Histology of the galeaspid dermoskeleton and endoskeleton, and the origin and early evolution of the vertebrate cranial endoskeleton

LITERATURE CITED

• Bereiter-Hahn , J. and Zylberberg , L. 1993 . Regeneration of teleost fish scale . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 105A : 625 – 642 .
   Google Scholar
• Colnot , C. , Lu , C. , Hu , D. and Helms , J. A. 2004 . Distinguishing the contributions of the perichondrium, cartilage, and vascular endothelium to skeletal development . Developmental Biology , 269 : 55 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison , R. H. 1947 . The exoskeleton of Tremataspis . American Journal of Science , 245 : 337 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison , R. H. 1967 . Ordovician vertebrates from Western United States . Fieldiana Geology , 16 : 131 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Di Nino , D. L. , Crochiere , M. L. and Linsenmeyer , T. F. 2002 . Multiple mechanisms of perichondral regulation of cartilage growth . Developmental Dynamics , 225 : 250 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong , X-P. , Donoghue , P. C. J. and Repetski , J. E. 2005 . Basal tissue structure in the earliest euconodonts: testing hypotheses of developmental plasticity in euconodont phylogeny . Palaeontology , 48 : 411 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donoghue , P. C. J. 2002 . Evolution of development of vertebrate teeth and scales: unravelling concepts, regulatory theories and homologies . Paleobiology , 28 : 474 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donoghue , P. C. J. I.J. 2002 . Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization . Microscopy Research & Technique , 59 : 352 – 372 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donoghue , P. C. J. and Smith , M. P. 2001 . The anatomy of Turinia pagei (Powrie) and the phylogenetic status of the Thelodonti . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (Earth Sciences) , 92 : 15 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Donoghue , P. C. J. , Forey , P. L. and Aldridge , R. J. 2000 . Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny . Biological Reviews , 75 : 191 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forey , P. L. 1995 . Agnathans Recent and fossil, and the origin of jawed vertebrates . Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries , 5 : 267 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forey , P. L. and Janvier , P. 1993 . Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates . Nature , 361 : 129 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francillon-Vieillot , H. , de Buffrénil , V. , Castanet , J. , Gérauldie , J. , Meunier , F. J. , Sire , J.-Y. , Zylberberg , L. and Ricqlès , A. d. 1990 . “ Microstructure and mineralization of vertebrate skeletal tissues; ” . In Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends Edited by: Carter , J. G. 471 – 530 . New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Goujet , D. and Young , G. C. 1995 . Interrelationships of placoderms revisited . Geobios , 19 : 89 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , W. 1935 . Histologische Studien am Aussenskelett fossiler Agnathen und Fische. Palaeontographica (Abt . A) , 83 : 1 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , W. 1938 . Der histologische aufbau der Anaspiden-schuppen . Norsk Geologisk Tiddskrift , 17 : 191 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , W. 1956 . Über Crossopterygier und Dipnoer aus dem baltischen Oberdevon im Zusammenhang einer vergleichenden Untersuchung des Porenkanalsystems paläozoischer Agnathen und Fische . Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar , 5 : 1 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , W. 1958 . Anaspidenschuppen aus dem Ludlow des Ostseegebiets . Paläontologische Zeitschrift , 32 : 24 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , W. 1961 . Aufbau des Panzers obersilurischer Heterostraci und Osteostraci Norddeutschlands (Geschiebe) und Oesels . Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) , 42 : 73 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , W. 1968 . Beobachtungen mit dem Elektronenraster-Auflichtmikroskop an den Siebplatten und dem Isopedin von Dartmuthia (Osteostraci) . Paläontologische Zeitschrift , 42 : 73 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Janvier , P. 1981a . The phylogeny of the Craniata . with particular reference to the significance of fossil “agnathans.” Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 1 : 121 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Janvier , P. 1981b . Norselaspis glacialis n.g., n.sp. et les relations Phylogènètiques entre les Kiaeraspidiens (Osteostraci) du Dévonien Inférieur du Spitsberg . Palaeovertebrata , 11 : 19 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Janvier , P. 1984 . The relationships of the Osteostraci and the Galeaspida . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 4 : 344 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Janvier , P. 1985 . Les Céphalaspides du Spitsberg: anatomie, Phylogénie et systématique des Ostéostracés siluro-devoniens; révisions des Ostéostracés de la Formation de Wood Bay (Dévonien inférieur du Spitsberg) 244 Paris, Paris : Cahiers de Paléontologie, Centre national de la Recherche scientifique . Édition CNRS
   Google Scholar
• Janvier , P. 1990 . La structure de l'exosquelette des Galeaspida (Vertebrata). Compte Rendu Académie des Sciences . Paris , 310 : 655 – 659 .
   Google Scholar
• Janvier , P. 1996a . Early Vertebrates 393 Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Janvier , P. 1996b . The dawn of the vertebrates: characters versus common ascent in the rise of current vertebrate phylogenies . Palaeontology , 39 : 259 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janvier , P. 2001 . “ Ostracoderms and the shaping of the gnathostome characters; ” . In Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution: Palaeontology, Phylogeny, Genetics and Development Edited by: Ahlberg , P. E. 172 – 186 . London : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Janvier , P. , Thanh , T.-D. and Phuong , T.-H. 1993 . A new Early Devonian Galeaspid from Bac Thai Province, Vietnam . Palaeontology , 36 : 297 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johanson , Z. 2002 . Vascularization of the osteostracan and antiarch (Placodermi) pectoral fin: similarities, and implications for placoderm relationships . Lethaia , 35 : 169 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatajuté-Talimaa , V. N. , Novitskaya , L. I. , Rozman , K. S. and Sodov , Z. 1990 . Mongolepis—a new lower Silurian genus of elasmobranchs from Mongolia . Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal , 1990 : 76 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuratani , S. , Nobusada , Y. , Horigome , N. and Shigetani , Y. 2001 . Embryology of the lamprey and evolution of the vertebrate jaw: insights from molecular and developmental perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , 356 : 1615 – 1632 .
   Google Scholar
• Long , F. X. and Linsenmayer , T. F. 1998 . Regulation of growth region cartilage proliferation and differentiation by perichondrium . Development , 125 : 1067 – 1073 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandl , L. 1839 . Recherches sur la structure intime des écailles des poissons . Annales des Sciences Naturelles , 2 : 337 – 371 .
   Google Scholar
• Meunier , F. J. 1981 . 'Twisted plywood' structure and mineralization in the scales of a primitive living fish, Amia calva . Tissue & Cell , 13 : 165 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier , F. J. 1984 . Structure et minéralisation des écailles de quelques Osteoglossidae (Ostéichthyens, Téléostéens) Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie . Paris , 6 : 111 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Meunier , F. J. 1987 . Os cellulaire, os acellulaire et tissus dérivés chez les Ostéichthyens: les phénomènes de l'acellularisation et de la perte de minéralisation . L'Année biologique , 26 : 201 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Meunier , F. J. and Castanet , J. 1982 . Organisation spatiale des fibres de collagène de la plaque basale des écailles des Téléostéens . Zoologica Scripta , 11 : 141 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Ørvig , T. 1967 . “ Phylogeny of tooth tissues: evolution of some calcified tissues in early vertebrates; ” . In Structural and Chemical Organisation of Teeth Edited by: Miles , A. E. W. 45 – 110 . New York and London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ørvig , T. 1968 . “ The dermal skeleton: general considerations: ” . In Current Problems of Lower Vertebrate Phylogeny Edited by: Ørvig , T. 374 – 397 . Stockholm : Almquist & Wiksell .
   Google Scholar
• Ørvig , T. 1975 . Description, with special reference to the dermal skeleton, of a new radotinid arthrodire from the Gedinnian of Arctic Canada; 41 – 71 . in Problèmes Actuels de Paléontologie—Évolution des Vertébrés. Colloque international CNRS 218
   Google Scholar
• Pan , J. 1984 . The phylogenetic position of the Eugaleaspida in China . Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales , 107 : 309 – 319 .
   Google Scholar
• P'an , J. and Dineley , D. L. 1988 . A review of early (Silurian and Devonian) vertebrate biogeography and biostratigraphy of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series B , 235 : 29 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , C. 1977 . “ Cartilage bones, dermal bones, and membrane bones, or the exoskeleton versus the endoskeleton: ” . In Problems in Vertebrate Evolution Edited by: Mahala Andrews , S. , Miles , R. S. and Walker , A. D. 77 – 121 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sansom , I. J. 1996 . Pseudooneotodus: a histological study of an Ordovician to Devonian vertebrate lineage . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 118 : 47 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansom , I. J. , Aldridge , R. J. and Smith , M. M. 2000 . A microvertebrate fauna from the Llandovery of South China . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (Earth Sciences) , 90 : 255 – 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Satchell , P. G. , Shuler , C. F. and Diekwisch , T. G. H. 2000 . True enamel covering in teeth of the Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri . Cell and Tissue Research , 299 : 27 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , W. J. 1955 . Die Erforschung molekularer Texturen tierischer Zellen und Gewebe an Hand der Polarisationsoptik . Nova Acta Leopoldina , 17 : 497 – 516 .
   Google Scholar
• Schönbörner , A. A. , Boivin , G. and Baud , C. A. 1979 . The mineralization process in teleost fish scales . Cell Tissue Research , 202 : 203 – 212 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sire , J.-Y. 1988 . Evidence that mineralized spherules are involved in the formation of the superficial layer of the elasmoid scale in cichlids Cichlasoma octofasciatum and Hemichromis bimaculatus (Pisces, Teleostei): an epidermal active participation?* . Cell Tissue Research , 253 : 165 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sire , J.-Y. 1994 . Light and TEM study of nonregenerated and experimentally regenerated scales of Lepisosteus oculatus (Holostei) with particular attention to ganoine formation . The Anatomical Record , 240 : 189 – 207 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sire , J.-Y. and Huysseune , A. 2003 . Formation of dermal skeletal and dental tissues in fish: a comparative and evolutionary approach . Biological Reviews , 78 : 219 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. M. 1989 . Distribution and variation in enamel structure in the oral teeth of sarcopterygians: its significance for the evolution of a protoprismatic enamel . Historical Biology , 3 : 97 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. M. and Hall , B. K. 1990 . Development and evolutionary origins of vertebrate skeletogenic and odontogenic tissues . Biological Reviews , 65 : 277 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , M. M. and Sansom , I. J. 2000 . “ Evolutionary origins of dentine in the fossil record of early vertebrates: diversity, development and function; ” . In Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth Edited by: Teaford , M. F. , Smith , M. M. and Ferguson , M. W. J. 65 – 81 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stensiö , E. A. 1927 . The Downtonian and Devonian vertebrates of Spitsbergen. Part 1. Family Cephalaspidae . Skrifter om Svalbard og Nordishavet , 12 : 1 – 391 .
   Google Scholar
• Stensiö , E. A. 1932 . The Cephalaspids of Great Britain 220 London : British Museum (Natural History) .
   Google Scholar
• Stensiö , E. A. 1934 . On the Placodermi of the Upper Devonian of East Greenland . Meddelelser om Gr⊘nland , 97 : 1 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Stensiö , E. A. 1964 . “ Les cyclostomes fossiles ou ostracodermes; ” . In Traité de Paléontologie Edited by: Piveteau , J. 96 – 382 . Paris : Masson & Cie .
   Google Scholar
• Thanh , T.-D. and Janvier , P. 1987 . Les vertébrés Dévoniens du Viêtnam . Annales de Paléontologie , 73 : 165 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• Thanh , T.-D. , Janvier , P. , Phuong , T. H. and Truong , D. N. 1995 . Lower Devonian biostratigraphy and vertebrates of the Tong Vai Valley, Vietnam . Palaeontology , 38 : 169 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , J.-Q. , Wang , N.-Z. and Zhu , M. 1996 . “ Middle Paleozoic vertebrate fossils from the north-western margin of the Tarim Basin, and the related stratigraphy; ” . In New Advances on the Study of Petrolic Geology in Tarim Basin Edited by: Tong , X.-G. , Liang , D.-G. and Jia , C.-Z. 8 – 16 . Beijing : Science Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , N.-Z. 1991 . “ Two new galeaspids (jawless craniates) from Zhejiang Province, China, with a discussion of galeaspid-gnathostome relationships; ” . In Early Vertebrates and Related Problems in Evolutionary Biology Edited by: Chang , M.-M. , Liu , Y.-H. and Zhang , G.-R. 41 – 65 . Beijing : Science Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , N.-Z. 1995a . Silurian and Devonian jawless craniates (Galeaspida, Thelodonti) and their habitats in China. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle . Paris , 17 : 57 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , N.-Z. 1995b . Thelodonts from the Cuifengshan Group of East Yunnan, China and its biochronological significance. Geobios . Mémoire Spécial , 19 : 403 – 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , N.-Z. 1997 . Restudy of thelodont microfossils from the lower part of the Cuifengshan Group of Qujing, eastern Yunnan, China . Vertebrata PalAsiatica , 35 : 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , S. Q. and McKenzie , K. 2000 . Sinoleperditini (Ostracoda) from the Devonian of South China . Senckenbergiana Lethaea , 79 : 589 – 601 .
   Google Scholar
• Wängsjö , G. 1946 . On the genus Dartmuthia Patten, with special reference to the minute structure of the exoskeleton . Uppsala University Bulletin of Geology , 31 : 349 – 362 .
   Google Scholar
• Wängsjö , G. 1952 . The Downtonian and Devonian vertebrates of Spitsbergen. IX. Morphologic and systematic studies of the Spitsbergen cephalaspids . Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter , 97 : 1 – 615 .
   Google Scholar
• Westoll , T. S. 1967 . Radotina and other tesserate fishes . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 47 : 83 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , G. C. 1991 . “ The first armoured agnathan vertebrates from the Devonian of Australia; ” . In Early Vertebrates and Related Problems in Evolutionary Biology Edited by: Chang , M. M. , Liu , Y. H. and Zhang , G. R. 67 – 85 . Beijing : Science Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zhu , M. and Janvier , P. 1998 . The histological structure of the endoskeleton in galeaspids (Galeaspida, Vertebrata) . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 18 : 650 – 654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , M. and Wang , J. Q. 2000 . Silurian vertebrate assemblages of China . Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg , 223 : 161 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Zylberberg , L. and Wake , M. 1990 . Structure of the scales of Dermophis and Microcaecilia (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), and comparison to dermal ossification of other vertebrates . Journal of Morphology , 206 : 25 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar