Clinical Pharmacy Education and Practice in Nepal: A Glimpse into Present Challenges and Potential Solutions

References

• American College of Clinical Pharmacy. The definition of clinical pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28(6):816–817. doi:10.1592/phco.28.6.816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedenmayer K, Summers RS, Mackie CA, et al. Developing Pharmacy Practice: A Focus on Patient Care: Handbook. World Health Organization; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Worldometer. Nepal Population. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/nepal-population/. Accessed June 29, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Population. Available from: https://mohp.gov.np/en/. Accessed July 1, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Nepal. Ministry of HealHealth. Nepal Health Facility Survey 2015. Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/SPA24/SPA24.pdf. 2016. Accessed July 1, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Nepal Pharmacy Council. Available from: https://nepalpharmacycouncil.org.np/. Accessed July 1, 2020..
   Google Scholar
• Azhar S, Hassali MA, Ibrahim MIM, Ahmad M, Masood I, Shafie AA. The role of pharmacists in developing countries: the current scenario in Pakistan. Hum Resour Health. 2009;7(1):54. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-7-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilal AI, Tilahun Z, Gebretekle GB, Ayalneh B, Hailemeskel B, Engidawork E. Current status, challenges and the way forward for clinical pharmacy service in Ethiopian public hospitals. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):359. doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2305-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobi J. Clinical pharmacists: practitioners who are essential members of your clinical care team. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes. 2016;27:571–577. doi:10.1016/j.rmclc.2016.09.002
   Google Scholar
• Parthasarathi G, Nyfort-Hansen K, Nahata MC. A Text Book of Clinical Pharmacy Practice: Essential Concepts and Skills. Orient Blackswan; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Khanal DP. History of pharmaceutical development in Nepal. J Manmohan Memorial Instit Health Sci. 2017;3(1):86–93. doi:10.3126/jmmihs.v3i1.19182
   Google Scholar
• Hospital pharmacy guideline 2072. Kathmandu (Nepal): Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population. Available from: http://www.dda.gov.np/content/hospital-pharmacy-guideline-2072. Accessed July 1, 2020..
   Google Scholar
• Bhuvan KC, Subish P, Mohamed Izham MI. PharmD education in Nepal: the challenges ahead. Am J Pharm Educ. 2011;75(2):38c–38c. doi:10.5688/ajpe75238c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjit E. Pharmacy practice in Nepal. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2016;69(6):493–500. doi:10.4212/cjhp.v69i6.1614
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veve MP, Kaljee LM, Prentiss T, et al. Implementing antimicrobial stewardship in two community Nepali Hospitals. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(Suppl 1):S20–S20. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx162.051
   Google Scholar
• Shrestha S, Khatiwada AP, Gyawali S, Shankar PR, Palaian S. Overview, challenges and future prospects of drug information services in Nepal: a reflective commentary. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:287. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S238262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Chhetri HP, Alam K. A study of potential drug-drug interactions among hospitalized cardiac patients in a teaching hospital in Western Nepal. Indian J Pharmacol. 2014;46(2):152–156. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.129303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar PR, Mishra P, Subish P, Upadhyay DK. Can drug utilization help in promoting the more rational use of medicine? Experiences from Western Nepal. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2007;20(3):243–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadir A, Subish P, Anil K, Ram B. Pattern of potential medication errors in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. Ind J Pharm Pract. 2010;3:2.
   Google Scholar
• Shrestha R, Prajapati S. Assessment of prescription pattern and prescription error in outpatient department at Tertiary Care District Hospital, Central Nepal. J Pharm Pol Pract. 2019;12(1):16. doi:10.1186/s40545-019-0177-y
   Google Scholar
• Khanal S, Poudel A, Sharan K, Palaian S. Oncology pharmacy practice in a teaching hospital in Nepal. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2009;16(2):75–79. doi:10.1177/1078155209337662
   Google Scholar
• Department of Drug Administration. Pharmacovigilance. Available from: http://www.dda.gov.np/content/pharmacovigilance. Accessed July 1, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Saha D. Glimpse of pharmaceutical education in Nepal. Int J Pharm Teach Pract. 2013;4(1):438–441.
   Google Scholar
• Toklu HZ, Hussain A. The changing face of pharmacy practice and the need for a new model of pharmacy education. J Young Pharm. 2013;5(2):38–40. doi:10.1016/j.jyp.2012.09.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konduri N, Rauscher M, Wang S-CJ, Malpica-Llanos T. Individual capacity-building approaches in a global pharmaceutical systems strengthening program: a selected review. J Pharm Pol Pract. 2017;10:16. doi:10.1186/s40545-017-0104-z
   Google Scholar
• Lim ZB. Capacity building in pharmacy education in resource-poor settings: an ethnographic case study of Malawi. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson C, Futter B. PharmD or needs based education: which comes first? Am J Pharm Educ. 2009;73(5):92. doi:10.5688/aj730592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari M, Alam K. Pharmacy practice in Nepal. In: Pharmacy Practice in Developing Countries. Elsevier; 2016:147–168.
   Google Scholar
• Thistlethwaite J. Interprofessional education: a review of context, learning and the research agenda. Med Educ. 2012;46(1):58–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04143.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Framework for Action on Interprofessional Education and Collaborative Practice. World Health Organization; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Patel N, Begum S, Kayyali R. Interprofessional Education (IPE) and Pharmacy in the UK. A study on IPE Activities across Different Schools of Pharmacy. Pharmacy. 2016;4(4):28. doi:10.3390/pharmacy4040028
   Google Scholar
• Pharmacy ACoC, Page RL, Hume AL, et al. Interprofessional education: principles and application a framework for clinical pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(7):879. doi:10.1592/phco.29.7.879.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan M, Shao H, Yang L, et al. Clinical pharmacy education in China. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008;72:6. doi:10.5688/aj7206129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall K, Musing E, Miller DA, Tisdale JE. Experiential training for pharmacy students: time for a new approach. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2012;65(4):285.
   Google Scholar
• Medina MS, Plaza CM, Stowe CD, et al. Center for the advancement of pharmacy education 2013 educational outcomes. Am J Pharm Educ. 2013;77:8. doi:10.5688/ajpe778S8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alston GL, Marsh WA, Castleberry AN, Kelley KA, Boyce EG. Pharmacists’ opinions of the value of CAPE outcomes in hiring decisions. Am J Pharm Educ. 2017;81:10. doi:10.5688/ajpe6112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhuvan KC, Palaian S, Khanal S, Alam K, Khan G, Budhathoki U. History and evolution of pharmaceutical education in Nepal: education versus practice. J Nep Pharma Association. 2017;28(1):12–15.
   Google Scholar