Possible evidence of a venom apparatus in a Middle Jurassic Sphenodontian from the Huizachal red beds of Tamaulipas, México

LITERATURE CITED

• Benton, M. J., 1985. Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 84 (1985), pp. 97–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogert, C. M., and Martin-del-Campo, R., 1956. The gila monster and its allies. American Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 109 (1956), pp. 1–238.
   Google Scholar
• Cadle, J. E., 1992. "Geographic distribution: problems in phylogeny and zoogeography". In: Siegel, R. A., Collins, J. T., and Novak, S. S., eds. Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. New York: Macmillan; 1992. pp. 77–105.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, R. L., 1985. A pleurosaur from the Lower Jurassic and the taxonomic position of the Sphenodontida. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A 189 (1985), pp. 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Cocude-Michel, M., 1963. Les rhynchocephales et les sauriens de calcaires lithographiques (Jurassique supérieur) d'Europe occidentale, Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon 7 (1963), pp. 1–187.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. E., 1980. The skull of a new eosuchian reptile from the Lower Jurassic of South Wales, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 70 (1980), pp. 203–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, S. E., 1984. The classification of the Lepidosauria, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 82 (1984), pp. 87–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, S. E., and FRASER, N. C., 1992. A sphenodontid jaw (Reptilia: Lepidosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of Dorset, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History Society 1992 (1992), pp. 199–200.
   Google Scholar
• Fabre, J., 1974. Un squelette de Pleurosaurus ginsburgi nov. sp. (Rhynchocephalia) du Portlandien du Petit Plan de Canjuers (Var.). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, Série D 278 (1974), pp. 2417–2420.
   Google Scholar
• Fastovsky, D. E., Bowring, S. A., and Hermes, O. D., 1998. Radiometric age dates for the La Boca vertebrate assemblage (late Early Jurassic), Huizachal Canyon, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Avances en Investigación: Paleontología de Vertebrados. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Special Publication 1 (1998), pp. 4–11.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, N. C., 1982. A new rhynchocephalian from British Upper Triassic, Palaeontology 25 (1982), pp. 709–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, N. C., 1988. The osteology and relationships of Clevosaurus (Reptilia: Sphenodontida). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 321 (1988), pp. 125–172.
   Google Scholar
• Gans, C., 1978. "Reptilian venoms: some evolutionary considerations;". In: Gans, C., and Gans, K. A., eds. Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 8: Physiology B. New York: Academic Press; 1978. pp. 1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier, J. A., Estes, R., and de Queiroz, K., 1988. "A phylogenetic analysis of Lepidosauromorpha;". In: Estes, R., and Pregill, G., eds. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1988. pp. 15–98.
   Google Scholar
• Gorniak, G. C., Rosenberg, H. I., and Gans, C., 1982. Mastication in the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Reptilia: Rhynchocephalia): structure and activity of the motor system, Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), pp. 321–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasset, M. D., and Schaafsma, A. W., 1940. Studies on the venom of the “Boomslang” (Dispholidus typhus), South African Medical Journal 1940 (1940), pp. 236–241.
   Google Scholar
• Heise, P. J., Maxson, L. R., Dowling, H. G., and Hedges, S. B., 1995. Higher-level snake phylogeny inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences of 12s rRNA and 16s rRNA genes, Molecular Biology 12 (1995), pp. 259–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen, D. W., 1987. The myonecrotic effect of Duvernoy's gland secretion of the snake Thamnophis elegans vagrans, Journal of Herpetology 21 (1987), pp. 81–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardong, K. V., 1982. The evolution of the venom apparatus in snakes, from colubrids to viperids & elapids, Memórias do Instituto Butantan 46 (1982), pp. 105–118.
   Google Scholar
• Kardong, K. V., and Lavin-Murcio, P. V., 1993. Venom delivery of snakes as high-pressure and low-pressure systems, Copeia 3 (1993), pp. 644–650.
   Google Scholar
• Levinson, S. R., Evans, M. H., and Groves, F., 1976. A neurotoxic component of the venom from blanding tree snake (Boiga bandingi), Toxicon 14 (1976), pp. 307–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liem, K. F., 1977. "Musculoskeletal system;". In: Kluge, A. G., ed. Chordate Structure and Function. New York: McMillan; 1977. pp. 179–269.
   Google Scholar
• Mackessy, S. P., 1988. Venom ontogeny in the Pacific rattlesnake Crotalus viridis helleri and C. v. oreganos, Copeia 1988 (1988), pp. 92–101.
   Google Scholar
• McKinstry, D. M., 1978. Evidence of toxic saliva in some colubrid snakes of the United States, Toxicon 16 (1978), pp. 523–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norell, M. A., McKenna, M. C., and Novacek, M. J., 1992. Estesia mongoliensis, a new fossil varanoid from the Late Cretaceous Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia, American Museum Novitates 3045 (1992), pp. 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Pregill, G. K., Gauthier, J. A., and Greene, H. W., 1986. The evolution of helodermatid squamates, with description of a new taxon and an overview of Varanoidea, Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 21 (1986), pp. 167–202.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, T. E., and Callison, G., 1981. A new herbivorous sphenodontid (Rhynchocephalia: Reptilia) from the Jurassic of Colorado, Journal of Paleontology 55 (1981), pp. 1109–1116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynoso, V.-H., 1996. A Middle Jurassic Sphenodon-like sphenodontian (Diapsida: Lepidosauria) from Huizachal Canyon, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (1996), pp. 210–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynoso, V.-H., 1997. A “beaded” sphenodontian (Diapsida: Lepidosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of central Mexico, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 (1997), pp. 52–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynoso, V.-H., 2000. An unusual aquatic sphenodontian from the Tlayua Formation (Albian), Central México, Journal of Paleontology 74 (2000), pp. 133–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynoso, V. H., Growth patterns and ontogenetic variation of the teeth and jaws of the Middle Jurassic sphenodontian Cynosphenodon huizachalensis (Reptilia: Rhynchocephalia), In press. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Reynoso, V.-H., and Clark, J. M., 1998. A dwarf sphenodontian from the Huizachal Formation of Tamaulipas, Mexico, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (1998), pp. 333–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieppel, O., 1980. The phylogeny of anguinomorph lizards, Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforscheden Gesellschaft 94 (1980), pp. 1–80.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, P. L., 1976. "How Sphenodon and Uromastix grow their teeth and use them;". In: Bellairs, A. d. A., and Box, C. B., eds. Morphology and Biology of Reptiles. London: Academic Press; 1976. pp. 43–64.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Robles, J. A., 1994. Are the Duvernoy's gland secretions of colubrid snakes venoms?*, Journal of Herpetology 28 (1994), pp. 388–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Robles, J. A., and Thomas, R., 1992. Venom function in the Puerto Rican racer, Alsophis portoricensis (Serpentes: Colubridae), Copeia 1992 (1992), pp. 62–68.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, H. I., Bdolah, A., and Kochva, E., 1985. Lethal factors and enzymes in the secretion from Duvernoy's gland of three colubrid snakes, Journal of Experimental Zoology 233 (1985), pp. 5–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savitzky, A. H., 1980. The role of venom delivery strategies in snake evolution, Evolution 36 (1980), pp. 1194–1204.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, G. G., 1926. American terrestrial Rhynchocephalia, American Journal of Science 5 (1926), pp. 12–16.
   Google Scholar
• Sues, H. D., 1991. Venom-conducting teeth in a Triassic reptile, Nature 351 (1991), pp. 141–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sues, H. D., 1996. A reptilian tooth with apparent venom canals from the Chinle Group (Upper Triassic) of Arizona, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (1996), pp. 571–572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sues, H. D., and Reisz, R. R., 1995. First record of the early Mesozoic sphenodontian Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Southern Hemisphere, Journal of Paleontology 69 (1995), pp. 123–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sues, H. D., Shubin, N. H., and Olsen, P. E., 1994. A new sphenodontian (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the McCoy Brook Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Nova Scotia, Canada, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 (1994), pp. 327–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swofford, D. L., 1993. PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, version 3.1.1. Champaign: Computer program distributed by The Illinois Natural History Survey; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, R., and Leal, M., 1993. Feeding envenomation by Arrhyton exiguum (Serpentes: Colubridae), Journal of Herpetology 27 (1993), pp. 109–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Throckmorton, G. S., Hopson, J. A., and Parks, P., 1981. A redescription of Toxolophosaurus cloudi Olson, a Lower Cretaceous herbivorous sphenodontid reptile, Journal of Paleontology 55 (1981), pp. 586–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, D. I., 1986. The head skeleton of the rhaetian sphenodontid Diphydontosaurus avonis gen. et sp. nov. and the modernizing of a living fossil. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 312 (1986), pp. 379–430.
   Google Scholar
• Williston, S. W., 1925. The Osteology of Reptiles. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1925. p. 300.
   Google Scholar
• Vest, D. K., 1981. The toxic secretion of the wandering garter snake, Thamnophis elegans vagrans, Toxicon 19 (1981), pp. 831–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal, N., 2002. Colubroid systematics: evidence for an early appearance of the venom apparatus followed by extensive evolutionary tinkering, Journal of Toxicology—Toxin Reviews 21 (2002), pp. 21–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X.-C., 1991. "The comparative anatomy and systematics of Mesozoic sphenodontians. Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, McGill University, Montréal". 1991. p. 229.
   Google Scholar
• Young, B. A., and Kardong, K. V., 1996. Dentitional surface features in snakes (Reptilia: Serpentes), Amphibia-Reptilia 17 (1996), pp. 261–276.
   Google Scholar