References
- HuangWFosterJARogachefskyASPharmacology of botulinum toxinJ Am Acad Dermatol200043224925910906647
- RossettoOPirazziniMMontecuccoCBotulinum neurotoxins: genetic, structural and mechanistic insightsNat Rev Microbiol201412853554924975322
- ScaglioneFConversion ratio between Botox®, Dysport®, and Xeo-min® in clinical practiceToxins (Basel)201683
- CoffieldJABakryNZhangRDCarlsonJGomellaLGSimpsonLLIn vitro characterization of botulinum toxin types A, C and D action on human tissues: combined electrophysiologic, pharmacologic and molecular biologic approachesJ Pharmacol Exp Ther19972803148914989067339
- EleopraRTugnoliVQuatraleRRossettoOMontecuccoCDifferent types of botulinum toxin in humansMov Disord200419Suppl 8S53S5915027055
- EleopraRTugnoliVQuatraleRRossettoOMontecuccoCDresslerDClinical use of non-A botulinum toxins: botulinum toxin type C and botulinum toxin type FNeurotox Res200692–312713116785109
- PirazziniMRossettoOEleopraRMontecuccoCBotulinum neurotoxins: biology, pharmacology, and toxicologyPharmacol Rev201769220023528356439
- BooneBBotulinum Toxin in Aesthetic Medicine European Handbook of Dermatological TreatmentsSpringerBerlin Heidelberg201510891106
- AokiKRGuyerBBotulinum toxin type A and other botulinum toxin serotypes: a comparative review of biochemical and pharmacological actionsEur J Neurol20018Suppl 5212911851731
- MontecuccoCMolgóJBotulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killerCurr Opin Pharmacol20055327427915907915
- DresslerDSaberiFABarbosaERBotulinum toxin: mechanisms of actionArq Neuropsiquiatr200563118018515830090
- de PaivaAMeunierFAMolgóJAokiKRDollyJOFunctional repair of motor endplates after botulinum neurotoxin type A poisoning: biphasic switch of synaptic activity between nerve sprouts and their parent terminalsProc Natl Acad Sci U S A19999663200320510077661
- RogozhinAAPangKKBukharaevaEYoungCSlaterCRRecovery of mouse neuromuscular junctions from single and repeated injections of botulinum neurotoxin AJ Physiol2008586133163318218467364
- MatarassoSLComparison of botulinum toxin types A and B: a bilateral and double-blind randomized evaluation in the treatment of canthal rhytidesDermatol Surg2003291713 discussion 1312534505
- WilsonAJChangBTaglientiAJA quantitative analysis of OnabotulinumtoxinA, AbobotulinumtoxinA, and IncobotulinumtoxinA: a randomized, double-blind, prospective clinical trial of comparative dynamic strain reductionPlast Reconstr Surg201613751424143327119918
- RosalesRLBigalkeHDresslerDPharmacology of botulinum toxin: differences between type A preparationsEur J Neurol200613Suppl 1210
- SwaminathanSEswaramoorthySStructural analysis of the catalytic and binding sites of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin BNat Struct Biol20007869369910932256
- MontalMBotulinum neurotoxin: a marvel of protein designAnnu Rev Biochem20107959161720233039
- RossettoOMorbiatoLCaccinPRigoniMMontecuccoCPresynaptic enzymatic neurotoxinsJ Neurochem20069761534154516805767
- DresslerDBeneckeRPharmacology of therapeutic botulinum toxin preparationsDisabil Rehabil200729231761176818033601
- FrevertJContent of botulinum neurotoxin in botox®/vistabel®, dysport®/azzalure®, and xeomin®/bocouture®Drugs R D2010102677320698714
- KerscherMRollSBeckerAWigger-AlbertiWComparison of the spread of three botulinum toxin type A preparationsArch Dermatol Res2012304215516122002325
- PickettAConsistent biochemical data are essential for comparability of botulinum toxin type A productsDrugs R D20111119798 author reply 98–9921410299
- FangPKRaphaelBHMaslankaSECaiSSinghBRAnalysis of genomic differences among Clostridium botulinum type A1 strainsBMC Genomics20101172521182778
- PanjwaniNO’KeeffeRPickettABiochemical, functional and potency characteristics of type A botulinum toxin in clinical useBotulinum J200811153166
- SchantzEJJohnsonEAProperties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicineMicrobiol Rev199256180991579114
- PickettADysport: pharmacological properties and factors that influence toxin actionToxicon200954568368919332087
- EiseleKHFinkKVeyMTaylorHVStudies on the dissociation of botulinum neurotoxin type A complexesToxicon201157455556521195107
- FrevertJPharmaceutical, biological, and clinical properties of botulinum neurotoxin type A productsDrugs R D20151511925559581
- FrevertJDresslerDComplexing proteins in botulinum toxin type A drugs: a help or a hindrance?Biologics2010432533221209727
- RummelAThe long journey of botulinum neurotoxins into the synapseToxicon2015107Pt A92426363288
- WheelerASmithHSBotulinum toxins: mechanisms of action, anti-nociception and clinical applicationsToxicology201330612414623435179
- ForanPGMohammedNLiskGOEvaluation of the therapeutic usefulness of botulinum neurotoxin B, C1, E, and F compared with the long lasting type A. Basis for distinct durations of inhibition of exocytosis in central neuronsJ Biol Chem200327821363137112381720
- ShaariCMSandersIQuantifying how location and dose of botulinum toxin injections affect muscle paralysisMuscle Nerve19931699649698355728
- AntonucciFRossiCGianfranceschiLRossettoOCaleoMLong-distance retrograde effects of botulinum neurotoxin AJ Neurosci200828143689369618385327
- MatakIBach-RojeckyLFilipovićBLackovićZBehavioral and immunohistochemical evidence for central antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin ANeuroscience201118620120721539899
- MatakIRiedererPLackovićZBotulinum toxin’s axonal transport from periphery to the spinal cordNeurochem Int201261223623922580329
- RestaniLAntonucciFGianfranceschiLRossiCRossettoOCaleoMEvidence for anterograde transport and transcytosis of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A)J Neurosci20113144156501565922049408
- MazzocchioRCaleoMMore than at the neuromuscular synapse: actions of botulinum neurotoxin A in the central nervous systemNeuroscientist2015211446124576870
- MatakILackovićZBotulinum toxin A, brain and painProg Neurobiol2014119–1203959
- LeeHHKimSTLeeKJBaikHSEffect of a second injection of botulinum toxin on lower facial contouring, as evaluated using 3-dimensional laser scanningDermatol Surg201541443944425775445
- KeaneyTCAlsterTSBotulinum toxin in men: review of relevant anatomy and clinical trial dataDermatol Surg201339101434144324090254
- CarruthersACarruthersJProspective, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, dose-ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in men with glabellar rhytidsDermatol Surg200531101297130316188182
- NestorMAblonGPickettAKey parameters for the use of abobotulinumtoxinA in aesthetics: onset and durationAesthet Surg J201737suppl_1S20S3128388717
- HallettMExplanation of timing of botulinum neurotoxin effects, onset and duration, and clinical ways of influencing themToxicon2015107Pt A646726220801
- SimpsonLLIdentification of the major steps in botulinum toxin actionAnnu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol20044416719314744243
- HankinsCLStrimlingRRogersGSBotulinum A toxin for glabellar wrinklesDermatol Surg19982411118111839834736
- FlynnTCBotulinum toxinAm J Clin Dermatol201011318319920369902
- CarruthersACarruthersJLoweNJOne-year, randomised, multicenter, two-period study of the safety and efficacy of repeated treatments with botulinum toxin type A in patients with glabellar linesJ Drug Assess2004726386
- MichaelsBMCsankGARybGEEkoFNRubinAProspective randomized comparison of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) and abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport) in the treatment of forehead, glabellar, and periorbital wrinklesAesthet Surg J20123219610222231417
- SmallRBotulinum toxin injection for facial wrinklesAm Fam Physician201490316817525077722
- DollyJOAokiKRThe structure and mode of action of different botulinum toxinsEur J Neurol200613Suppl 41917112344
- RapplTParviziDFriedlHOnset and duration of effect of incobotulinumtoxinA, onabotulinumtoxinA, and abobotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of glabellar frown lines: a randomized, double-blind studyClin Cosmet Investig Dermatol20136211219
- GlogauRKaneMBeddingfieldFOnabotulinumtoxinA: a meta-analysis of duration of effect in the treatment of glabellar linesDermatol Surg201238111794180323106853
- DresslerDRothwellJCElectromyographic quantification of the paralysing effect of botulinum toxin in the sternocleidomastoid muscleEur Neurol2000431131610798896
- PoeweWDeuschlGNebeAWhat is the optimal dose of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of cervical dystonia? Results of a double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study using Dysport. German Dystonia Study GroupJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry199864113179436721
- FlynnTCBotulinum toxin: examining duration of effect in facial aesthetic applicationsAm J Clin Dermatol201011318319920369902
- CarruthersACarruthersJSaidSDose-ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar rhytids in femalesDermatol Surg2005314414422 discussion 42215871316
- KimNHChungJHParkRHParkJBThe use of botulinum toxin type A in aesthetic mandibular contouringPlast Reconstr Surg2005115391993015731696
- ParkMYAhnKYJungDSBotulinum toxin type A treatment for contouring of the lower faceDermatol Surg2003295477483 discussion 48312752514
- AhnJHornCBlitzerABotulinum toxin for masseter reduction in Asian patientsArch Facial Plast Surg20046318819115148129
- SmythAGBotulinum toxin treatment of bilateral masseteric hypertrophyBr J Oral Maxillofac Surg199432129338136335
- GuyuronBRoseKKrieglerJSTuckerTHourglass deformity after botulinum toxin type A injectionHeadache200444326226415012666
- SesardicDDasRGAlternatives to the LD50 assay for botulinum toxin potency testing: strategies and progress towards refinement, reduction and replacement. Proc. 6th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, 21–25 August 2007AATEX200714Special Issue581585
- Fernández-SalasEWangJMolinaYNelsonJBJackyBPAokiKRBotulinum neurotoxin serotype A specific cell-based potency assay to replace the mouse bioassayPLoS One2012711e4951623185348
- Business WireAllergan receives FDA approval for first-of-its-kind, fully in vitro, cell-based assay for BOTOX® and BOTOX® cosmetic (onabotulinumtoxinA)2011 Available from: http://www.busi-nesswire.com/news/home/20110624005918/en/Allergan-Receives-FDA-Approval-First-of-Its-Kind-Fully-vitroAccessed February 2018
- AdlerSBickerGBigalkeHThe current scientific and legal status of alternative methods to the LD50 test for botulinum neurotoxin potency testing. The report and recommendations of a ZEBET Expert MeetingAltern Lab Anim201038431533020822324
- HambletonPPickettAMPotency equivalence of botulinum toxin preparationsJ R Soc Med19948711719
- SesardicDIs it possible to accurately determine content of botulinum neurotoxin type A in drug products?Drugs R D2010102919220698717
- HuntTClarkeKPotency evaluation of a formulated drug product containing 150-kd botulinum neurotoxin type AClin Neuropharma-col20093212831
- CarruthersJDCarruthersJATreatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxinJ Dermatol Surg Oncol199218117211740562
- KleinAWDilution and storage of botulinum toxinDermatol Surg19982411117911809834735
- AlamMDoverJSArndtKAPain associated with injection of botulinum A exotoxin reconstituted using isotonic sodium chloride with and without preservative: a double-blind, randomized controlled trialArch Dermatol2002138451051411939813
- KwiatDMBersaniTABersaniAIncreased patient comfort utilizing botulinum toxin type A reconstituted with preserved versus nonpre-served salineOphthal Plast Reconstr Surg2004203186189
- SarifakiogluNSarifakiogluEEvaluating effects of preservative-containing saline solution on pain perception during botulinum toxin type-a injections at different locations: a prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trialAesthetic Plast Surg200529211311515815811
- Trindade De AlmeidaARKaduncBVDi ChiacchioNNetoDRFoam during reconstitution does not affect the potency of botulinum toxin type ADermatol Surg2003295530531 discussion 53212752523
- KazimNABlackEHBotox: shaken, not stirredOphthal Plast Reconstr Surg20082411012
- CarruthersJFagienSMatarassoSLConsensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial aestheticsOphthal Plast Reconstr Surg2005212165
- Trindade De AlmeidaARSeccoLCCarruthersAHandling botulinum toxins: an updated literature reviewDermatol Surg201137111553156521777338
- CareyWDIncorrect reconstitution of incobotulinumtoxinA leads to loss of neurotoxinJ Drugs Dermatol201413673573824918566
- NiamtuJ3rdNeurotoxin waste from drawing product through the vial stopperJ Clin Aesthet Dermatol201476333725013537
- FlynnTCCarruthersACarruthersJSurgical pearl: the use of the Ultra-Fine II short needle 0.3-cc insulin syringe for botulinum toxin injectionsJ Am Acad Dermatol200246693193312063494
- YanagiharaMFujiiTWakamatuNIshizakiHTakeharaTNawateKSilicone granuloma on the entry points of acupuncture, venepuncture and surgical needlesJ Cutan Pathol200027630130510885407
- BaldwinRNContamination of insulin by silicone oil: a potential hazard of plastic insulin syringesDiabet Med1988587897902975573
- TschetterAJHochwaltPCColleranEStoneMSSilicone granulomas in the setting of acupuncture with silicone-coated needlesJ Clin Investig Dermatol2014212
- DresslerDManderGFinkKMeasuring the potency labelling of onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox®) and incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) in an LD50 assayJ Neural Transm (Vienna)20121191131521971766
- AokiKRRanouxDWisselJUsing translational medicine to understand clinical differences between botulinum toxin formulationsEur J Neurol200613Suppl 41019
- PragerWWissmüllerEKollhorstBWilliamsSZschockeIComparison of two botulinum toxin type A preparations for treating crow’s feet: a split-face, double-blind, proof-of-concept studyDermatol Surg201036Suppl 42155216021134046
- KaneMAGoldMHColemanWP3rdA randomized, double-blind trial to investigate the equivalence of IncobotulinumtoxinA and OnabotulinumtoxinA for glabellar frown linesDermatol Surg201541111310131926509943
- MarchettiAMagarRFindleyLRetrospective evaluation of the dose of Dysport and BOTOX in the management of cervical dystonia and blepharospasm: the REAL DOSE studyMov Disord200520893794415810022
- WohlfarthKGöschelHFrevertJDenglerRBigalkeHBotulinum A toxins: units versus unitsNaunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol199735533353409089663
- RanouxDGuryCFondaraiJMasJLZuberMRespective potencies of Botox and Dysport: a double blind, randomised, crossover study in cervical dystoniaJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry200272445946211909903
- YunJYKimJWKimHTDysport and Botox at a ratio of 2.5:1 units in cervical dystonia: a double-blind, randomized studyMov Disord201530220621325476727
- De BoulleKFagienSSommerBGlogauRTreating glabellar lines with botulinum toxin type A-hemagglutinin complex: a review of the science, the clinical data, and patient satisfactionClin Interv Aging2010510111820458348
- AokiKRIrvineRGallagherCRe: Botox produces functional weakness in non-injected muscles adjacent to the target muscleJ Biomech20084192066206718508061
- BentivoglioARFasanoAIalongoTSoletiFLo FermoSAlbaneseAFifteen-year experience in treating blepharospasm with Botox or Dysport: same toxin, two drugsNeurotox Res200915322423119384595
- CillinoSRaimondiGGuépratteNLong-term efficacy of botulinum toxin A for treatment of blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and spastic entropion: a multicentre study using two drug-dose escalation indexesEye (Lond)201024460060719648904
- JankovicJBotulinum toxin therapy for cervical dystoniaNeurotox Res200692–314514816785112
- LunguCKarpBIAlterKZolbrodRHallettMLong-term followup of botulinum toxin therapy for focal hand dystonia: outcome at 10 years or moreMov Disord201126475075321506157
- KaneMAMonheitGThe practical use of AbobotulinumtoxinA in aestheticsAesthet Surg J201737Suppl_1S12S1928388719
- ArezzoJCNeuroBloc®/Myobloc®: unique features and findingsToxicon200954569069619286001
- CarruthersACarruthersJCohenJDilution volume of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar rhytides: does it matter?Dermatol Surg2007331 Spec NoS97S10417241422
- HsuTSDoverJSArndtKAEffect of volume and concentration on the diffusion of botulinum exotoxin AArch Dermatol2004140111351135415545544
- Ramirez-CastanedaJJankovicJComellaCDashtipourKFernandezHHMariZDiffusion, spread, and migration of botulinum toxinMov Disord201328131775178323868503
- JinYTakegaharaYSugawaraYMatsumuraTFujinagaYDisruption of the epithelial barrier by botulinum haemagglutinin (HA) proteins – differences in cell tropism and the mechanism of action between HA proteins of types A or B, and HA proteins of type CMicrobiology2009155Pt 1354519118344
- FujinagaYTransport of bacterial toxins into target cells: pathways followed by cholera toxin and botulinum progenitor toxinJ Biochem2006140215516016954533
- HexselDBrumCdo PradoDZField effect of two commercial preparations of botulinum toxin type A: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trialJ Am Acad Dermatol201267222623222041253
- Trindade de AlmeidaARMarquesEde AlmeidaJCunhaTBorasoRPilot study comparing the diffusion of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A in patients with forehead hyperhidrosisDermatol Surg2007331 Spec NoS37S4317241413
- BrodskyMASwopeDMGrimesDDiffusion of botulinum toxinsTremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)20122 tre-02-85-417-1
- RocheNSchnitzlerAGenêtFFDurandMCBensmailDUndesirable distant effects following botulinum toxin type a injectionClin Neuropharmacol200831527228018836345
- NaumannMBooLMAckermanAHGallagherCJImmunogenicity of botulinum toxinsJ Neural Transm (Vienna)2013120227529023008029
- BOTOX® [package insert]Irvine, CAAllergan, Inc2002
- Dysport® [package insert]MaidenheadIpsen Products2002
- Package leaflet: Information for the user – BOCOUTURE 50 units powder for solution for injection2016
- MarkeyACBotulinum A exotoxin in cosmetic dermatologyClin Exp Dermatol200025317317510844487
- SloopRRColeBAEscutinROReconstituted botulinum toxin type A does not lose potency in humans if it is refrozen or refrigerated for 2 weeks before useNeurology19974812492539008526
- FrankelASBotox for rejuvenation of the periorbital regionFacial Plast Surg199915325526211816088
- CarruthersACarruthersJToxins 99, new information about the botulinum neurotoxinsDermatol Surg2000263174176
- ParkMYAhnKYEffect of the refrigerator storage time on the potency of botox for human extensor digitorum brevis muscle paralysisJ Clin Neurol20139315716423894239
- YangGCChiuRJGillmanGSQuestioning the need to use Botox within 4 hours of reconstitution: a study of fresh vs 2-week-old BotoxArch Facial Plast Surg200810427327918645097
- HexselDMDe AlmeidaATRutowitschMMulticenter, double-blind study of the efficacy of injections with botulinum toxin type A reconstituted up to six consecutive weeks before applicationDermatol Surg200329552352912752522
- SoaresDJDejosephLMZulianiGFLiebertzDJPatelVSImpact of postreconstitution room temperature storage on the efficacy of incobotulinumtoxinA treatment of dynamic lateral canthus linesDermatol Surg201541671271725973563
- DYSPORT® (abobotulinumtoxinA) for injection [prescribing information]Basking Ridge, NJIpsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc2017
- MEDICATION GUIDE, BOTOX® BOTOX®, Cosmetic (Boetox), (onabotulinumtoxinA) for Injection Available from: https://www.aller-gan.com/miscellaneous-pages/allergan-pdf-files/botox_med_guideAccessed February 2018
- FosterKABigalkeHAokiKRBotulinum neurotoxin - from laboratory to bedsideNeurotox Res200692–313314016785110
- DresslerDDysport produces intrinsically more swallowing problems than Botox: unexpected results from a conversion factor study in cervical dystoniaJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry2002735604 author reply 604
- BorodicGEPearceLBSmithKJosephMBotulinum a toxin for spasmodic torticollis: multiple vs single injection points per muscleHead Neck199214133371624292
- GarciaAFultonJEJrCosmetic denervation of the muscles of facial expression with botulinum toxin. A dose-response studyDermatol Surg199622139438556256
- EdelsteinCShorrNJacobsJBalchKGoldbergROculoplastic experience with the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxinDermatol Surg19982411120812129834740
- Highlights of prescribing information, BOTOX Cosmetic (onabotulinumtoxinA) for injection, for intramuscular use, Initial U.S. Approval: 1989 Revised 10/2017 [cited 2018; Available from: https://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/botox_cosmetic_pi.pdf