A Review of Modifiable Risk Factors in Young Women for the Prevention of Breast Cancer

References

• Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN). Global cancer observatory. Cancer Today- International Agency for Research on Cancer: World Health Organisation; 2018. Available from:https://gco.iarc.fr/today/home. Accessed 113, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute. U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group. U.S. cancer statistics data visualizations tool; 6, 2020. Available from:https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/DataViz.html. Accessed 113, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Cancer Research UK. Breast cancer statistics UK: cancer research UK; 2016. Available from:https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/breast-cancer/incidence-invasive#heading-One. Accessed 113, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• CopsonER, MaishmanTC, TapperWJ, et al. Germline BRCA mutation and outcome in young-onset breast cancer (POSH): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(2):169–180. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30891-429337092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LawsonPJ, FlockeSA. Teachable moments for health behavior change: a concept analysis. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;76(1):25–30. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.11.00219110395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SenoreC, GiordanoL, BellisarioC, Di StefanoF, SegnanN. Population based cancer screening programmes as a teachable moment for primary prevention interventions. A review of the literature. Front Oncol. 2012;2:45. doi:10.3389/fonc.2012.0004522649789
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GritzER, FingeretMC, VidrineDJ, LazevAB, MehtaNV, ReeceGP. Successes and failures of the teachable moment. Cancer. 2006;106(1):17–27. doi:10.1002/cncr.2159816311986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paluch-ShimonS, CardosoF, PartridgeAH, et al. ESO-ESMO 4th international consensus guidelines for breast cancer in young women (BCY4). Ann Oncol. 2020;31(6):674–696. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.28432199930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GnerlichJL, DeshpandeAD, JeffeDB, SweetA, WhiteN, MargenthalerJA. Elevated breast cancer mortality in women younger than age 40 years compared with older women is attributed to poorer survival in early-stage disease. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(3):341–347. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.12.00119317994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Cancer Research Fund. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and breast cancer: a global perspective. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research; 2017 ( Revised 2018). Available from:dietandcancerreport.org. Accessed 113, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• HowladerN, AltekruseSF, LiCI, et al. US incidence of breast cancer subtypes defined by joint hormone receptor and HER2 status. JNCI. 2014;106(5):dju055–dju. doi:10.1093/jnci/dju05524777111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ThomasGA, LeonardRCF. How age affects the biology of breast cancer. Clin Oncol. 2009;21(2):81–85. doi:10.1016/j.clon.2008.11.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NarodSA. Breast cancer in young women. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2012;9(8):460–470. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.10222733233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AndersCK, JohnsonR, LittonJ, PhillipsM, BleyerA. Breast cancer before age 40 years. Semin Oncol. 2009;36(3):237–249. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.03.00119460581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaasP, BarrdahlM, JoshiAD, et al. Breast cancer risk from modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors among white women in the United States. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(10):1295–1302. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.102527228256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrandtJ, GarneJP, TengrupI, ManjerJ. Age at diagnosis in relation to survival following breast cancer: a cohort study. World J Surg Oncol. 2015;13(1):33. doi:10.1186/s12957-014-0429-x25889186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CollinsLC, MarottiJD, GelberS, et al. Pathologic features and molecular phenotype by patient age in a large cohort of young women with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;131(3):1061–1066. doi:10.1007/s10549-011-1872-922080245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeH-B, HanW. Unique features of young age breast cancer and its management. J Breast Cancer. 2014;17(4):301. doi:10.4048/jbc.2014.17.4.30125548576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeidlerS, HuberD. Breast cancer in young women: implications for clinical practice. Rev Med Suisse. 2020;16(695):1106–1113.32462840
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MorrisonDH, RahardjaD, KingE, PengY, SarodeVR. Tumour biomarker expression relative to age and molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2012;107(2):382–387. doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.21922713661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WalkerR, LeesE, WebbM, DearingS. Breast carcinomas occurring in young women (<35 years) are different. Br J Cancer. 1996;74(11):1796–1800. doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.6328956795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LynchHT, WatsonP, ConwayT, FitzsimmonsML, LynchJ. Breast cancer family history as a risk factor for early onset breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1988;11(3):263–267. doi:10.1007/BF018072853167232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeDS, YoonS-Y, LooiLM, et al. Comparable frequency of BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 germline mutations in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort suggests TP53 screening should be offered together with BRCA1/2 screening to early-onset breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2012;14(2):R66. doi:10.1186/bcr317222507745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Flores-RamosL, Álvarez-gómezRM, Villarreal-GarzaC, Wegman-OstroskyT, MoharA. Breast cancer genetics in young women: what do we know?Mutat Res. 2017;774:33–45. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.08.00129173497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AntoniouAC, CasadeiS, HeikkinenT, et al. Breast-cancer risk in families with mutations in PALB2. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(6):497–506. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa140038225099575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JoslynSA, FooteML, NasseriK, CoughlinSS, HoweHL. Racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer rates by age: NAACCR breast cancer project. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;92(2):97–105. doi:10.1007/s10549-005-2112-y15986118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChlebowskiRT, ChenZ, AndersonGL, et al. Ethnicity and breast cancer: factors influencing differences in incidence and outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(6):439–448. doi:10.1093/jnci/dji06415770008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JackRH, DaviesEA, MøllerH. Breast cancer and age in black and white women in South East England. Int J Cancer. 2012;130(5):1227–1229. doi:10.1002/ijc.2608821445965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CopsonE, MaishmanT, GertyS, et al. Ethnicity and outcome of young breast cancer patients in the United Kingdom: the POSH study. Br J Cancer. 2014;110(1):230–241. doi:10.1038/bjc.2013.65024149174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RockhillB, WillettWC, HunterDJ, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer risk in a cohort of young women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(15):1155–1160. doi:10.1093/jnci/90.15.11559701365
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WuY, ZhangD, KangS. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;137(3):869–882. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2396-723274845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HardefeldtPJ, PenninkilampiR, EdirimanneS, EslickGD. Physical activity and weight loss reduce the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 139 prospective and retrospective studies. Clin Breast Cancer. 2018;18(4):e601–e12. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2017.10.01029223719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenX, WangQ, ZhangY, XieQ, TanX. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 38 cohort studies in 45 study reports. Value Health. 2019;22(1):104–128. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2018.06.02030661625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CatsburgC, KirshVA, SoskolneCL, et al. Associations between anthropometric characteristics, physical activity, and breast cancer risk in a Canadian cohort. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;145(2):545–552. doi:10.1007/s10549-014-2973-z24781974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PizotC, BoniolM, MullieP, et al. Physical activity, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Cancer. 2016;52:138–154. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2015.10.06326687833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FriedenreichCM, CustAE. Physical activity and breast cancer risk: impact of timing, type and dose of activity and population subgroup effects. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(8):636–647. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.02913218487249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LahmannPH, FriedenreichC, SchuitAJ, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(1):36–42. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-058217179488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HopperJL, DiteGS, MacInnisRJ, et al. Age-specific breast cancer risk by body mass index and familial risk: prospective family study cohort (ProF-SC). Breast Cancer Res. 2018;20(1):132. doi:10.1186/s13058-018-1056-130390716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RenehanAG, TysonM, EggerM, HellerRF, ZwahlenM. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371(9612):569–578. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X18280327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den brandtPA. Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;152(6):514–527. doi:10.1093/aje/152.6.51410997541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BergströmA, PisaniP, TenetV, WolkA, AdamiHO. Overweight as an avoidable cause of cancer in Europe. Int J Cancer. 2001;91(3):421–430. doi:10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1053>3.0.CO;2-T11169969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmadouA, FerrariP, MuwongeR, et al. Overweight, obesity and risk of premenopausal breast cancer according to ethnicity: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2013;14(8):665–678. doi:10.1111/obr.1202823615120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UrsinG, LongneckerMP, HaileRW, GreenlandS. A meta-analysis of body mass index and risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Epidemiology. 1995;6(2):137–141. doi:10.1097/00001648-199503000-000097742399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchoemakerMJ, NicholsHB, WrightLB, et al. Association of body mass index and age with subsequent breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(11):e181771. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.177129931120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MichelsKB. Longitudinal study on the role of body size in premenopausal breast cancer. Arch Int Med. 2006;166(21):2395.17130395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HarrisHR, WillettWC, TerryKL, MichelsKB. Body fat distribution and risk of premenopausal breast cancer in the nurses’ health study II. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(3):273–278. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq50021163903
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RoseDP, Vona-DavisL. Interaction between menopausal status and obesity in affecting breast cancer risk. Maturitas. 2010;66(1):33–38. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.01.01920181446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VrielingA, BuckK, KaaksR, Chang-ClaudeJ. Adult weight gain in relation to breast cancer risk by estrogen and progesterone receptor status: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;123(3):641–649. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1116-420711809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EliassenAH, ColditzGA, RosnerB, WillettWC, HankinsonSE. Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. JAMA. 2006;296(2):193. doi:10.1001/jama.296.2.19316835425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EmausMJ, Van GilsCH, BakkerMF, et al. Weight change in middle adulthood and breast cancer risk in the EPIC-PANACEA study. Int J Cancer. 2014;135(12):2887–2899. doi:10.1002/ijc.2892624771551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosnerB, EliassenAH, ToriolaAT, et al. Short-term weight gain and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor classification among pre- and postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;150(3):643–653. doi:10.1007/s10549-015-3344-025796612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HallIJ, NewmanB, MillikanRC, MoormanPG. Body size and breast cancer risk in black women and white women: the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(8):754–764. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a01027510965972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobinsonWR, TseCK, OlshanAF, TroesterMA. Body size across the life course and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer in black women, the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, 1993–2001. Cancer Causes Control. 2014;25(9):1101–1117. doi:10.1007/s10552-014-0411-524924530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SwansonCA, CoatesRJ, MaloneKE, et al. Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years. Epidemiology. 1997;8(3):231–237. doi:10.1097/00001648-199705000-000019115015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godinho-MotaJCM, GonçalvesLV, MotaJF, et al. Sedentary behavior and alcohol consumption increase breast cancer risk regardless of menopausal status: a case-control study. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1871. doi:10.3390/nu11081871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangSM, LeeIM, MansonJE, CookNR, WillettWC, BuringJE. Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk in the women’s health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(6):667–676. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk05417204515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenWY, RosnerB, HankinsonSE, ColditzGA, WillettWC. Moderate alcohol consumption during adult life, drinking patterns, and breast cancer risk. JAMA. 2011;306(17):1884. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.159022045766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JungS, WangM, AndersonK, et al. Alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk by estrogen receptor status: in a pooled analysis of 20 studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(3):916–928. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv15626320033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahonB, TrichopoulosD, ColeP, BrownJ. Cigarette smoking and urinary estrogens. N Engl J Med. 1982;307(17):1062–1065.7121516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HiattRA, FiremanBH. Smoking, menopause, and breast cancer23. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986;76(5):833–838.3457970
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer – collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58 515 women with breast cancer and 95 067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer. 2002;87(11):1234–1245. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.660059612439712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MooreAA, GouldR, ReubenDB, et al. Longitudinal patterns and predictors of alcohol consumption in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(3):458–464. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.01947115727977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JohnsonKC. Accumulating evidence on passive and active smoking and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 2005;117(4):619–628. doi:10.1002/ijc.2115015929073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SlatteryML, CurtinK, GiulianoAR, et al. Active and passive smoking, IL6, ESR1, and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;109(1):101–111. doi:10.1007/s10549-007-9629-117594514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cathcart-RakeEJ, RuddyKJ, JohnsonRH. Modifiable risk factors for the development of breast cancer in young women. Cancer J. 2018;24(6):275–284. doi:10.1097/PPO.000000000000034030480572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JonesME, SchoemakerMJ, WrightLB, AshworthA, SwerdlowAJ. Smoking and risk of breast cancer in the Generations Study cohort. Breast Cancer Res. 2017;19(1):118. doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0908-429162146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorabiaA, BemsteinM, HéritierS, KhatchatrianN. Relation of breast cancer with passive and active exposure to tobacco smoke. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143(9):918–928. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a0088358610705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacacuA, AutierP, BoniolM, BoyleP. Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;154(2):213–224. doi:10.1007/s10549-015-3628-426546245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TangL-Y, ChenL-J, QiM-L, et al. Effects of passive smoking on breast cancer risk in pre/post-menopausal women as modified by polymorphisms of PARP1 and ESR1. Gene. 2013;524(2):84–89. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.06423644255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WegrzynLR, TamimiRM, RosnerBA, et al. Rotating night-shift work and the risk of breast cancer in the nurses’ health studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(5):532–540. doi:10.1093/aje/kwx14028541391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PapantoniouK, Castaño-VinyalsG, EspinosaA, et al. Breast cancer risk and night shift work in a case–control study in a Spanish population. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31(9):867–878. doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0073-y26205167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchernhammerES, LadenF, SpeizerFE, et al. Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses’ health study. JNCI. 2001;93(20):1563–1568. doi:10.1093/jnci/93.20.156311604480
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cordina-DuvergerE, MenegauxF, PopaA, et al. Night shift work and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of population-based case–control studies with complete work history. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(4):369–379. doi:10.1007/s10654-018-0368-x29464445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HansenJ. Night shift work and risk of breast cancer. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2017;4(3):325–339. doi:10.1007/s40572-017-0155-y28770538
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NooshinfarE, Safaroghli-AzarA, BashashD, AkbariME. Melatonin, an inhibitory agent in breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2017;24(1):42–51. doi:10.1007/s12282-016-0690-727017208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeerE, HarperA, EscandorN, SungH, McCormackV, Fidler-BenaoudiaMM. Global burden and trends in premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer: a population-based study. Lancet Global Health. 2020;8(8):e1027–e37. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30215-132710860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AkinyemijuTF, PisuM, WaterborJW, AltekruseSF. Socioeconomic status and incidence of breast cancer by hormone receptor subtype. SpringerPlus. 2015;4(1). doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1282-2
   Google Scholar
• WintersS, MartinC, MurphyD, ShokarNK. Chapter One - breast cancer epidemiology, prevention, and screening. In: LakshmanaswamyR, editor. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. Academic Press; 2017:1–32.
   Google Scholar
• PudrovskaT, AnikputaB. The role of early-life socioeconomic status in breast cancer incidence and mortality: unraveling life course mechanisms. J Aging Health. 2012;24(2):323–344. doi:10.1177/089826431142274421956096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KahnJR, AndersonKE. Intergenerational patterns of teenage fertility. Demography. 1992;29(1):39–57. doi:10.2307/20613621547902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrittKL, CuzickJ, PhillipsK-A. Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention. Nat Rev Cancer. 2020;20(8):417–436.32528185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaz-LuisI, PartridgeAH. Exogenous reproductive hormone use in breast cancer survivors and previvors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15(4):249–261. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.20729358778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VinogradovaY, CouplandC, Hippisley-CoxJ. Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. BMJ. 2020; m3873. doi:10.1136/bmj.m387333115755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StewartCContraceptive use among women in England 2018/19, by type and age statista.com; 2019. Available from:https://www.statista.com/statistics/573210/contraceptive-use-among-women-by-type-and-age-in-england/. Accessed 113, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• van den BrandtPA, GoldbohmRA; Collaborative Group on Hormonal Contraceptives. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 1996;347(9017):1713–1727.8656904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MørchLS, SkovlundCW, HannafordPC, IversenL, FieldingS, LidegaardØ. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228–2239. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa170073229211679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WesthoffCL, PikeMC. Hormonal contraception and breast cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219(2):169.e1–.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.03.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZolfaroliI, TarínJJ, CanoA. Hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer: clinical data. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;230:212–216. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.03.05829631794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Familial breast cancer guidance. Familial breast cancer overview; 2020. Available from:http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/familial-breast-cancer. Accessed 113, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• ConzL, MotaBS, BahamondesL, et al. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99(8):970–982. doi:10.1111/aogs.1381731990981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LuborskyJL, MeyerP, SowersMF, GoldEB, SantoroN. Premature menopause in a multi-ethnic population study of the menopause transition. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(1):199–206. doi:10.1093/humrep/deg00512525467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet. 2019;394(10204):1159–1168. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31709-X31474332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derks-SmeetsIAP, SchrijverLH, De Die-smuldersCEM, et al. Ovarian stimulation for IVF and risk of primary breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. Br J Cancer. 2018;119(3):357–363. doi:10.1038/s41416-018-0139-129937543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuberD, SeitzS, KastK, EmonsG, OrtmannO. Use of fertility treatments in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and risk for ovarian and breast cancer: a systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2020;302(3):715–720. doi:10.1007/s00404-020-05690-432719921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMahonB, ColeP, LinTM, et al. Age at first birth and breast cancer risk. Bull World Health Organ. 1970;43(2):209–221.5312521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlbrektsenG, HeuchI, HansenS, KvåleG. Breast cancer risk by age at birth, time since birth and time intervals between births: exploring interaction effects. Br J Cancer. 2005;92(1):167–175. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.660230215597097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NguyenB, VenetD, LambertiniM, et al. Imprint of parity and age at first pregnancy on the genomic landscape of subsequent breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2019;21(1):25. doi:10.1186/s13058-019-1111-630770770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DallGV, HawthorneS, Seyed-RazaviY, et al. Estrogen receptor subtypes dictate the proliferative nature of the mammary gland. J Endocrinol. 2018;237(3):323–336.29636363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NicholsHB, SchoemakerMJ, CaiJ, et al. Breast cancer risk after recent childbirth. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(1):22–30. doi:10.7326/M18-132330534999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HallIJ, MoormanPG, MillikanRC, NewmanB. Comparative analysis of breast cancer risk factors among African-American women and white women. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(1):40–51. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh33115615914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AmbrosoneCB, HigginsMJ. Relationships between breast feeding and breast cancer subtypes: lessons learned from studies in humans and in mice. Cancer Res. 2020;80(22):4871. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-007732816853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50 302 women with breast cancer and 96 973 women without the disease. Lancet. 2002;360(9328):187–195. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09454-012133652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UrsinG, BernsteinL, LordSJ, et al. Reproductive factors and subtypes of breast cancer defined by hormone receptor and histology. Br J Cancer. 2005;93(3):364–371. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.660271216079783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IslamiF, LiuY, JemalA, et al. Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk by receptor status—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(12):2398–2407. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdv37926504151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation (WHO). Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding. WHO Nutrition; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Familial breast cancer: classification, care and managing breast cancer and related risks in people with a family history of breast cancer, Clinical guideline [CG164]. Breast cancer guidance. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2019. Available from:nice.org.uk. Accessed 2 2021.
   Google Scholar
• CuzickJ, SestakI, BonanniB, et al. Selective oestrogen receptor modulators in prevention of breast cancer: an updated meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2013;381(9880):1827–1834. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60140-323639488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CuzickJ, SestakI, CawthornS, et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: extended long-term follow-up of the IBIS-I breast cancer prevention trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(1):67–75. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71171-425497694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LuL, ShiL, ZengJ, WenZ. Aspirin as a potential modality for the chemoprevention of breast cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies from 857,831 participants. Oncotarget. 2017;8(25).
   Google Scholar
• CaoY, TanA. Aspirin might reduce the incidence of breast cancer: an updated meta-analysis of 38 observational studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(38):e21917. doi:10.1097/MD.000000000002191732957311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Clinical Knowledge Summary. Breast cancer – managing family history. Available from:https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/breast-cancer-managing-fh/management/breast-cancer-managing-fh/. Accessed 22, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• SturrockRD, HarpwoodBJ, LondonDR, MilwardTM, SilmanAJ, SloaneJP. Silicone Gel Breast Implants. The National Archives: Medicines Healthcare and Regulatory Agency: Independent Review Group- silicone gel breast implants; 2011. Contract No.: 23/ 11/2020.
   Google Scholar
• LavigneE, HolowatyEJ, PanSY, et al. Breast cancer detection and survival among women with cosmetic breast implants: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Br Med J. 2013;346(apr29 1):f2399. doi:10.1136/bmj.f239923637132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClemensMW, JacobsenED, HorwitzSM. 2019 NCCN consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL). Aesthet Surg J. 2019;39(Supplement_1):S3–s13. doi:10.1093/asj/sjy33130715173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Breast implants and Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL); 2017. Available from:https://www.gov.uk/guidance/breast-implants-and-anaplastic-large-cell-lymphoma-alcl. Accessed 113, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• BrightCJ, ReulenRC, WinterDL, et al. Risk of subsequent primary neoplasms in survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer (Teenage and Young Adult Cancer Survivor Study): a population-based, cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(4):531–545. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30903-330797674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BhatiaS, RobisonLL, OberlinO, et al. Breast cancer and other second neoplasms after childhood Hodgkin’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(12):745–751. doi:10.1056/NEJM1996032133412018592547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchaapveldM, AlemanBMP, van EggermondAM, et al. Second cancer risk up to 40 years after treatment for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(26):2499–2511. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa150594926699166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SudA, ThomsenH, SundquistK, HoulstonRS, HemminkiK. Risk of second cancer in Hodgkin Lymphoma survivors and influence of family history. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(14):1584–1590. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.70.970928384078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TravisLB, HillDA, DoresGM, et al. Breast cancer following radiotherapy and chemotherapy among young women with Hodgkin disease. JAMA. 2003;290(4):465–475. doi:10.1001/jama.290.4.46512876089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health England. Guidance: tests and frequency of testing for women at very high risk. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/breast-screening-higher-risk-women-surveillance-protocols/tests-and-frequency-of-testing-for-women-at-very-high-risk. Accessed January 2021.
   Google Scholar
• ColonnaS, CurtinK, JohnsonE, et al. Family history of breast cancer associated with breast cancer in survivors of Hodgkin Lymphoma. Int J Cancer Clin Res. 2019;6(1). doi:10.23937/2378-3419/1410107.
   Google Scholar
• NicholsKE, HeathJA, FriedmanD, et al. TP53, BRCA1, and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes are not commonly mutated in survivors of Hodgkin’s disease with second primary neoplasms. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(24):4505–4509. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.12.04214673037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NiehoffNM, NicholsHB, ZhaoS, WhiteAJ, SandlerDP. Adult physical activity and breast cancer risk in women with a family history of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2019;28(1):51–58. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-18-067430333218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TryggvadottirL, SigvaldasonH, OlafsdottirGH, et al. Population-based study of changing breast cancer risk in Icelandic BRCA2 mutation carriers, 1920–2000. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(2):116–122. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj01216418514
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JernströmH, LermanC, GhadirianP, et al. Pregnancy and risk of early breast cancer in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Lancet. 1999;354(9193):1846–1850. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04336-610584720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KoK-P, KimSJ, HuzarskiT, et al. The association between smoking and cancer incidence in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(11):2263–2272. doi:10.1002/ijc.3125729330845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HollandsGJ, FrenchDP, GriffinSJ, et al. The impact of communicating genetic risks of disease on risk-reducing health behaviour: systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;352:i1102. doi:10.1136/bmj.i110226979548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WrightCE, HarvieM, HowellA, EvansDG, Hulbert-WilliamsN, DonnellyLS. Beliefs about weight and breast cancer: an interview study with high risk women following a 12 month weight loss intervention. Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2015;13(1). doi:10.1186/s13053-014-0023-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarvieM, CohenH, MasonC, et al. adherence to a diet and exercise weight loss intervention amongst women at increased risk of breast cancer. Open Obes J. 2010;2:71–80.
   Google Scholar