Arterial stiffness as a noninvasive tissue biomarker of cardiac target organ damage

References

• Redberg RF, Benjamin EJ, Bittner V, et al; American Academy of Family Physicians; American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. ACCF/AHA 2009 performance measures for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease) developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Family Physicians; American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association: endorsed by the American College of Preventive Medicine, American College of Sports Medicine, and Society for Women’s Health Research. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(14):1364–1405.
   Google Scholar
• European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21(6):1011–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2013;34(28):2159–2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuller LH, Shemanski L, Psaty BM, et al. Subclinical disease as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1995;92(4):720–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Furberg CD, Kuller LH, et al. Traditional risk factors and subclinical disease measures as predictors of first myocardial infarction in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(12):1339–1347.
   Google Scholar
• Biomarkers Definitions Working Group. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69(3):89–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TJ. Assessing the role of circulating, genetic, and imaging biomarkers in cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation. 2011;123(5):551–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, et al; European Network for Non-invasive Investigation of Large Arteries. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(21):2588–2605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pletcher MJ, Pignone M. Evaluating the clinical utility of a biomarker: a review of methods for estimating health impact. Circulation. 2011;123(10):1116–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell GF, van Buchem MA, Sigurdsson S, et al. Arterial stiffness, pressure and flow pulsatility and brain structure and function: the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility – Reykjavik study. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 11):3398–3407.
   Google Scholar
• Lam CS, Roger VL, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Cardiac structure and ventricular-vascular function in persons with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction from Olmsted County, Minnesota. Circulation. 2007;115(15):1982–1990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawaguchi M, Hay I, Fetics B, Kass DA. Combined ventricular systolic and arterial stiffening in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: implications for systolic and diastolic reserve limitations. Circulation. 2003;107(5):714–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai AS, Mitchell GF, Fang JC, Creager MA. Central aortic stiffness is increased in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. J Card Fail. 2009;15(8):658–664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikonomidis I, Lekakis J, Papadopoulos C, et al. Incremental value of pulse wave velocity in the determination of coronary microcirculatory dysfunction in never-treated patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(7):806–813.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triantafyllidi H, Arvaniti C, Lekakis J, et al. Cognitive impairment is related to increased arterial stiffness and microvascular damage in patients with never-treated essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22(5):525–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mule G, Cottone S, Vadala A, et al. Relationship between albumin excretion rate and aortic stiffness in untreated essential hypertensive patients. J Intern Med. 2004;256(1):22–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alghatrif M, Strait JB, Morrell CH, et al. Longitudinal trajectories of arterial stiffness and the role of blood pressure: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Hypertension. 2013;62(5):934–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecelja M, Chowienczyk P. Dissociation of aortic pulse wave velocity with risk factors for cardiovascular disease other than hypertension: a systematic review. Hypertension. 2009;54(6):1328–1336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jae SY, Heffernan KS, Yoon ES, et al. Pulsatile stress, inflammation and change in arterial stiffness. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2012;19(11):1035–1042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEniery CM, Spratt M, Munnery M, et al. An analysis of prospective risk factors for aortic stiffness in men: 20-year follow-up from the Caerphilly prospective study. Hypertension. 2010;56(1):36–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomiyama H, Hashimoto H, Tanaka H, et al. Synergistic relationship between changes in the pulse wave velocity and changes in the heart rate in middle-aged Japanese adults: a prospective study. J Hypertens. 2010;28(4):687–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetos A, Adamopoulos C, Bureau JM, et al. Determinants of accelerated progression of arterial stiffness in normotensive subjects and in treated hypertensive subjects over a 6-year period. Circulation. 2002;105(10):1202–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen NB, Vistisen D, Brunner EJ, et al. Determinants of aortic stiffness: 16-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM, Cockcroft JR. Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis: guilty by association. Hypertension. 2009;54(6):1213–1215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawabe M, Takahashi R, Matsushita S, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity and the degree of atherosclerosis in the elderly: a pathological study based on 304 autopsy cases. Atherosclerosis. 2005;179(2):345–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(13):1318–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al; Task Force Members. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2013;31(7):1281–1357.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson IB, Fuchs SA, Jansen IM, et al. Reproducibility of pulse wave velocity and augmentation index measured by pulse wave analysis. J Hypertens. 1998;16(12 Pt 2):2079–2084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang YL, Teede H, Kotsopoulos D, et al. Non-invasive measurements of arterial structure and function: repeatability, interrelationships and trial sample size. Clin Sci. 1998;95(6):669–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bortel LM, Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, et al. Expert consensus document on the measurement of aortic stiffness in daily practice using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. J Hypertens. 2012;30(3):445–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sehestedt T, Jeppesen J, Hansen TW, et al. Thresholds for pulse wave velocity, urine albumin creatinine ratio and left ventricular mass index using SCORE, Framingham and ESH/ESC risk charts. J Hypertens. 2012;30(10):1928–1936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoshdel AR, Thakkinstian A, Carney SL, Attia J. Estimation of an age-specific reference interval for pulse wave velocity: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2006;24(7):1231–1237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alecu C, Labat C, Kearney-Schwartz A, et al. Reference values of aortic pulse wave velocity in the elderly. J Hypertens. 2008;26(11):2207–2212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness’ Collaboration. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: ‘establishing normal and reference values’. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(19):2338–2350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidvegi EV, Illyes M, Benczur B, et al. Reference values of aortic pulse wave velocity in a large healthy population aged between 3 and 18 years. J Hypertens. 2012;30(12):2314–2321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Leeuwen-Segarceanu EM, Tromp WF, Bos WJ, Vogels OJ, Groothoff JW, van der Lee JH. Comparison of two instruments measuring carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity: Vicorder versus SphygmoCor. J Hypertens. 2010;28(8):1687–1691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willum-Hansen T, Staessen JA, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Prognostic value of aortic pulse wave velocity as index of arterial stiffness in the general population. Circulation. 2006;113(5):664–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattace-Raso FU, van der Cammen TJ, Hofman A, et al. Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 2006;113(5):657–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue N, Maeda R, Kawakami H, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men. Circ J. 2009;73(3):549–553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaume S, Benetos A, Henry OF, Rudnichi A, Safar ME. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in subjects >70 years of age. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(12):2046–2050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent S, Alivon M, Beaussier H, Boutouyrie P. Aortic stiffness as a tissue biomarker for predicting future cardiovascular events in asymptomatic hypertensive subjects. Ann Med. 2012;44(1):S93–S97.
   Google Scholar
• Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Paini A, et al. Pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk stratification in a general population: the Vobarno study. J Hypertens. 2010;28(9):1935–1943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2010;121(4):505–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerin AP, Blacher J, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness attenuation on survival of patients in end-stage renal failure. Circulation. 2001;103(7):987–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2010;122(25):e584–e636.
   Google Scholar
• Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Borlaug BA, Rodeheffer RJ, Kass DA. Age- and gender-related ventricular-vascular stiffening: a community-based study. Circulation. 2005;112(15):2254–2262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura RA, Abel MD, Hatle LK, Tajik AJ. Assessment of diastolic function of the heart: background and current applications of Doppler echocardiography. Part II. Clinical studies. Mayo Clin Proc. 1989;64(2):181–204.
   Google Scholar
• Leite-Moreira AF, Correia-Pinto J, Gillebert TC. Afterload induced changes in myocardial relaxation: a mechanism for diastolic dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res. 1999;43(2):344–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikonomidis I, Tsoukas A, Parthenakis F, et al. Four year follow up of aortic valve replacement for isolated aortic stenosis: a link between reduction in pressure overload, regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, and diastolic function. Heart. 2001;86(3):309–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikonomidis I, Lekakis J, Stamatelopoulos K, Markomihelakis N, Kaklamanis PG, Mavrikakis M. Aortic elastic properties and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with Adamantiades-Behcet’s disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(6):1075–1081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren M, Gorgulu S, Uslu N, Celik S, Dagdeviren B, Tezel T. Relation between aortic stiffness and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with hypertension, diabetes, or both. Heart. 2004;90(1):37–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundley WG, Kitzman DW, Morgan TM, et al. Cardiac cycle-dependent changes in aortic area and distensibility are reduced in older patients with isolated diastolic heart failure and correlate with exercise intolerance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(3):796–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenchaiah S, Pfeffer MA. Cardiac remodeling in systemic hypertension. Med Clin North Am. 2004;88(1):115–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najjar SS, Scuteri A, Shetty V, et al. Pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the longitudinal increase in systolic blood pressure and of incident hypertension in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(14):1377–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao D, Arnett DK, Tyroler HA, et al. Arterial stiffness and the development of hypertension. The ARIC study. Hypertension. 1999;34(2):201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaess BM, Rong J, Larson MG, et al. Aortic stiffness, blood pressure progression, and incident hypertension. JAMA. 2012;308(9):875–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abhayaratna WP, Barnes ME, O’Rourke MF, et al. Relation of arterial stiffness to left ventricular diastolic function and cardiovascular risk prediction in patients ≥65 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(10):1387–1392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutinho T, Turner ST, Kullo IJ. Aortic pulse wave velocity is associated with measures of subclinical target organ damage. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(7):754–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abhayaratna WP, Srikusalanukul W, Budge MM. Aortic stiffness for the detection of preclinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: pulse wave velocity versus pulse pressure. J Hypertens. 2008;26(4):758–764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellegrottaglie S, Sands RL, Gillespie BW, et al. Association between markers of collagen turnover, arterial stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease (CKD): the Renal Research Institute (RRI)-CKD study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(9):2891–2898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitta K, Akiba T, Uchida K, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with arterial stiffness and vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients. Hypertens Res. 2004;27(1):47–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki H, Nakamoto H, Okada H, Sugahara S, Kanno Y. A selective angiotensin receptor antagonist, Valsartan, produced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy associated with a reduction of arterial stiffness. Adv Perit Dial. 2003;19:59–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anan F, Takahashi N, Ooie T, et al. Effects of valsartan and perindopril combination therapy on left ventricular hypertrophy and aortic arterial stiffness in patients with essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;61(5–6):353–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masugata H, Senda S, Inukai M, et al. Association between left ventricular hypertrophy and changes in arterial stiffness during hypertensive treatment. Clin Exp Hypertens. Epub July 12, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Rabkin SW, Chan SH. Correlation of pulse wave velocity with left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension once blood pressure has been normalized. Heart Int. 2012;7(1):9.
   Google Scholar
• Weber T, O’Rourke MF, Ammer M, Kvas E, Punzengruber C, Eber B. Arterial stiffness and arterial wave reflections are associated with systolic and diastolic function in patients with normal ejection fraction. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(11):1194–1202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes VR, Polak JF, Cheng S, et al. Arterial stiffness is associated with regional ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28(1):194–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triantafyllidi H, Tzortzis S, Lekakis J, et al. Association of target organ damage with three arterial stiffness indexes according to blood pressure dipping status in untreated hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(12):1265–1272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow B, Rabkin SW. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is the only index of arterial stiffness that correlates with a mitral valve indices of diastolic dysfunction, but no index correlates with left atrial size. Cardiol Res Pract. 2013;2013:986847.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hwang JW, Kang SJ, Lim HS, et al. Impact of arterial stiffness on regional myocardial function assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with hypertension. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2012;20(2):90–96.
   Google Scholar
• Kim MN, Park SM, Shim WJ, Kim YH, Kim SA, Cho DH. The relationship between aortic stiffness and left ventricular dyssynchrony in hypertensive patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2012;34(6):410–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puntmann VO, Nagel E, Hughes AD, et al. Gender-specific differences in myocardial deformation and aortic stiffness at rest and dobutamine stress. Hypertension. 2012;59(3):712–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannou CV, Morel DR, Katsamouris AN, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy induced by reduced aortic compliance. J Vasc Res. 2009;46(5):417–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HI, Hsieh NK, Chang HR, Hu CT. Arterial haemodynamics on ventricular hypertrophy in rats with simulated aortic stiffness. Pflugers Arch. 2008;455(4):595–606.
   Google Scholar
• Kim DB, Baek SH, Jang SW, et al. Improvement of arterial stiffness in the transition from acute decompensated heart failure to chronic compensated heart failure. Clin Cardiol. 2013;36(6):358–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MG, Davies JE, Roberts-Thomson P, Black JA, Hughes AD, Sharman JE. Exercise central (aortic) blood pressure is predominantly driven by forward traveling waves, not wave reflection. Hypertension. 2013;62(1):175–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols WW. Clinical measurement of arterial stiffness obtained from noninvasive pressure waveforms. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(1 Pt 2):3S–10S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avolio AP, Van Bortel LM, Boutouyrie P, et al. Role of pulse pressure amplification in arterial hypertension: experts’ opinion and review of the data. Hypertension. 2009;54(2):375–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan KS, Tarzia BJ, Kasprowicz AG, Lefferts WK, Hatanaka M, Jae SY. Self-reported sitting time is associated with higher pressure from wave reflections independent of physical activity levels in healthy young adults. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26(8):1017–1023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols WW, Denardo SJ, Wilkinson IB, McEniery CM, Cockcroft J, O’Rourke MF. Effects of arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, and wave reflections on the central aortic pressure waveform. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2008;10(4):295–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto J, Nichols WW, O’Rourke MF, Imai Y. Association between wasted pressure effort and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: influence of arterial wave reflection. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(3):329–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wojciechowska W, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Tikhonoff V, et al; European Project On Genes In Hypertension (Epogh) Investigators. Age dependency of central and peripheral systolic blood pressures: cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in European populations. Blood Press. 2012;21(1):58–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Rourke MF, Blazek JV, Morreels CL Jr, Krovetz LJ. Pressure wave transmission along the human aorta. Changes with age and in arterial degenerative disease. Circ Res. 1968;23(4):567–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEniery CM, Yasmin, McDonnell B, et al; Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial Investigators. Central pressure: variability and impact of cardiovascular risk factors: the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial II. Hypertension. 2008;51(6):1476–1482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wykretowicz A, Rutkowska A, Krauze T, et al. Pulse pressure amplification in relation to body fatness. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;73(4):546–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijdam ME, Plantinga Y, Hulsen HT, et al. Pulse pressure amplification and risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(4):388–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto J, Imai Y, O’Rourke MF. Monitoring of antihypertensive therapy for reduction in left ventricular mass. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(11):1229–1233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetos A, Thomas F, Joly L, et al. Pulse pressure amplification a mechanical biomarker of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(10):1032–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEniery CM, Yasmin, Hall IR, et al; ACCT Investigators. Normal vascular aging: differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity: The Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(9):1753–1760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safar ME. Systolic hypertension in the elderly: arterial wall mechanical properties and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Hypertens. 2005;23(4):673–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safar ME, Boudier HS. Vascular development, pulse pressure, and the mechanisms of hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;46(1):205–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Rourke MF, Nichols WW. Aortic diameter, aortic stiffness, and wave reflection increase with age and isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;45(4):652–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto J, Westerhof BE, Westerhof N, Imai Y, O’Rourke MF. Different role of wave reflection magnitude and timing on left ventricular mass reduction during antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens. 2008;26(5):1017–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols WW, Edwards DG. Arterial elastance and wave reflection augmentation of systolic blood pressure: deleterious effects and implications for therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2001;6(1):5–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi S, Yano M, Kohno M, et al. Influence of aortic impedance on the development of pressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy in rats. Circulation. 1996;94(12):3362–3368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura T, McDermott PJ, Kent RL, Nagatsu M, Cooper G 4th, Carabello BA. Acute changes in myosin heavy chain synthesis rate in pressure versus volume overload. Circ Res. 1994;75(3):418–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saba PS, Roman MJ, Pini R, Spitzer M, Ganau A, Devereux RB. Relation of arterial pressure waveform to left ventricular and carotid anatomy in normotensive subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(7):1873–1880.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchais SJ, Guerin AP, Pannier BM, Levy BI, Safar ME, London GM. Wave reflections and cardiac hypertrophy in chronic uremia. Influence of body size. Hypertension. 1993;22(6):876–883.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto J, Watabe D, Hatanaka R, et al. Enhanced radial late systolic pressure augmentation in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19(1):27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekakis JP, Zakopoulos NA, Protogerou AD, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in hypertension: relation to 24-h blood pressure profile and arterial stiffness. Int J Cardiol. 2004;97(1):29–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirinos JA, Segers P, Gupta AK, et al. Time-varying myocardial stress and systolic pressure-stress relationship: role in myocardial-arterial coupling in hypertension. Circulation. 2009;119(21):2798–2807.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schipke JD, Burkhoff D, Kass DA, Alexander J Jr, Schaefer J, Sagawa K. Hemodynamic dependence of myocardial oxygen consumption indexes. Am J Physiol. 1990;258(5 Pt 2):H1281–H1291.
   Google Scholar
• Namasivayam M, Adji A, O’Rourke MF. Influence of aortic pressure wave components determined noninvasively on myocardial oxygen demand in men and women. Hypertension. 2011;57(2):193–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber T, Auer J, O’Rourke MF, Punzengruber C, Kvas E, Eber B. Prolonged mechanical systole and increased arterial wave reflections in diastolic dysfunction. Heart. 2006;92(11):1616–1622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang KC, Tseng YZ, Kuo TS, Chen HI. Impaired left ventricular relaxation and arterial stiffness in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond). 1994;87(6):641–647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borlaug BA, Melenovsky V, Redfield MM, et al. Impact of arterial load and loading sequence on left ventricular tissue velocities in humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(16):1570–1577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly R, Hayward C, Avolio A, O’Rourke M. Noninvasive determination of age-related changes in the human arterial pulse. Circulation. 1989;80(6):1652–1659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan KS, Patvardhan EA, Hession M, Ruan J, Karas RH, Kuvin JT. Elevated augmentation index derived from peripheral arterial tonometry is associated with abnormal ventricular-vascular coupling. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2010;30(5):313–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codreanu I, Robson MD, Rider OJ, et al. Chasing the reflected wave back into the heart: a new hypothesis while the jury is still out. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2011;7:365–373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laskey WK, Kussmaul WG. Arterial wave reflection in heart failure. Circulation. 1987;75(4):711–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferro G, Duilio C, Spinelli L, Liucci GA, Mazza F, Indolfi C. Relation between diastolic perfusion time and coronary artery stenosis during stress-induced myocardial ischemia. Circulation. 1995;92(3):342–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Rourke MF, Pauca AL. Augmentation of the aortic and central arterial pressure waveform. Blood Press Monit. 2004;9(4):179–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerhof BE, Guelen I, Westerhof N, Karemaker JM, Avolio A. Quantification of wave reflection in the human aorta from pressure alone: a proof of principle. Hypertension. 2006;48(4):595–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirinos JA, Kips JG, Jacobs DR Jr, et al. Arterial wave reflections and incident cardiovascular events and heart failure: MESA (Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(21):2170–2177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang KL, Cheng HM, Sung SH, et al. Wave reflection and arterial stiffness in the prediction of 15-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities: a community-based study. Hypertension. 2010;55(3):799–805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber T, Wassertheurer S, Rammer M, Haiden A, Hametner B, Eber B. Wave reflections, assessed with a novel method for pulse wave separation, are associated with end-organ damage and clinical outcomes. Hypertension. 2012;60(2):534–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto J, Imai Y, O’Rourke MF. Indices of pulse wave analysis are better predictors of left ventricular mass reduction than cuff pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(4):378–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell GF, Parise H, Benjamin EJ, et al. Changes in arterial stiffness and wave reflection with advancing age in healthy men and women: the Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. 2004;43(6):1239–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osler W. The principles and practice of medicine, 3rd edition. New York, London: Appleton, 1898.
   Google Scholar
• Li S, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Childhood blood pressure as a predictor of arterial stiffness in young adults: the bogalusa heart study. Hypertension. 2004;43(3):541–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Li S, Ulusoy E, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Childhood adiposity as a predictor of cardiac mass in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;110(22):3488–3492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toprak A, Wang H, Chen W, Paul T, Srinivasan S, Berenson G. Relation of childhood risk factors to left ventricular hypertrophy (eccentric or concentric) in relatively young adulthood (from the Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(11):1621–1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell GF, DeStefano AL, Larson MG, et al. Heritability and a genome-wide linkage scan for arterial stiffness, wave reflection, and mean arterial pressure: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2005;112(2):194–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, et al. Framingham Heart Study 100 K Project: genome-wide associations for blood pressure and arterial stiffness. BMC Med Genet. 2007;8 Suppl 1:S3.
   Google Scholar
• Seidlerova J, Bochud M, Staessen JA, et al. Heritability and intrafamilial aggregation of arterial characteristics. J Hypertens. 2008;26(4):721–728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North KE, MacCluer JW, Devereux RB, et al. Heritability of carotid artery structure and function: the Strong Heart Family Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(10):1698–1703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge D, Young TW, Wang X, Kapuku GK, Treiber FA, Snieder H. Heritability of arterial stiffness in black and white American youth and young adults. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(10):1065–1072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL. Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(1):61–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langley-Evans SC, Gardner DS, Welham SJ. Intrauterine programming of cardiovascular disease by maternal nutritional status. Nutrition. 1998;14(1):39–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowden AL, Giussani DA, Forhead AJ. Intrauterine programming of physiological systems: causes and consequences. Physiology (Bethesda). 2006;21:29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintour EM, Johnson K, Koukoulas I, Moritz K, Tersteeg M, Dodic M. Programming the cardiovascular system, kidney and the brain – a review. Placenta. 2003;24 Suppl A:S65–S71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatza AA, Varvarigou A. Intrauterine growth restriction and the developing vascular tree. In: Lumey LH, Vaiserman A, editors. Early Life Nutrition and Adult Health and Development: Lessons from Changing Dietary Patterns, Famines and Experimental Studies. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers; 2013:331–351.
   Google Scholar
• Norman M. Low birth weight and the developing vascular tree: a systematic review. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97(9):1165–1172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaijser M, Bonamy AK, Akre O, et al. Perinatal risk factors for ischemic heart disease: disentangling the roles of birth weight and preterm birth. Circulation. 2008;117(3):405–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhuiyan AR, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Azevedo MJ, Berenson GS. Relationship of low birth weight to pulsatile arterial function in asymptomatic younger adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(2):168–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbina EM, Dolan LM, McCoy CE, Khoury PR, Daniels SR, Kimball TR. Relationship between elevated arterial stiffness and increased left ventricular mass in adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr. 2011;158(5):715–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hietalampi H, Pahkala K, Jokinen E, et al. Left ventricular mass and geometry in adolescence: early childhood determinants. Hypertension. 2012;60(5):1266–1272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mzayek F, Sherwin R, Hughes J, et al. The association of birth weight with arterial stiffness at mid-adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009;63(9):729–733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borlaug BA, Redfield MM. Diastolic and systolic heart failure are distinct phenotypes within the heart failure spectrum. Circulation. 2011;123(18):2006–2013; discussion 2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward CS, Kelly RP. Gender-related differences in the central arterial pressure waveform. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(7):1863–1871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecelja M, Jiang B, McNeill K, et al. Increased wave reflection rather than central arterial stiffness is the main determinant of raised pulse pressure in women and relates to mismatch in arterial dimensions: a twin study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(8):695–703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim CY, Park S, Choi D, et al. Sex differences in central hemodynamics and their relationship to left ventricular diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(10):1226–1233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayer JG, Harmer JA, Marks GB, Avolio A, Celermajer DS. Central arterial pulse wave augmentation is greater in girls than boys, independent of height. J Hypertens. 2010;28(2):306–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutinho T, Borlaug BA, Pellikka PA, Turner ST, Kullo IJ. Sex differences in arterial stiffness and ventricular-arterial interactions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(1):96–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo C, Jin Z, Palmieri V, et al. Arterial stiffness and wave reflection: sex differences and relationship with left ventricular diastolic function. Hypertension. 2012;60(2):362–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libhaber E, Woodiwiss AJ, Libhaber C, et al. Gender-specific brachial artery blood pressure-independent relationship between pulse wave velocity and left ventricular mass index in a group of African ancestry. J Hypertens. 2008;26(8):1619–1628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashi H, Okayama H, Saito M, et al. Relationship between augmentation index and left ventricular diastolic function in healthy women and men. Am J Hypertens. Epub July 17, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Gerdts E, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Gender differences in regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive therapy. Hypertension. 2008;52(1):100–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelton TN, Andrew ME, Arnett DK, et al. Echocardiographic left ventricular mass in African-Americans: the Jackson cohort of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Echocardiography. 2003;20(2):111–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett DK, Rautaharju P, Crow R, et al. Black-white differences in electrocardiographic left ventricular mass and its association with blood pressure (the ARIC study). Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74(3):247–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drazner MH, Dries DL, Peshock RM, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy is more prevalent in blacks than whites in the general population: the Dallas Heart Study. Hypertension. 2005;46(1):124–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdinand KC, Townsend RR. Hypertension in the US Black population: risk factors, complications, and potential impact of central aortic pressure on effective treatment. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2012;26(2):157–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Chen W, Ruan L, Toprak A, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Differential effect of elevated blood pressure on left ventricular geometry types in black and white young adults in a community (from the Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(5):717–722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan KS, Jae SY, Wilund KR, Woods JA, Fernhall B. Racial differences in central blood pressure and vascular function in young men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295(6):H2380–H2387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira AV, Viana MC, Mill JG, Asmar RG, Cunha RS. Racial differences in aortic stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive adults. J Hypertens. 1999;17(5):631–637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris AA, Patel RS, Binongo JN, et al. Racial differences in arterial stiffness and microcirculatory function between Black and White Americans. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(2):e002154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Din-Dzietham R, Couper D, Evans G, Arnett DK, Jones DW. Arterial stiffness is greater in African Americans than in whites: evidence from the Forsyth County, North Carolina, ARIC cohort. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17(4):304–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirinos JA, Kips JG, Roman MJ, et al. Ethnic differences in arterial wave reflections and normative equations for augmentation index. Hypertension. 2011;57(6):1108–1116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan KS, Wanke CA, Dong K, et al. Racial differences in central hemodynamic burden in men with HIV: preliminary findings. Ethn Dis. 2013;23(2):217–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffernan KS, Fernhall B. A systematic appraisal of ventricular–aortic load in African American men. Artery Res. 2009;3(2):65–72.
   Google Scholar
• Toprak A, Reddy J, Chen W, Srinivasan S, Berenson G. Relation of pulse pressure and arterial stiffness to concentric left ventricular hypertrophy in young men (from the Bogalusa Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(7):978–984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi N, Bulpitt CJ, Leggetter S, et al. Ethnic differences in vascular stiffness and relations to hypertensive target organ damage. J Hypertens. 2004;22(9):1731–1737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston RC, Matthews KA. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in arterial stiffness and intima media thickness among adolescents. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(5):807–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLoach SS, Daskalakis C, Gidding S, Falkner B. Central blood pressures are associated with left ventricular mass index among African-American adolescents. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(1):41–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(22):1561–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hlatky MA, Greenland P, Arnett DK, et al; American Heart Association Expert Panel on Subclinical Atherosclerotic Diseases and Emerging Risk Factors and the Stroke Council. Criteria for evaluation of novel markers of cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;119(17):2408–2416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roman MJ, Ganau A, Saba PS, Pini R, Pickering TG, Devereux RB. Impact of arterial stiffening on left ventricular structure. Hypertension. 2000;36(4):489–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watabe D, Hashimoto J, Hatanaka R, et al. Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and arterial stiffness: the Ohasama study. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19(12):1199–1205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillaci G, Mannarino MR, Pucci G, et al. Age-specific relationship of aortic pulse wave velocity with left ventricular geometry and function in hypertension. Hypertension. 2007;49(2):317–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow PC, Ho MH, Lee TL, Lau YL, Cheung YF. Relation of arterial stiffness to left ventricular structure and function in adolescents and young adults with pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(6):1345–1352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ou P, Celermajer DS, Jolivet O, et al. Increased central aortic stiffness and left ventricular mass in normotensive young subjects after successful coarctation repair. Am Heart J. 2008;155(1):187–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrikou E, Tsioufis C, Dimitriadis K, et al. Parallel deterioration of albuminuria, arterial stiffness and left ventricular mass in essential hypertension: integrating target organ damage. Nephron Clin Pract. 2011;119(1):8.
   Google Scholar
• Su HM, Lin TH, Hsu PC, et al. Impact of systolic time intervals on the relationship between arterial stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy. Atherosclerosis. 2012;223(1):171–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung CM, Lin YS, Chu CM, et al. Arterial stiffness is the independent factor of left ventricular hypertrophy determined by electrocardiogram. Am J Med Sci. 2012;344(3):190–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiris A, Kiris G, Karaman K, et al. Factors affecting left ventricular synchronicity in hypertensive patients: are arterial stiffness and central blood pressures influential? Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2012;40(7):581–588.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu PC, Tsai WC, Lin TH, et al. Association of arterial stiffness and electrocardiography-determined left ventricular hypertrophy with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wongphen A, Boonyasirinant T. The correlation between aortic stiffness and left ventricular mass index in hypertensive patients: a cardiac MRI study. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013;96 Suppl 2:S171–S177.
   Google Scholar