MYC as therapeutic target in leukemia and lymphoma

References

• Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon, France: World Health Organization; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Dang CV. MYC on the path to cancer. Cell. 2012;149:22–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conacci-Sorrell M, McFerrin L, Eisenman RN. An overview of MYC and its interactome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;4:1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesbit CE, Tersak JM, Prochownik EV. MYC oncogenes and human neoplastic disease. Oncogene. 1999;18:3004–3016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado MD, Leon J. Myc roles in hematopoiesis and leukemia. Genes Cancer. 2010;1:605–616.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMahon SB. Emerging concepts in the analysis of transcriptional targets of the MYC oncoprotein: are the targets targetable? Genes Cancer. 2010;1:560–567.
   Google Scholar
• Eilers M, Eisenman RN. Myc’s broad reach. Genes Dev. 2008;22:2755–2766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer N, Penn LZ. Reflecting on 25 years with MYC. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:976–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luscher B, Vervoorts J. Regulation of gene transcription by the oncoprotein MYC. Gene. 2012;494:145–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf E, Lin CY, Eilers M, Levens DL. Taming of the beast: shaping Myc-dependent amplification. Trends Cell Biol. 2014;25:241–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahl PB, Young RA. MYC and transcription elongation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;4:a020990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dang CV, O’Donnell KA, Zeller KI, Nguyen T, Osthus RC, Li F. The c-Myc target gene network. Semin Cancer Biol. 2006;16:253–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabo A, Kress TR, Pelizzola M, et al. Selective transcriptional regulation by Myc in cellular growth control and lymphomagenesis. Nature. 2014;511:488–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walz S, Lorenzin F, Morton J, et al. Activation and repression by oncogenic MYC shape tumour-specific gene expression profiles. Nature. 2014;511:483–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretones G, Delgado MD, Leon J. Myc and cell cycle control. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1849:506–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon J, Ferrandiz N, Acosta JC, Delgado MD. Inhibition of cell differentiation: a critical mechanism for MYC-mediated carcinogenesis? Cell Cycle. 2009;8:1148–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheiness D, Bishop JM. DNA and RNA from uninfected vertebrate cells contain nucleotide sequences related to the putative transforming gene of avian myelocytomatosis virus. J Virol. 1979;31:514–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams JM, Harris AW, Pinkert CA, et al. The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice. Nature. 1985;318:533–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt EV, Pattengale PK, Weir L, Leder P. Transgenic mice bearing the human c-myc gene activated by an immunoglobulin enhancer: a pre-B-cell lymphoma model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85:6047–6051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppers R, Klein U, Hansmann ML, Rajewsky K. Cellular origin of human B-cell lymphomas. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1520–1529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbiani DF, Bothmer A, Callen E, et al. AID is required for the chromosomal breaks in c-myc that lead to c-myc/IgH translocations. Cell. 2008;135:1028–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Starza R, Borga C, Barba G, et al. Genetic profile of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias with MYC translocations. Blood. 2014;124:3577–3582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herranz D, Ambesi-Impiombato A, Palomero T, et al. A NOTCH1-driven MYC enhancer promotes T cell development, transformation and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Med. 2014;20:1130–1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mu Q, Ma Q, Lu S, et al. 10058-F4, a c-Myc inhibitor, markedly increases valproic acid-induced cell death in Jurkat and CCRF-CEM T-lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Oncol Lett. 2014;8:1355–1359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roderick JE, Tesell J, Shultz LD, et al. c-Myc inhibition prevents leukemia initiation in mice and impairs the growth of relapsed and induction failure pediatric T-ALL cells. Blood. 2014;123:1040–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loosveld M, Castellano R, Gon S, et al. Therapeutic targeting of c-Myc in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T-ALL. Oncotarget. 2014;5:3168–3172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schubbert S, Cardenas A, Chen H, et al. Targeting the MYC and PI3K pathways eliminates leukemia-initiating cells in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res. 2014;74:7048–7059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui CH, Mullighan CG, Evans WE, Relling MV. Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: where are we going and how do we get there? Blood. 2012;120:1165–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Costa D, Agathanggelou A, Perry T, et al. BET inhibition as a single or combined therapeutic approach in primary paediatric B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Blood Cancer J. 2013;3:e126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng YY, Moriarity BS, Gong W, et al. PVT1 dependence in cancer with MYC copy-number increase. Nature. 2014;512:82–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomo C, Zou X, Nicholson IC, Butzler C, Bruggemann M. B-cell tumorigenesis in mice carrying a yeast artificial chromosome-based immunoglobulin heavy/c-myc translocus is independent of the heavy chain intron enhancer (Emu). Cancer Res. 1999;59:5625–5628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SS, Kim JS, Tessarollo L, et al. Insertion of c-Myc into Igh induces B-cell and plasma-cell neoplasms in mice. Cancer Res. 2005;65:1306–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truffinet V, Pinaud E, Cogne N, et al. The 3′ IgH locus control region is sufficient to deregulate a c-myc transgene and promote mature B cell malignancies with a predominant Burkitt-like phenotype. J Immunol. 2007;179:6033–6042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander S, Calado DP, Srinivasan L, et al. Synergy between PI3K signaling and MYC in Burkitt lymphomagenesis. Cancer Cell. 2012;22:167–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Beato M, Sanchez-Aguilera A, Piris MA. Cell cycle deregulation in B-cell lymphomas. Blood. 2003;101:1220–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linch DC. Burkitt lymphoma in adults. Br J Haematol. 2012;156:693–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leucci E, Cocco M, Onnis A, et al. MYC translocation-negative classical Burkitt lymphoma cases: an alternative pathogenetic mechanism involving miRNA deregulation. J Pathol. 2008;216:440–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salaverria I, Martin-Guerrero I, Wagener R, et al. A recurrent 11q aberration pattern characterizes a subset of MYC-negative high-grade B-cell lymphomas resembling Burkitt lymphoma. Blood. 2014;123:1187–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri A, Barriga F, Knowles DM, Magrath IT, Dalla-Favera R. Different regions of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus are involved in chromosomal translocations in distinct pathogenetic forms of Burkitt lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85:2748–2752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmer DP. Not like a wrecking ball: EBV fine-tunes MYC lymphomagenesis. Blood. 2041;123:460–461.
   Google Scholar
• Vaque JP, Martinez N, Battle-Lopez A, et al. B-cell lymphoma mutations: improving diagnostics and enabling targeted therapies. Haematologica. 2014;99:222–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott G, Rosenwald A, Campo E. Understanding MYC-driven aggressive B-cell lymphomas: pathogenesis and classification. Blood. 2013;122:3884–3891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott G. Impact of MYC on malignant behavior. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2014;2014:100–106.
   Google Scholar
• Shiramizu B, Barriga F, Neequaye J, et al. Patterns of chromosomal breakpoint locations in Burkitt’s lymphoma: relevance to geography and Epstein-Barr virus association. Blood. 1991;77:1516–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karube K, Campo E. MYC alterations in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Semin Hematol. 2015;52:97–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunleavy K. Double-hit lymphomas: current paradigms and novel treatment approaches. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2014;2014:107–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdlow SH. Diagnosis of ‘double hit’ diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma: when and how, FISH versus IHC. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2014;2014:90–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanagal-Shamanna R, Medeiros LJ, Lu G, et al. High-grade B cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with blastoid features: an unusual morphological subgroup associated frequently with BCL2 and/or MYC gene rearrangements and a poor prognosis. Histopathology. 2012;61:945–954.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent-Fabert C, Fiancette R, Rouand P, et al. A defect of the INK4-Cdk4 checkpoint and Myc collaborate in blastoid mantle cell lymphoma-like lymphoma formation in mice. Am J Pathol. 2012;180:1688–1701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lossos IS, Levy R. Higher grade transformation of follicular lymphoma: phenotypic tumor progression associated with diverse genetic lesions. Semin Cancer Biol. 2003;13:191–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Kater AP, Widhopf GF, et al. B-cell activating factor and v-Myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-Myc) influence progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:18956–18960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraballo JM, Acosta JC, Cortes MA, et al. High p27 protein levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are associated to low Myc and Skp2 expression, confer resistance to apoptosis and antagonize Myc effects on cell cycle. Oncotarget. 2014;5:4694–4708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Put N, Van Roosbroeck K, Konings P, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and prolymphocytic leukemia with MYC translocations: a subgroup with an aggressive disease course. Ann Hematol. 2012;91:863–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huh YO, Lin KI, Vega F, et al. MYC translocation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is associated with increased prolymphocytes and a poor prognosis. Br J Haematol. 2008;142:36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinaldi A, Mian M, Kwee I, et al. Genome-wide DNA profiling better defines the prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2011;154:590–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scandurra M, Rossi D, Deambrogi G, et al. Genomic profiling of Richter’s syndrome: recurrent lesions and differences with de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Hematol Oncol. 2010;28:62–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer JR. The prognostic significance of cytogenetics and molecular profiling in multiple myeloma. Cancer Genet. 2011;204:3–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Affer M, Chesi M, Chen WD, et al. Promiscuous MYC locus rearrangements hijack enhancers but mostly super-enhancers to dysregulate MYC expression in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2014;28:1725–1735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao R, Cerny J, Devitt K, et al. MYC protein expression is detected in plasma cell myeloma but not in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38:776–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chng WJ, Huang GF, Chung TH, et al. Clinical and biological implications of MYC activation: a common difference between MGUS and newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2011;25:1026–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glitza IC, Lu G, Shah R, et al. Chromosome 8q24.1/c-MYC abnormality: a marker for high-risk myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56:602–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiecchio L, Dagrada GP, White HE, et al. Frequent upregulation of MYC in plasma cell leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2009;48:624–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesi M, Robbiani DF, Sebaq M, et al. AID-dependent activation of a MYC transgene induces multiple myeloma in a conditional mouse model of post-germinal center malignancies. Cancer Cell. 2008;13:167–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holien T, Vatsveen TK, Hella H, Waage A, Sundan A. Addiction to c-MYC in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012;120:2450–2453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weilemann A, Grau M, Erdmann T, et al. Essential role of IRF4 and MYC signaling for survival of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Blood. 2015;125:124–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang Z, Luo H, Payton JE, et al. Mcl1 haploinsufficiency protects mice from Myc-induced acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:2109–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beverly LJ, Varmus HE. MYC-induced myeloid leukemogenesis is accelerated by all six members of the antiapoptotic BCL family. Oncogene. 2009;28:1274–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice KL, Hormaeche I, Doulatov S, et al. Comprehensive genomic screens identify a role for PLZF-RARalpha as a positive regulator of cell proliferation via direct regulation of c-MYC. Blood. 2009;114:5499–5511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller-Tidow C, Steffen B, Cauvet T, et al. Translocation products in acute myeloid leukemia activate the Wnt signaling pathway in hematopoietic cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2004;24:2890–2904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sait SN, Qadir MU, Conroy JM, Matsui S, Nowak NJ, Baer MR. Double minute chromosomes in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: identification of new amplification regions by fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002;34:42–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajaj R, Xu F, Xiang B, et al. Evidence-based genomic diagnosis characterized chromosomal and cryptic imbalances in 30 elderly patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. Mol Cytogenet. 2011;4:3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan XN, Chen JJ, Wang LX, et al. Inhibition of c-Myc overcomes cytotoxic drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia cells by promoting differentiation. PLoS One. 2014;9:e105381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong JN, Yu J, Lin HS, et al. The role, mechanism and potentially therapeutic application of microRNA-29 family in acute myeloid leukemia. Cell Death Differ. 2014;21:100–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savona M, Talpaz M. Getting to the stem of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:341–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrotti D, Jamieson C, Goldman J, Skorski T. Chronic myeloid leukemia: mechanisms of blastic transformation. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:2254–2264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie S, Lin H, Sun T, Arlinghaus RB. Jak2 is involved in c-Myc induction by Bcr-Abl. Oncogene. 2002;21:7137–7146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Casares MT, Gracía-Alegria E, López-Jorge CE, et al. MYC antagonizes the differentiation induced by imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia cells through downregulation of p27(KIP1). Oncogene. 2013;32:2239–2246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyers CL. The role of myc in transformation by BCR-ABL. Leuk Lymphoma. 1993;11:45–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afar DE, Goga A, McLaughlin J, Witte ON, Sawyers CL. Differential complementation of Bcr-Abl point mutants with c-Myc. Science. 1994;264:424–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck Z, Bácsi A, Kovács E, et al. Changes in oncogene expression implicated in evolution of chronic granulocytic leukemia from its chronic phase to acceleration. Leuk Lymphoma. 1998;30:293–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albajar M, Gómez-Casares MT, Llorca J, et al. MYC in chronic myeloid leukemia: induction of aberrant DNA synthesis and association with poor response to imatinib. Mol Cancer Res. 2011;9:564–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Blanco E, Bruns I, Neumann F, et al. Molecular signature of CD34(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells of patients with CML in chronic phase. Leukemia. 2007;21:494–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowicki MO, Pawlowski P, Fischer T, Hess G, Pawlowski T, Skorski T. Chronic myelogenous leukemia molecular signature. Oncogene. 2003;22:3952–3963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas CM, Harris RJ, Giannoudis A, Copland M, Slupsky JR, Clark RE. Cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) at diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia is a critical determinant of disease progression. Blood. 2011;117:6660–6668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reavie L, Buckley SM, Loizou E, et al. Regulation of c-Myc ubiquitination controls chronic myelogenous leukemia initiation and progression. Cancer Cell. 2013;23:362–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeishi S, Matsumoto A, Onoyama I, Naka K, Hirao A, Nakayama KI. Ablation of Fbxw7 eliminates leukemia-initiating cells by preventing quiescence. Cancer Cell. 2013;23:347–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasikova A, Belickova M, Budinska E, Cermak J. A distinct expression of various gene subsets in CD34+ cells from patients with early and advanced myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res. 2010;34:1566–1572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloand EM, Pfannes L, Chen G, et al. CD34 cells from patients with trisomy 8 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) express early apoptotic markers but avoid programmed cell death by up-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins. Blood. 2007;109:2399–2405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein IB. Cancer. Addiction to oncogenes – the Achilles heal of cancer. Science. 2002;297:63–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felsher DW, Bishop JM. Reversible tumorigenesis by MYC in hematopoietic lineages. Mol Cell. 1999;4:199–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skorski T, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Campbell K, et al. Leukemia treatment in severe combined immunodeficiency mice by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting cooperating oncogenes. J Exp Med. 1995;182:1645–1653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skorski T, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Wlodarski P, Zon G, Iozzo RV, Calabretta B. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide combination therapy of primary chronic myelogenous leukemia blast crisis in SCID mice. Blood. 1996;88:1005–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soucek L, Whitfield JR, Sodir NM, et al. Inhibition of Myc family proteins eradicates KRas-driven lung cancer in mice. Genes Dev. 2013;27:504–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annibali D, Whitfield JR, Favuzzi E, et al. Myc inhibition is effective against glioma and reveals a role for Myc in proficient mitosis. Nat Commun. 2014;5:4632.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmore JE, Issa GC, Lemieux ME, et al. BET bromodomain inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to target c-Myc. Cell. 2011;146:904–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson MA, Kouzarides, T. Cancer epigenetics: from mechanism to therapy. Cell. 2012;150:12–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You JS, Jones PA. Cancer genetics and epigenetics: two sides of the same coin? Cancer Cell. 2012;22:9–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belkina AC, Denis GV. BET domain co-regulators in obesity, inflammation and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12:465–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippakopoulos P, Picaud S, Mangos M, et al. Histone recognition and large-scale structural analysis of the human bromodomain family. Cell. 2012;149:214–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helin K, Dhanak D. Chromatin proteins and modifications as drug targets. Nature. 2013;502:480–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinjha RK, Witherington J, Lee K. Place your BETs: the therapeutic potential of bromodomains. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2012;33:146–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippakopoulos P, Qi J, Picaud S, et al. Selective inhibition of BET bromodomains. Nature. 2010;468:1067–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boi M, Gaudio E, Bonetti P, et al. The BET Bromodomain inhibitor OTX015 affects pathogenetic pathways in pre-clinical B-cell tumor models and synergizes with targeted drugs. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(7):1628–1638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herait P, Dombret H, Thieblemont C, et al. O7.3BET-bromodomain (BRD) inhibitor OTX015: final results of the dose-finding part of a phase I study in hematologic malignancies. Ann Oncol. 2015; (26 Suppl 2):ii10.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas X, Wohlwend D, Hügle M, et al. 4-Acyl pyrroles: mimicking acetylated lysines in histone code reading. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013;52:14055–14059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhadury J, Nilsson LM, Muralidharan SV, et al. BET and HDAC inhibitors induce similar genes and biological effects and synergize to kill in Myc-induced murine lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:E2721–E2730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyspianska BS, Bannister AJ, Barbieri I, et al. BET protein inhibition shows efficacy against JAK2V617F-driven neoplasms. Leukemia. 2014;28:88–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas X, Gunther S. Targeting the BET family for the treatment of leukemia. Epigenomics. 2014;6:153–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loven J, Hoke HA, Lin CY, et al. Selective inhibition of tumor oncogenes by disruption of super-enhancers. Cell. 2013;153:320–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott CJ, Kopp N, Bird L, et al. BET bromodomain inhibition targets both c-Myc and IL7R in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2012;120:2843–2852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz JA, Conery AR, Bryant BM, et al. Targeting MYC dependence in cancer by inhibiting BET bromodomains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:16669–16674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuber J, Shi J, Wang E, et al. RNAi screen identifies Brd4 as a therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukaemia. Nature. 2011;478:524–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson MA, Prinjha RK, Dittmann A, et al. Inhibition of BET recruitment to chromatin as an effective treatment for MLL-fusion leukaemia. Nature. 2011;478:529–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapuy B, McKeown MR, Lin CY, et al. Discovery and characterization of super-enhancer-associated dependencies in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Cancer Cell. 2013;24:777–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soucek L, Helmer-Citterich M, Sacco A, Jucker R, Cesareni G, Nasi S. Design and properties of a Myc derivative that efficiently homodimerizes. Oncogene. 1998;17:2463–2472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savino M, Annibali D, Carucci N, et al. The action mechanism of the Myc inhibitor termed Omomyc may give clues on how to target Myc for cancer therapy. PLoS One. 2011;6:e22284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodir NM, Swiqart LB, Karnezis AN, et al. Endogenous Myc maintains the tumor microenvironment. Genes Dev. 2011;25:907–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soucek L, Nasi S, Evan GI. Omomyc expression in skin prevents Myc-induced papillomatosis. Cell Death Differ. 2004;11:1038–1045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi J, Stover JS, Whitby LR, Vogt PK, Boger DL. Small molecule inhibitors of Myc/Max dimerization and Myc-induced cell transformation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009;19:6038–6041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin X, Giap C, Lazo JS, Prochownik EV. Low molecular weight inhibitors of Myc-Max interaction and function. Oncogene. 2003;22:6151–6159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo J, Parise RA, Joseph E, et al. Efficacy, pharmacokinetics, tisssue distribution, and metabolism of the Myc-Max disruptor, 10058-F4 [Z,E]-5-[4-ethylbenzylidine]-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one, in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;63:615–625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follis AV, Hammoudeh DI, Wang H, Prochownik EV, Metallo SJ. Structural rationale for the coupled binding and unfolding of the c-Myc oncoprotein by small molecules. Chem Biol. 2008;15:1149–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Hammoudeh DI, Follis AV, et al. Improved low molecular weight Myc-Max inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007;6:2399–2408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahl PB, Lin CY, Seila AC, et al. c-Myc regulates transcriptional pause release. Cell. 2010;141:432–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang MJ, Cheng YC, Liu CR, Lin S, Liu HE. A small-molecule c-Myc inhibitor, 10058-F4, induces cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and myeloid differentiation of human acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol. 2006;34:1480–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia B, Tian C, Guo S, et al. c-Myc plays part in drug resistance mediated by bone marrow stromal cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res. 2015;39:92–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant P, Steiger D. Myc’s secret life without Max. Cell Cycle. 2009;8:3848–3853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wert M, Kennedy S, Palfrey HC, Hay N. Myc drives apoptosis in PC12 cells in the absence of Max. Oncogene. 2001;20:3746–3750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaque JP, Fernández-Gracía B, Gracía-Sanz P, et al. c-Myc inhibits Ras-mediated differentiation of pheochromocytoma cells by blocking c-Jun up-regulation. Mol Cancer Res. 2008;6:325–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo H, Vita M, Crespin M, Henriksson M. Myc overexpression enhances apoptosis induced by small molecules. Cell Cycle. 2006;5:2191–2194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung KY, Wang H, Teriete P, et al. Perturbation of the c-Myc-Max protein-protein interaction via synthetic α-helix mimetics. J Med Chem. 2015;58(7):3002–3024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyoshima M, Howie HL, Imakura M, et al. Functional genomics identifies therapeutic targets for MYC-driven cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:9545–9550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cermelli S, Jang IS, Bernard B, Grandori C. Synthetic lethal screens as a means to understand and treat MYC-driven cancers. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;4(3):a14209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Hollander J, Rimpi S, Doherty JR, et al. Aurora kinases A and B are up-regulated by Myc and are essential for maintenance of the malignant state. Blood. 2010;116:1498–1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington EA, Bebbington D, Moore J, et al. VX-680, a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of the Aurora kinases, suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Nat Med. 2004;10:262–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang D, Liu H, Goga A, et al. Therapeutic potential of a synthetic lethal interaction between the MYC proto-oncogene and inhibition of aurora-B kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:13836–13841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoglund A, Nilsson LM, Muralidharan SV, et al. Therapeutic implications for the induced levels of Chk1 in Myc-expressing cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:7067–7079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itzhaki JE, Gilbert CS, Porter AC. Construction by gene targeting in human cells of a “conditional’ CDC2 mutant that rereplicates its DNA. Nat Genet. 1997;15:258–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santamaria D, Barrière C, Cerqueira A, et al. Cdk1 is sufficient to drive the mammalian cell cycle. Nature. 2007;448:811–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray N, Detivaud L, Doerig C, Meijer L. ATP-site directed inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases. Curr Med Chem. 1999;6:859–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goga A, Yang D, Tward AD, Morgan DO, Bishop JM. Inhibition of CDK1 as a potential therapy for tumors over-expressing MYC. Nat Med. 2007;13:820–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murga M, Campaner S, Lopez-Contreras AJ, et al. Exploiting oncogene-induced replicative stress for the selective killing of Myc-driven tumors. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2011;18:1331–1335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber AM, Ryan AJ. ATM and ATR as therapeutic targets in cancer. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;149:124–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandori C, Robinson KL, Galloway DA, Swisshelm K. Functional link between Myc and the Werner gene in tumorigenesis. Cell Cycle. 2004;3:22–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser R, Toyoshima M, Robinson K, et al. MYC-driven tumorigenesis is inhibited by WRN syndrome gene deficiency. Mol Cancer Res. 2012;10:535–545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cibull TL, Jones TD, Eble JN, et al. Overexpression of Pim-1 during progression of prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59:285–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forshell LP, Li Y, Forshell TZ, et al. The direct Myc target Pim3 cooperates with other Pim kinases in supporting viability of Myc-induced B-cell lymphomas. Oncotarget. 2011;2:448–460.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Bhattacharya N, Weaver M, et al. Pim-1: a serine/threonine kinase with a role in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation and tumorigenesis. J Vet Sci. 2001;2:167–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zippo A, De Robertis A, Serafini R, Oliviero S. PIM1-dependent phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 is required for MYC-dependent transcriptional activation and oncogenic transformation. Nat Cell Biol. 2007;9:932–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin YW, Beharry ZM, Hill EG, et al. A small molecule inhibitor of Pim protein kinases blocks the growth of precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Blood. 2010;115:824–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng F, Weidner-Glunde M, Varjosalo M, et al. KSHV reactivation from latency requires Pim-1 and Pim-3 kinases to inactivate the latency-associated nuclear antigen LANA. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shortt J, Martin BP, Newbold A, et al. Combined inhibition of PI3K-related DNA damage response kinases and mTORC1 induces apoptosis in MYC-driven B-cell lymphomas. Blood. 2013;121:2964–2974.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas LR, Tansey WP. Proteolytic control of the oncoprotein transcription factor Myc. Adv Cancer Res. 2011;110:77–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land H, Parada LF, Weinberg RA. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature. 1983;304:596–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gramling MW, Eischen CM. Suppression of Ras/Mapk pathway signaling inhibits Myc-induced lymphomagenesis. Cell Death Differ. 2012;19:1220–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palomero T, Lim WK, Odom DT, et al. NOTCH1 directly regulates c-MYC and activates a feed-forward-loop transcriptional network promoting leukemic cell growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:18261–18266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng AP, Millholland JM, Yashiro-Ohtani Y, et al. c-Myc is an important direct target of Notch1 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Genes Dev. 2006;20:2096–2109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montes-Moreno S, Montalban C, Piris MA. Large B-cell lymphomas with plasmablastic differentiation: a biological and therapeutic challenge. Leuk Lymphoma. 2012;53:185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lossos IS, Alizadeh AA, Diehn M, et al. Transformation of follicular lymphoma to diffuse large-cell lymphoma: alternative patterns with increased or decreased expression of c-myc and its regulated genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:8886–8891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avet-Loiseau H, Gerson F, Magrangeas F, et al. Rearrangements of the c-myc oncogene are present in 15% of primary human multiple myeloma tumors. Blood. 2001;98:3082–3086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shou Y, Martelli ML, Gabrea A, et al. Diverse karyotypic abnormalities of the c-myc locus associated with c-myc dysregulation and tumor progression in multiple myeloma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:228–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas L, Stamberg J, Gojo I, Ning Y, Rapoport AP. Double minute chromosomes in monoblastic (M5) and myeloblastic (M2) acute myeloid leukemia: two case reports and a review of literature. Am J Hematol. 2004;77:55–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew S, Lorsbach RB, Shearer P, Sandlund JT, Raimondi SC. Double minute chromosomes and c-MYC amplification in a child with secondary myelodysplastic syndrome after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia. 2000;14:1314–1315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storlazzi CT, Fioretos T, Surace C, et al. MYC-containing double minutes in hematologic malignancies: evidence in favor of the episome model and exclusion of MYC as the target gene. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15:933–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Court EL, Smith MA, Avent ND, et al. DNA microarray screening of differential gene expression in bone marrow samples from AML, non-AML patients and AML cell lines. Leuk Res. 2004;28:743–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larramendy ML, Niini T, Elonen E, et al. Overexpression of translocation-associated fusion genes of FGFRI, MYC, NPMI, and DEK, but absence of the translocations in acute myeloid leukemia. A microarray analysis. Haematologica. 2002;87:569–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawagoe H, Kandilci A, Kranenburg TA, Grosveld GC. Overexpression of N-Myc rapidly causes acute myeloid leukemia in mice. Cancer Res. 2007;67:10677–10685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross ME, Mahfouz R, Onciu M, et al. Gene expression profiling of pediatric acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood. 2004;104:3679–3687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian Z, Fernald AA, Godley LA, Larson RA, Le Beau MM. Expression profiling of CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells reveals distinct subtypes of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:14925–14930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theophile K, Buesche G, Kreipe H, Bock O. The expression levels of telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT and oncogenic MYC in essential thrombocythemia are affected by the molecular subtype. Ann Hematol. 2008;87:263–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoennissen NH, Krug UO, Lee DH, et al. Prevalence and prognostic impact of allelic imbalances associated with leukemic transformation of Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood. 2010;115:2882–2890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poloni A, Serrani F, Berardinelli E, et al. Telomere length, c-myc and mad-1 expression could represent prognosis markers of myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res. 2013;37:1538–1544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falantes JF, Trujillo P, Piruat JI, et al. Overexpression of GYS1, MIF, and MYC is associated with adverse outcome and poor response to azacitidine in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2015;15(4):236–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar