Chronic Low Back pain, Modic Changes and low-grade Virulent Infection: Efficacy of Antibiotic Treatment

References

• GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet392, 1789–1858 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaherC , UnderwoodM , BuchbinderR. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet389, 736–747 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FosterNE , AnemaJR , CherkinDet al.Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions. Lancet391, 2368–2383 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JensenRK , Leboeuf-YdeC , WedderkoppN , SorensenJS , MannicheC. Rest versus exercise as treatment for patients with low back pain and Modic changes. BMC Med.10, 22 (2012).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SaukkonenJ , MäättäJ , OuraPet al.Association between Modic changes and low back pain in middle age. Spine45(19), 1360–1367 (2020).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MäättäJ , WadgeS , MacGregorA , KarppinenJ , WilliamsF. ISSLS prize winner: vertebral endplate (Modic) change is an independent risk factor for episodes of severe and disabling low back pain. Spine40(15), 1187–1193 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MunirS , FreidinMB , RadeMet al.Endplate defect is heritable, associated with low back pain and triggers intervertebral disc degeneration: a longitudinal study from twins UK. Spine43(21), 1496–1501 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MannicheC , O’NeillS. New insights link low-virulent disc infections to the etiology of severe disc degeneration and Modic changes. Future Sci. OA5, 5 (2019).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JensenTS , KarppinenJ , SorensenJS , NiinimäkiJ , Leboeuf-YdeC. Vertebral endplate signal changes (Modic change): a systematic literature review of prevalence and association with non-specific low back pain. Eur. Spine J.17(11), 1407–1422 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MokFP , SamartzisD , KarppinenJ , FongDY , LukKD , CheungKM. Modic changes of the lumbar spine: prevalence, risk factors and association with disc degeneration and low back pain in a large-scale population-based cohort. Spine16(1), 32–41 (2016).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ModicMT , SteinbergPM , RossJS , MasarykTJ , CarterJR. Degenerative disc disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology166(1), 193–199 (1988).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlbertHB , BriggsAM , KentP , ByrhagenA , HansenC , KjaergaardK. The prevalence of MRI-defined spinal pathoanatomies and their association with Modic changes in individuals seeking care for low back pain. Eur. Spine J.20(8), 1355–1362 (2011).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MannicheC , JordanA. 10 years of research: from ignoring Modic changes to considerations regarding treatment and prevention of low-grade disc infections. Future Sci. OA2(2), FSO117 (2016).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BaillyF , MaigneJY , MartyGSM , GandjbakhchF , RozenbergS , FoltzetV. Inflammatory pain pattern and pain with lumbar extension associated with Modic 1 changes on MRI: a prospective case–control study of 120 patients. Eur. Spine J.23(3), 493–497 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArnbakB , JurikAG , JensenTS , MannicheC. Association between inflammatory back pain characteristics and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the spine and sacroiliac joints. Arthritis Care Res.70(2), 244–251 (2018).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JärvinenJ , KarppinenJ , NiinimäkiJet al.Association between changes in lumbar Modic changes and low back symptoms over a two-year period. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord.16, 98 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PirelliE , ParkinsonIH , TruongL , ChongKC , FazzalariNL. Modic (endplate) changes in the lumbar spine: bone microarchitecture and remodeling. Eur. Spine J.24(9), 1926–1934 (2015).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OhtoriS , InoueG , ItoTet al.Tumor necrosis factor-immunoreactive cells and PGP 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibers in vertebral endplates of patients with discogenic low back pain and Modic type 1 or type 2 changes on MRI. Spine31(9), 1026–1031 (2006).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CapoorMN , BirkenmaierC , WangJCet al.A review of microscopy-based evidence for the association of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in degenerative disc disease and other diseased human tissue. Eur. Spine J.28(12), 2951–2971 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CapoorMN , RuzickaF , SchmitzJEet al.Propionibacterium acnes biofilm is present in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing microdiscectomy. PLoS ONE12, 4 (2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohrt-NissenS , FritzBG , WalbomJet al.Bacterial biofilms: a possible mechanism for chronic infection in patients with lumbar disc herniation – a prospective proof-of-concept study using fluorescence in situ hybridization. APMIS Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand.126(5), 440–447 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenZ , ZhengY , YuanYet al.Modic changes and disc degeneration caused by inoculation of Propionibacterium acnes inside intervertebral discs of rabbits: a pilot study. BioMed Res. Int.2016, 9612437 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DudliS , LiebenbergE , MagnitskyS , MillerS , Demir-DevirenS , LotzJC. Propionibacterium acnes infected intervertebral discs cause vertebral bone marrow lesions consistent with Modic changes. J. Orthop. Res.34(8), 1447–1455 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CapoorMN , McDowellA , RazA , LambertP , SlabyO. Letter to the Editor concerning ‘Low virulence bacterial infections in cervical intervertebral discs: a prospective case series’ by Chen Y, Wang X, Zhang X, et al. (Eur Spine J; 2018: doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5582-4). Eur. Spine J.28(5), 1242–1245 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GilliganJC , CohenSP , FischettiVA , HirschJA , CzaplewskiLG. Chronic low back pain, bacterial infection and treatment with antibiotics. Spine J. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2021.02.013 (2021) ( Epub ahead of print).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CapoorMN , RuzickaF , MachackovaTet al.Prevalence of Propionibacterium acnes in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing lumbar microdiscectomy: a prospective cross-sectional study. PloS ONE11, e0161676 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FritzellP , Welinder-OlssonC , JönssonBet al.Bacteria: back pain, leg pain and Modic sign – a surgical multicentre comparative study. Eur. Spine J.28, 2981–2989 (2019).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RigalJ , ThelenT , ByrneFet al.Prospective study using anterior approach did not show association between Modic 1 changes and low grade infection in lumbar spine. Eur. Spine J.25, 1000–1005 (2016).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlbertHB , SorensenJS , ChristensenBS , MannicheC. Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy. Eur. Spine J.22(4), 697–707 (2013).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BråtenLCH , RolfsenMP , EspelandAet al.Efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. BMJ367, l5654 (2019).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KristoffersenPM , BråtenLCH , VettiNet al.Oedema on STIR modified the effect of amoxicillin as treatment for chronic low back pain with Modic changes – subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Eur. Radiol. doi:10.1007/s00330-020-07542-w (2020) ( Epub ahead of print).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-FalahiMA , SalalMH , Abdul-WahabDM. Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type I changes): a randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy. Iraqi Postgraduate Med. J.13(3), 390–398 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• AlbertHB. Antibiotic treatment of patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes. Schmerzen33, 49–52 (2017).
   Google Scholar
• AlbertHB , MannicheC , SorensenJS , DeleuranBW. Antibiotic treatment in patients with low-back pain associated with Modic changes type 1 (bone oedema): a pilot study. Br. J. Sports Med.42(12), 969–973 (2008).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HammondA. Modic Antibiotic Spinal Therapy (MAST). Early experience in the use of antibiotics in Modic-related back pain (MRBP). A case report and prospective, open-label observational study. Kent Institute of Medicine and Surgery (2015) ( Unpublished).
   Google Scholar
• MannicheC , MorsøL , KiertznerL. Vertebral endplate changes/Modic changes: an audit study using antibiotics in 147 chronic low back pain patients. Global Spine J.6(Suppl. 1), Abstract s-0036-1582898-s-0036-1582898 (2016).
   Google Scholar
• PalazzoC , FerrariM , Lefevre-ColauMM , NguyenC , RannouF , PoiraudeauS. Lack of effectiveness of antibiotics in chronic low back pain with Modic 1 changes. Joint Bone Spine84(4), 507–508 (2014).
   Google Scholar
• ScheppersMO , KlopperH , MylenbuschH. Treating Modic changes with a stepped care model. Presented at: 10th Interdisciplinary World Congress on Low Back and Pelvic Girdle Pain.Antwerp, Belgium (2019) ( Abstract).
   Google Scholar
• GuptaG , JarzemP , MeredithMSet al.Antibiotics in the treatment of patients with lower back pain associated with Modic changes: a case series. US Army Med. Dep. J.3-17, 1–9 (2017).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CapoorMN , RuzickaF , SchmitzJE. Propionibacterium acnes biofilm is present in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing microdiscectomy. PloS ONE12, e0174518 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OliveiraCB , MaherCG , PintoRZet al.Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview. Eur. Spine J.27, 2791–2803 (2018).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BernsteinJA , MalikQ , CarvilleS , WardS. Low back pain and sciatica: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ356, i6748 (2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peer review. Decision on Manuscript ID BMJ-050262: efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. BMJ Open14 (2019), published online (Sept 8 2019). https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/attachments/bmj-article/pre-pub-history/first_decision_9.6.19_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• CreanyLC , BråtenLCH , RolfsenMPet al.Efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. BMJ367, l5654 (2019).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FairbankJCT , BråtenLCH , RolfsenMPet al.Efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial. BMJ367, l5654 (2019).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar