification des Acrochordidae (Serpentes) . Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , 36 : 677 – 696 .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. 2000 . The fossil snakes of North America Indianapolis : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holman , J. A. and Case , G. R. 1988 . Reptiles from the Eocene Tallahatta Formation of Alabama . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 8 : 323 – 333 .
   Google Scholar
• Holroyd , P. A. and Ciochon , R. L. 1994 . “ Relative ages of Eocene primate-bearing deposits of Asia; ” . In Anthropoid Origins Edited by: Fleagle , J. G. and Kay , R. F. 123 – 141 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchison , J. H. 1985 . Pterosphenus cf. schucherti Lucas (Serpentes, Palaeophidae) from the late Eocene of Peninsular Florida . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 18 : 412 – 419 .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchison , J. H. , Holroyd , P. A. and Ciochon , R. L. “ A preliminary report on Southeast Asia's oldest Cenozoic turtle fauna from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar ” . In Asiatic Herpetological Review In Press
   Google Scholar
• Ivanov , M. 2000 . Snakes of the lower/middle Miocene transition at Vieux Collonges (Rhône, France), with comments on the colonisation of Western Europe by colubroids . Geodiversitas , 22 : 559 – 588 .
   Google Scholar
• LaDuke , T. C. 1991 . The fossil snakes of Pit 91, Rancho La Brea, California . Natural History Museum of Los Angles County Contributions in Science , 424 : 1 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Lucas , F. A. 1899 . A new snake from the Eocene of Alabama . United States National Museum Proceedings , 21 : 637 – 638 .
   Google Scholar
• Lydekker , R. 1888 . Notes on Tertiary Lacertilia and Ophidia . Geological Magazine , 5 : 110 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• McDowell , S. B. 1979 . A catalogue of the snakes of New Guinea and the Solomons, with special reference to those in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Part III: Boinae and Acrochordoidea (Reptilia, Serpentes) . Journal of Herpetology , 13 : 1 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nopsca , F. 1923 . Eidolosaurus und Pachyophis, Zwei neue Neocom-Reptilien . Palaeontographica , 55 : 97 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Oppel , M. 1811 . Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodom einer Naturgeschichte derselben München : Joseph Lindauer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Parmley , D. and Holman , J. A. 1995 . Hemphillian (late Miocene) snakes from Nebraska, with comments on Arikareean through Blancan snakes of midcontinental North America . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 15 : 79 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmley , D. and Holman , J. A. 2003 . Nebraskophis Holman from the late Eocene of Georgia (USA), the oldest known North American colubrid snake . Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia , 46 ( 1 ) : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Pilgrim , G. E. 1928 . The Artiodactyla of the Eocene of Burma. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India . New Series , 8 : 1 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Rage , J.-C. 1984 . Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, part 11, Serpentes Stuttgart : Gustav Fischer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Rage , J.-C. 1987 . Lower vertebrates from the early-middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan): Squamata. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology . University of Michigan , 27 : 187 – 193 .
   Google Scholar
• Rage , J.-C. 1988 . The oldest known colubrid snakes. The state of the art . Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia , 31 : 457 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Rage , J.-C. and Werner , C. 1999 . Mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian) snakes from Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan: the earliest snake assemblage . Palaeontologia Africana , 35 : 85 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Rage , J.-C. , Buffetaut , E. , Buffetaut-Tong , H. , Chaimanee , Y. , Ducrocq , S. , Jaeger , J.-J. and Suteethorn , V. 1992 . A colubrid snake in the late Eocene of Thailand: the oldest known Colubridae (Reptilia, Ser-pentes). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences . Série , 2 ( 314 ) : 1085 – 1089 .
   Google Scholar
• Rage , J.-C. , Bajpai , S. , Thewissen , J. G. M. and Tiwari , B. N. 2003 . Early Eocene snakes from Kutch, western India, with a review of the Palaeophiidae . Geodiversitas , 25 : 695 – 716 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soe , A. N. , Myitta , S. T. Tun , Aung , A. K. , Thein , T. , Marandat , B. , Ducrocq , S. and Jaeger , J.-J. 2002 . Sedimentary facies of the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (central Myanmar) and the paleoenvironments of its anthropoid primates . Comptes Rendus Palevol , 1 : 53 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. A. 1943 . Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, including the whole of the Indo-Chinese sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Volume III, Serpentes. London : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Szyndlar , Z. 1984 . Fossil snakes from Poland . Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia , 28 : 1 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Tatarinov , L. P. 1963 . [First discovery of ancient sea snakes in the USSR.] . Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal , 2 : 109 – 115 . [Russian]
   Google Scholar
• Tatarinov , L. P. 1988 . [Structure of the skull of the sea snake “Archaeophis” turkmenicus from the lower Eocene of Turkmenia.] . Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal , 1 : 75 – 82 . [Russian]
   Google Scholar
• Thireau , M. 1967a . Contribution à l'étudei de la morphologie caudale et de l'anatomie vertébrale et costale des genres Atheris, Actractaspis, et Causus (Viperidés de l'Ouest africain). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle . Paris , 2 : 454 – 470 .
   Google Scholar
• Thireau , M. 1967b . Analyse descriptive et biométrique de la colonne vertébrale du serpent marin Enhydrina schistosa Daudin (Hydro-phiinés). Caractères vertébraux des hydrophiidés. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle . Paris , 2 : 1044 – 1056 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsubamoto , T. , Egi , N. , Takai , M. , Shigehara , N. , Aung , A. K. , Thein , T. , Soe , A. N. and Tun , S. T. 2000 . A preliminary report on the Eocene mammals of the Pondaung fauna, Myanmar . Asian Paleoprimatology , 1 : 29 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsubamoto , T. , Takai , M. , Shigehara , N. , Egi , N. , Tun , S. T. , Aung , A. K. , Maung , M. , Dunhara , T. and Suzuki , H. 2002 . Fission-track zircon age of the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar . Journal of Human Evolution , 42 : 361 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , G. and Stimson , A. F. 1990 . A classification of pythons (Serpentes, Pythoninae) . Journal of Zoology (London) , 221 : 565 – 603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westgate , J. W. and Gee , C. T. 1990 . Paleoecology of a middle Eocene mangrove biota (vertebrates, plants, and invertebrates) from southwest Texas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology . Palaeoecology , 78 : 163 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar