Targeted Treatment for High-Risk Early-Stage Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Spotlight on Pembrolizumab

References

• Plasilova ML, Hayse B, Killelea B, et al. Features of triple-negative breast cancer: analysis of 38,813 cases from the national cancer database. Medicine. 2016;95(35):e4614. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000004614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagegni NA, Tao Y, Ademuyiwa FO. Clinical outcomes with neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy for triple negative breast cancer: a report from the National Cancer Database. Plos One. 2019;14(9):e0222358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cossetti RJD, Tyldesley SK, Speers CH, et al. Comparison of breast cancer recurrence and outcome patterns between patients treated from 1986 to 1992 and from 2004. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(1):65–73. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.57.2461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diana A, Carlino F, Franzese E, et al. Early triple negative breast cancer: conventional treatment and emerging therapeutic landscapes. Cancers. 2020;12(4):819. doi:10.3390/cancers12040819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchini G, Balko J, Mayer I, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: challenges and opportunities of a heterogeneous disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016;13(11):674–690. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah SP, Roth A, Goya R, et al. The clonal and mutational evolution spectrum of primary triple-negative breast cancers. Nature. 2012;486(7403):395–399. doi:10.1038/nature10933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, et al. Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Investig. 2011;121(7):2750–2767. doi:10.1172/JCI45014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda H, Baggerly KA, Wang Y, et al. Clin Cancer Res. Differential response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy among 7 triple-negative breast cancer molecular subtypes. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(19):5533–5540. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burstein MD, Tsimelzon A, Poage GM, et al. Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies novel subtypes and targets of triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(7):1688–1698. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YR, Jiang YZ, Xu XE, et al. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis identifies novel molecular subtypes and subtype-specific RNAs of triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2016;18(1):33. doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0690-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Timms KM, Liu S, et al. Incidence and outcome of BRCA mutations in unselected patients with triple receptor-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(5):1082–1089. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toft DJ, Cryns VL. Minireview: basal-like breast cancer: from molecular profiles to targeted therapies. Mol Endocrinol. 2011;25(2):199–211. doi:10.1210/me.2010-0164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa RLB, Gradishar WJ. Triple-negative breast cancer: current practice and future directions. J Oncol Practice. 2017;13(5):301–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornier M, Fumoleau P. The paradox of triple negative breast cancer: novel approaches to treatment. Breast J. 2012;18(1):41–51. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4741.2011.01175.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Minckwitz G, Untch M, Blohmer J-U, et al. Definition and impact of pathologic complete response on prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in various intrinsic breast cancer subtypes. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(15):1796–2180. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.38.8595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikov WM, Berry DA, Perou CM, et al. Impact of the addition of carboplatin and/or bevacizumab to neoadjuvant once-per-week paclitaxel followed by dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide on pathologic complete response rates in stage II to III triple-negative breast cancer: CALGB 40603 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(1):13–21. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.57.0572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Minckwitz G, Schneeweiss A, Loibl S, et al. Neoadjuvant carboplatin in patients with triple-negative and HER2-positive early breast cancer (GeparSixto, GBG 66): a randomized Phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(7):747–756. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70160-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda N, Lee S, Ohtani S, et al. Adjuvant capecitabine for breast cancer after preoperative chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(22):2147–2159. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1612645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer J, Zhao F, Arteaga C, et al. Randomized phase III postoperative trial of platinum-based chemotherapy versus capecitabine in patients with residual triple-negative breast cancer following neoadjuvant chemotherapy: ECOG-ACRIN EA1131. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(23):2539–2551. doi:10.1200/JCO.21.00976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liedtke C, Mazouni C, Hess MR, et al. response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(8):1275–1281. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.14.4147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symmans WF, Ya C, Chen Y, et al. Assessment of residual cancer burden and event-free survival in neoadjuvant treatment for high-risk breast cancer: an analysis of data from the I-SPY2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021;16:e213690. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.3690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid P, Adams S, Rugo HS, et al. Atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel in advanced triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(22):2108–2121. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1809615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid P, Rugo HS, Adams S, et al. Atezolizumab plus nab-paclitaxel as first-line treatment for unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (IMpassion 130): updated efficacy results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(1):44–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles D, Gligorov J, Cameron AF, et al. Primary results from IMpassion 131, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized phase III trial of first-line paclitaxel with or without atezolizumab for unresectable locally advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(8):994–1004. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.05.801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virgil H. Atezolizumab TNBC indication withdrawn by manufacturer after talks with FDA; 2021. Available from: https://www.cancernetwork.com/view/atezolizumab-tnbc-indication-withdrawn-by-manufacturer-after-talks-fda. Accessed April 17, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Update on U.S. indication for atezolizumab in PD-L1-positive metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. The ASCO Post; 2021. Available from: https://ascopost.com/issues/september-25-2021/update-on-us-indication-for-atezolizumab-in-pd-l1-positive-metastatic-triple-negative-breast-cancer/#:~:text=Atezolizumab%20was%20granted%20accelerated%20approval,be%20approved%20in%20this%20setting. Accessed April 17, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Cortes J, Cescon DW, Rugo HS, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for previously untreated locally recurrent inoperable or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (KEYNOTE-355): a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10265):1817–1828. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32531-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittendorf EA, Zhang H, Barrios CH, et al. Neoadjuvant atezolizumab in combination with sequential nab-paclitaxel and anthracycline-based chemotherapy versus placebo and chemotherapy in patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (IMpassion031): a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10257):1090–1100. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31953-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianni L, Huang CS, Egle D, et al. Pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant treatment with or without atezolizumab in triple negative, early high-risk and locally advanced breast cancer. NeoTRIP Michelangelo randomized study. Ann Oncol. 2022. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2022.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voorwerk L, Slagter M, Horlings HM, et al. Immune induction strategies in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer to enhance the sensitivity to PD-1 blockade: the TONIC trial. Nat Med. 2019;25(6):920–928. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0432-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loibl S, Untch M, Burchardi N, et al. Randomized phase II neoadjuvant study (GeparNuevo) to investigate the addition of durvalumab to a taxane-anthracycline containing chemotherapy in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). J Clin Oncol. 2018;3615_suppl:104. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loibl S, Untch M, Burchardi N, et al. A randomized phase II study investigating durvalumab in addition to an anthracycline taxane-based neoadjuvant therapy in early triple-negative breast cancer: clinical results and biomarker analysis of GeparNuevo study. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(8):1279–1288. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanda R, Liu MC, Yau C, et al. Effect of pembrolizumab plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy on pathologic complete response in women with early-stage breast cancer: an analysis of the ongoing phase 2 adaptively randomized I-SPY2 trial. JAMA Oncol. 2020;6(5):676–684. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.6650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid P, Salgado R, Park YH, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment of high-risk, early-stage triple-negative breast cancer: results from the Phase 1b open-label, multicohort KEYNOTE-173 study. Ann Oncol. 2020;31(5):569–581. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.01.072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid P, Cortes J, Pusztai L, et al. Pembrolizumab for early triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(9):810–821. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1910549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid P, Cortes J, Dent R, et al. KEYNOTE-522: phase III study of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy, followed by adjuvant pembrolizumab versus placebo for early-stage triple-negative breast cancer. ESMO Virtual Plenary. Abstract VP7-2021. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(9):1198–1200. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2021.06.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid P, Cortes J, Dent R, et al. Event-free survival with pembrolizumab in early triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(6):556–567. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2112651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drugs Administartion. FDA approves pembrolizumab for high-risk early-stage triple-negative breast cancer. US: Food & Drug Administration; 2021. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-high-risk-early-stage-triple-negative-breast-cancer. Accessed April 17, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Heimes A, Schmidt M. Immuno-oncology in triple-negative breast cancer. J Cancer Metastasis Treat. 2021;7:9. doi:10.20517/2394-4722.2020.124
   Google Scholar
• O’Meara TA, Tolaney SM. Tumor mutational burden as a predictor of immunotherapy response in breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2021;12(5):394–400. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.27877
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiCosimo S. Advancing immunotherapy for early-stage triple-negative breast cancer. Lancet. 2020;396(10257):1046–1048. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)21962-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Blake SJ, Yong MCR, et al. Improved efficacy of neoadjuvant compared to adjuvant immunotherapy to eradicate metastatic disease. Cancer Discov. 2016;6(12):1382–1399. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatier R, Finetti P, Mamessier E, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of PDL1 expression in breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6(7):5449–5464. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.3216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planes-Laine G, Rochigneux P, Bertucci F, et al. PD-1/PD-L1 targeting in breast cancer: the first clinical evidences are emerging – a literature review. Cancers. 2019;1197:1033. doi:10.3390/cancers11071033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karn T, Denkert C, Weber KE, et al. Tumor mutational burden and immune infiltration as independent predictors of response to neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition in early TNBC in GeparNuevo. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:1215–1222. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020/05/015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim EM, Al-Foheidi ME, Al-Mansour MM, et al. The prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;148(2):467–476. doi:10.1007/s10549-014-3185-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denkert C, Loibl S, Noske A, et al. Tumor-associated lymphocytes as an independent predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(1):105–113. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denkert C, von Minckwitz G, Brase JC, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with or without carboplatin in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive and triple-negative primary breast cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(9):983–991. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.58.1967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LC, Salgado R, Luen SJ, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer: update for 2020. Cancer J. 2021;27(1):25–31. doi:10.1097/PPO.0000000000000501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams S, Gray RJ, Demaria S, et al. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancers from two phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trials: ECOG 2197 and ECOG 1199. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(27):2959–2966. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.55.0491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams S, Goldstein LJ, Sparano JA, et al. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) improve prognosis in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Oncoimmunology. 2015;4(9):e985930. doi:10.4161/2162402X.2014.985930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denkert C, von Minckwitz G, Darb-Esfahani S, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and prognosis in different subtypes of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of 3771 patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(1):40–50. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30904-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loi S, Sirtaine N, Piette F, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltration lymphocytes in a phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trial in node-positive breast cancer comparing the addition of docetaxel to doxorubicin with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy: BIG 02–98. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(7):860–867. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.41.0902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luen SJ, Salgado R, Dievi MV, et al. Prognostic implications of residual disease tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and residual cancer burden in triple-negative breast cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(2):236–242. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdy547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf GT, Moyer JS, Kaplan MJ, et al. IRX-2 natural cytokine biologic for immunotherapy in patients with head and neck cancers. Onco Targets Ther. 2018:3731–3746. doi:10.2147/OTT.S165411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling B, Harasymczuk M, Schuler P, et al. IRX-2, a novel immunotherapeutic, enhances functions of human dendritic cells. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e47234. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung HC, Saada-Bouzid E, Munoz FL, et al. Abstract PS12-07: lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab for previously treated, advanced triple-negative breast cancer: early results from the multicohort phase 2 LEAP-005 study. Cancer Res. 2021;81(4). doi:10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS20-PS12-07
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho AY, Wright JL, Blitzlau RC, et al. Optimizing radiation therapy to boost systemic immune responses in breast cancer: a critical review for breast radiation oncologists. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020;108(1):227–241. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.05.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citron ML, Berry DA, Cirrincione C, et al. Randomized trial of dose-dense versus conventionally scheduled and sequential versus concurrent combination chemotherapy as postoperative adjuvant treatment of node-positive primary breast cancer: first report of intergroup trial C9741/cancer and leukemia group B trial 9741. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(8):1431–1439. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.09.081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrelli F, Coinu A, Borgonovo K, et al. The value of platinum agents as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;144(2):223–232. doi:10.1007/s10549-014-2876-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garufi G, Palazzo A, Paris I, et al. Neoadjuvant therapy for triple-negative breast cancer: potential predictive biomarkers of activity and efficacy of platinum chemotherapy, PARP- and immune-checkpoint-inhibitors. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020;21(6):687–699. doi:10.1080/14656566.2020.1724957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P, Lopez-Tarruella S, Garcia-Saenz JA, et al. Pathological response and survival in triple-negative breast cancer following neoadjuvant carboplatin plus docetaxel. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(23):5820–5829. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-0585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ademuyiwa FO, Chen I, Luo J, et al. Immunogenomic profiling and pathological response rates from a clinical trial of docetaxel and carboplatin in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2021;189(1):187–202. doi:10.1007/s10549-021-06307-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah AN, Flaum L, Helenowski I, et al. Phase II study of pembrolizumab and capecitabine for triple negative and hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative endocrine-refractory metastatic breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2020;8(1):e000173. doi:10.1136/jitc-2019-000173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocobo AG, Wang R, Behr S, et al. Phase II study of pembrolizumab plus capecitabine and bevacizumab in microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): interim analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2021;393. doi:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.3_suppl.77
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson M, Im S, Senkus E, et al. Olaparib for metastatic breast cancer in patients with germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(6):523–533. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1706450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litton JK, Rugo HS, Ettl J, et al. Talazoparib in patients with advanced breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(8):753–763. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1802905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutt AN, Garber JE, Kaufman B, et al. Adjuvant olaparib for patients with BRCA1- or BRCA2- mutated breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(25):2394–2405. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2105215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vikas P, Borcherding N, Chennamadhavuni A, et al. Therapeutic potential of combining PARP inhibitor and immunotherapy in solid tumors. Front Oncol. 2020;10. doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.00570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardia A, Hurvitz S, Tolaney SM, et al. Sacituzumab govitecan in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(16):1529–1541. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardia A. Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd), a TROP2-directed antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): preliminary results from an ongoing phase 1 trial. Ann Oncol. 2021;322:S60–S78. doi:10.1016/annonc/annonc508
   Google Scholar
• Krop I, Juric D, Shimizu T, et al. Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) in advanced/metastatic HER2 negative breast cancer: triple negative breast cancer results from the phase 1 TROPION-PanTumor01 study. Presented at: 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid P, Nunes AT, Dry H, et al. BEGONIA: phase 1b/2, open-label, platform study of the safety and efficacy of durvalumab (D) ± paclitaxel (P) with novel oncology therapies for first-line metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC): addition of arm 7, D + datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd; DS-1062). J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(15). doi:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.TPS1105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modi S, Park H, Murth RK, et al. Antitumor activity and safety of trastuzumab deruxtecan in patients with HER2-low-expressing advanced breast cancer: results from a phase Ib study. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(17):1887–1896. doi:10.1200/JCO/19.02318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiger D, Agostinetto E, Saúde-Conde R, et al. The exciting new field of HER2-low breast cancer treatment. Cancers. 2021;13(5):1015. doi:10.3390/cancers13051015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guide for KEYTRUDA. Pembrolizumab prescribing information. Available from: https://www.merckaccessprogram-keytruda.com/static/pdf/guide-for-keytruda.pdf. Accessed April 17, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Osarogiagbon RU, Sineshaw HM, Unger JM, et al. Immune-based cancer treatment: addressing disparities in access and outcomes. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2021;41:1–13. doi:10.1200/EDBK_323523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magbanua MJM, Swigart LB, Wu H-T, et al. Circulating tumor DNA in neoadjuvant-treated breast cancer reflects response and survival. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(2):229–239. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powles T, Assaf ZJ, Davarpanah N, et al. ctDNA guiding adjuvant immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma. Nature. 2021;595(7867):432–437. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03642-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar