Quantification of DNase type I ends, DNase type II ends, and Modified Bases using Fluorescently Labeled ddUTP, Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase, and Formamidopyrimidine-DNA Glycosylase

References

• Gavrieli, Y., Y.Sherman, and S.A.Ben-Sasson. 1992. Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation. J. Cell Biol.119:493–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, K.J., R.M.Sandoval, K.W.Dunn, B.A.Molitoris, and P.C.Dagher. 2003. A novel method to determine specificity and sensitivity of the TUNEL reaction in the quantitation of apoptosis. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.284:C1309–C1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanoh, M., G.Takemura, J.Misao, Y.Hayakawa, T.Aoyama, K.Nishigaki, T.Noda, T.Fujiwara, et al.. 1999. Significance of myocytes with positive DNA in situ nick end-labeling (TUNEL) in hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy: not apoptosis but DNA repair. Circulation99:2757–2764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darzynkiewicz, Z., X.Huang, and M.Okafuji. 2006. Detection of DNA strand breaks by flow and laser scanning cytometry in studies of apoptosis and cell proliferation (DNA replication). Methods Mol. Biol.314:81–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharpe, M.A., M.A.Widmayer, and D.S.Baskin. 2010. Quantification and calibration of images in fluorescence microscopy. Anal. Biochem. May 28. [Epub ahead of print].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingender, G., B.Schumak, A.Schurich, J.E.Gessner, E.Endl, A.Limmer, and P.A.Knolle. 2006. Rapid and preferential distribution of blood-borne CD3-∊ to the liver is followed by local stimulation of T cells and natural killer T cells. Immunology117:117–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colitti, M. and M.Farinacci. 2009. Cell turnover and gene activities in sheep mammary glands prior to lambing to involution. Tissue Cell41:326–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagheri-Yarmand, R., R.K.Vadlamudi, and R.Kumar. 2003. Activating transcription factor 4 overexpression inhibits proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelium resulting in impaired lactation and accelerated involution. J. Biol. Chem.278:17421–17429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacher, M.D., A.Siegenthaler, R.Jager, X.Yan, S.Hett, L.Xuan, S.Saurer, R.R.Lareu, et al.. 2003. Role of DDC-4/sFRP-4, a secreted frizzled-related protein, at the onset of apoptosis in mammary involution. Cell Death Differ.10:528–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romijn, H.J., J.F.M.Van Uum, I.Breedijk, J.Emmering, I.Radu, and C.W.Pool. 1999. Double immunolabeling of neuropeptides in the human hypothalamus as analyzed by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem.47:229–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counis, M.F. and A.Torriglia. 2006. Acid DNases and their interest among apoptotic endonucleases. Biochimie88:1851–1858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reme, C.E., C.Grimm, F.Hafezi, A.Marti, and A.Wenzel. 1998. Apoptotic cell death in retinal degenerations. Prog. Retin. Eye Res.17:443–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torriglia, A. and C.Lepretre. 2009. LEI/LDNase II: interplay between caspase-dependent and independent pathways. Front. Biosci.14:4836–4847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, R.D., C.Cussac, R.L.Souhami, and F.Laval. 1996. Increased resistance to N,N′,N′′-triethylenethiophosphoramide (thiotepa) in cells expressing the Escherichia coli formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase. Cancer Res.56:3721–3724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor, T.R. and J.Laval. 1989. Physical association of the 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5N-formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase of Escherichia coli and an activity nicking DNA at apurinic/apyrimidinic sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA86:5222–5226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ropolo, M., A.Geroldi, P.Degan, V.Andreotti, S.Zupo, A.Poggi, A.Reed, M.R.Kelley, and G.Frosina. 2006. Accelerated repair and reduced mutagenicity of oxidative DNA damage in human bladder cells expressing the E. coli FPG protein. Int. J. Cancer118:1628–1634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speit, G., P.Schitz, I.Bonzheim, K.Trenz, and H.Hoffmann. 2004. Sensitivity of the FPG protein towards alkylation damage in the comet assay. Toxicol. Lett.146:151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, M., Y.H.He, M.Kobune, Y.Xu, M.R.Kelley, and W.J.MartinII. 2002. Protection of human lung cells against hyperoxia using the DNA base excision repair genes hOgg1 and Fpg. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.166:192–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying-Hui, H.E., Y.I.Xu, M.Kobune, W.U.Min, M.R.Kelley, and W.J.MartinII. 2002. Escherichia coli FPG and human OGG1 reduce DNA damage and cytotoxicity by BCNU in human lung cells. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.282:L50–L55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., W.K.Hansen, T.A.Rosenquist, D.A.Williams, M.Limp-Foster, and M.R.Kelley. 2001. Protection of mammalian cells against chemotherapeutic agents thiotepa, 1,3-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea, and mafosfamide using the DNA base excision repair genes Fpg and Ogg1: implications for protective gene therapy applications. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.296:825–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, J., V.E.Walker, P.B.Upton, S.Y.Chiang, Y.W.Kow, and J.A.Swenberg. 1998. Highly sensitive apurinic/apyrimidinic site assay can detect spontaneous and chemically induced depurination under physiological conditions. Cancer Res.58:222–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlmann, H.A., V.G.Vaidyanathan, and S.J.Sturla. 2009. Investigating the biochemical impact of DNA damage with structure-based probes: a basic sites, photodimers, alkylation adducts, and oxidative lesions. Biochemistry48:9347–9359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chastain, 2nd, P.D., J.Nakamura, J.Swenberg, and D.Kaufman. 2006. Nonrandom AP site distribution in highly proliferative cells. FASEB J.20:2612–2614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boturyn, D., J.F.Constant, E.Defrancq, J.Lhomme, A.Barbin, and C.P.Wild. 1999. A simple and sensitive method for in vitro quantitation of abasic sites in DNA. Chem. Res. Toxicol.12:476–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M.A., L.M.Sayre, V.E.Anderson, P.L.R.Harris, M.F.Beal, N.Kowall, and G.Perry. 1998. Cytochemical demonstration of oxidative damage in A lzheimer disease by immunochemical enhancement of the carbonyl reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. J. Histochem. Cytochem.46:731–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatarczuch, L., C.Philip, and C.S.Lee. 1997. Involution of the sheep mammary gland. J. Anat.190:405–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kralj, M. and N.Pipan. 1995. Degradation processes in different functional states of the mouse mammary gland. Period. Biol.97:201–206.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, N.I., R.E.Bennett, and J.F.R.Kerr. 1989. Cell death by apoptosis during involution of the lactating breast in mice and rats. Am. J. Anat.185:19–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bodell, W.J., A.P.Bodell, and D.D.Giannini. 2007. Levels and distribution of BCNU in GBM tumors following intratumoral injection of DTI-015 (BCNU-ethanol). Neuro. Oncol.9:12–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchou, J., V.Bodepudi, S.Shibutani, I.Antoshechkin, J.Miller, A.P.Grollman, and F.Johnson. 1994. Substrate specificity of Fpg protein. Recognition and cleavage of oxidatively damaged DNA. J. Biol. Chem.269:15318–15324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatahet, Z., Y.W.Kow, A.A.Purmal, R.P.Cunningham, and S.S.Wallace. 1994. New substrates for old enzymes. 5-Hydroxy-2′-deoxycytidine and 5-hydroxy-2′-deoxyuridine are substrates for Escherichia coli endonuclease III and formamidopyrimidine DNA N-glycosylase, while 5-hydroxy-2′-deoxyuridine is a substrate for uracil DNA N-glycosylase. J. Biol. Chem.269:18814–18820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Ham, C., A.Romieu, M.Jaquinod, D.Gasparutto, and J.Cadet. 1999. Excision of 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine, 5,6-dihydrothymine, and 5-hydroxycytosine from defined sequence oligonucleotides by Escherichia coli endonuclease III and Fpg proteins. Biochemistry38:3335–3344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobune, M., Y.Xu, C.Baum, M.R.Kelley, and D.A.Williams. 2001. Retrovirus-mediated expression of the base excision repair proteins, formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase or human oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, protects hematopoietic cells from N,N′,N′′-triethylenethiophosphoramide (thioTEPA)-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res.61:5116–5125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frosina, G. 2006. Prophylaxis of oxidative DNA damage by formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase. Int. J. Cancer119:1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boturyn, D., A.Boudali, J.-F.Constant, E.Defrancq, and J.Lhomme. 1997. Synthesis of fluorescent probes for the detection of abasic sites in DNA. Tetrahedron53:5485–5492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpe, M.A., S.J.Robb, and J.B.Clark. 2003. Nitric oxide and Fenton/Haber-Weiss chemistry: nitric oxide is a potent antioxidant at physiological concentrations. J. Neurochem.87:386–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henle, E.S., Y.Luo, W.Gassmann, and S.Linn. 1996. Oxidative damage to DNA constituents by iron-mediated Fenton reactions. J. Biol. Chem.271:21167–21176.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tudek, B. 2003. Imidazole ring-opened DNA purines and their biological significance. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol.36:12–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar