547
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: clinical update

, , &
Pages 333-344 | Published online: 08 May 2019

References

  • Oji V, Tadini G, Akiyama M, et al. Revised nomenclature and classification of inherited ichthyoses: results of the first ichthyosis consensus conference in soreze 2009. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63(4):607–641. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.02020643494
  • Müller FB, Huber M, Kinaciyan T, et al. A human keratin 10 knockout causes recessive epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15(7):1133–1141. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl02816505000
  • Goldsmith LAJPMG. The ichthyosis. Prog Med Genet. 1976;1:185–240.935508
  • Esterly NBJP. The ichthyosiform dermatoses. Pediatrics. 1968;42(6):990–1004.4178361
  • Hirone TJM. Electron microscopic studies of ichthyosis and congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo). 1969;18(1):63–72.5812157
  • Ishibashi Y, Klingmüller G. Erythrodermia ichthyosiformis congenita bullosa Brocq. Über die sogenannte granulöse Degeneration. Arch Dermatol Res. 1968;233(1):11–32.
  • Klaus S, Weinstein GD, Frost P. Localized epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: a form of keratoderma of the palms and soles. Arch Dermatol. 1970;101(3):272–275.5414885
  • Schnyder U. Inherited ichthyoses. Arch Dermatol. 1970;102(3):240–252.4247927
  • Gutierrez JA, Hannoush ZC, Vargas LG, et al. A novel nonsense mutation in keratin 10 causes a familial case of recessive epidermolytic ichthyosis. Mol Genet Genomic Med. 2013;1(2):108–112. doi:10.1002/mgg3.623957016
  • Bonifas JM, Bare JW, Chen MA, et al. Linkage of the epidermolytic hyperkeratosis phenotype and the region of the type II keratin gene cluster on chromosome 12. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;99(5):524–527.1385543
  • Rothnagel J, Dominey A, Dempsey L, et al. Mutations in the rod domains of keratins 1 and 10 in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Science. 1992;257(5073):1128–1130.1380725
  • Ackerman ABJAD. Histopathologic concept of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Arch Dermatol. 1970;102(3):253–259.5456015
  • Anton-Lamprecht I. Genetically induced abnormalities of epidermal differentiation and ultrastructure in ichthyoses and epidermolyses: pathogenesis, heterogeneity, fetal manifestation, and prenatal diagnosis. J Invest Dermatol. 1983;81:S149–S156.
  • Williams ML, Elias P. Genetically transmitted, generalized disorders of cornification: the ichthyoses. Dermatol Clin. 1987;5(1):155–178.3549075
  • Cheng J, Syder AJ, Yu Q-C, Letal A, Paller AS, Fuchs EJC. The genetic basis of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: a disorder of differentiation-specific epidermal keratin genes. Cell. 1992;70(5):811–819.1381287
  • Ishida-Yamamoto A, McGrath JA, Judge MR, Leigh IM, Lane EB, Eady R. Selective involvement of keratins K1 and K10 in the cytoskeletal abnormality of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma). J Invest Dermatol. 1992;99:1.
  • Chipev CC, Yang J-M, DiGiovanna JJ, et al. Preferential sites in keratin 10 that are mutated in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Am J Hum Genet. 1994;54(2):179.7508181
  • Nishikawa N, Tanizawa Y, Tanaka S, Horiguchi Y, Matsuno H, Asakura T. pH dependence of the coiled-coil structure of keratin intermediate filament in human hair by 13 C NMR spectroscopy and the mechanism of its disruption. Polym J. 1998;30(2):125.
  • Steinert PM, Roop D. Molecular and cellular biology of intermediate filaments. Annu Rev Biochem. 1988;57(1):593–625. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.57.070188.0031133052284
  • Bader B, Jahn L, Franke W. Low level expression of cytokeratins 8, 18 and 19 in vascular smooth muscle cells of human umbilical cord and in cultured cells derived therefrom, with an analysis of the chromosomal locus containing the cytokeratin 19 gene. Eur J Cell Biol. 1988;47(2):300–319.2468493
  • Lessin SR, Huebner K, Isobe M, Croce CM, Steinert P. Chromosomal mapping of human keratin genes: evidence of non-linkage. J Invest Dermatol. 1988;91(6):572–578.2461420
  • Popescu N, Bowden P, DiPaolo J. Two type II keratin genes are localized on human chromosome 12. Hum Genet. 1989;82(2):109–112.2470667
  • Rosenberg M, Fuchs E, Le Beau M, Eddy R, Shows TJC, Research G. Three epidermal and one simple epithelial type II keratin genes map to human chromosome 12. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1991;57(1):33–38. doi:10.1159/0001331091713141
  • Coulombe PA, Fuchs E. Elucidating the early stages of keratin filament assembly. J Cell Biol. 1990;111(1):153–169.1694855
  • Steinert P. The two-chain coiled-coil molecule of native epidermal keratin intermediate filaments is a type I-type II heterodimer. J Biol Chem. 1990;265(15):8766–8774.1692836
  • Fuchs E, Green HJC. Changes in keratin gene expression during terminal differentiation of the keratinocyte. Cell. 1980;19(4):1033–1042.6155214
  • Roop DR, Hawley-Nelson P, Cheng CK, Yuspa S. Keratin gene expression in mouse epidermis and cultured epidermal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983;80(3):716–720.6187003
  • Schweizer J, Kinjo M, Fürstenberger G, Winter HJC. Sequential expression of mRNA-encoded keratin sets in neonatal mouse epidermis: basal cells with properties of terminally differentiating cells. Cell. 1984;37(1):159–170.6202418
  • Woodcock-Mitchell J, Eichner R, Nelson WG, Sun -T-T. Immunolocalization of keratin polypeptides in human epidermis using monoclonal antibodies. J Cell Biol. 1982;95(2):580–588.6183275
  • Anton-Lamprecht I, Schnyder U. Ultrastructure of inborn errors of keratinization. Arch Dermatol Forsch. 1974;250(3):207–227.4607617
  • Holbrook KA, Dale BA, Sybert VP, Sagebiel R. Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: ultrastructure and biochemistry of skin and amniotic fluid cells from two affected fetuses and a newborn infant. J Invest Dermatol. 1983;80(4).
  • Wilgram GF, Caulfield J. An electron microscopic study of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: with a special note on the keratinosome as the fourth structural factor in the formation of the horny layer. Arch Dermatol. 1966;94(2):127–143.5911501
  • Ogawa H, Hattori M, Ishibashi Y. Abnormal fibrous protein isolated from the stratum corneum of a patient with bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (BCIE). Arch Dermatol Res. 1979;266(2):109–116.160775
  • Kanitakis J, Misery L, Nicolas J, et al. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis in a patient with AIDS. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131(2):284–289.7917997
  • Rothnagel JJCOCB. Keratin 5 has also been implicated as the genetic defect in another family affected with EBS (24).  Cellular Organelles, Volume 2 (Principles of Medical Biology). 1992;4:94.
  • Bonifas JJJID. Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: linkage to keratin gene regions on chromosomes 12q and 17q in two families. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;98(573).
  • Chipev CC, Korge BP, Markova N, et al. A leucine→ proline mutation in the H1 subdomain of keratin 1 causes epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Cell. 1992;70(5):821–828.1381288
  • Obu H, Adimora G, Obumneme-Anyim I, Ndu I, Asinobi I. Collodion baby: A report of 4 cases. Niger J Paediatr. 2013;40(3):307–310.
  • Ross R, DiGiovanna JJ, Capaldi L, Argenyi Z, Fleckman P, Robinson-Bostom L. Histopathologic characterization of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: a systematic review of histology from the national registry for ichthyosis and related skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(1):86–90. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.03118571597
  • Güzel AI, Tokmak A, Kara AS, AJBJoM Y, Research M. Harlequin Ichthyosis: case Report of a Rare Type of Ichthyosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2015;5(4):557.
  • Vidyadhar TVVJP. A review on different types of ichthyosis and management. PharmaTutor 2015;3(1):25–31.
  • Küster WJDA. Ichthyosen: vorschläge für eine verbesserte Therapie. Dtsch Ärztebl 2006;103(24):A1684–A1689.
  • Rand RE, Baden H. The ichthyoses—a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983;8(3):285–305.6187784
  • Huber M, Rettler I, Bernasconi K, et al. Mutations of keratinocyte transglutaminase in lamellar ichthyosis. Science. 1995;267(5197):525–528.7824952
  • Frost P, Weinstein GD, Bothwell JW, Wildnauer R. Ichthyosiform dermatoses: III. Studies of transepidermal water loss. Arch Dermatol. 1968;98(3):230–233.5673882
  • COOPER MF W, SHUSTER SJBJoD P, SHUSTER SJBJoD P, Shuster S. Acquired ichthyosis and impaired dermal lipogenesis in Hodgkin‘s disease. Br J Dermatol. 1980;102(6):689–693.7426399
  • Glazebrook A, Tomaszewski W. Syphilology. Ichthyosiform atrophy of the skin in hodgkin‘s disease: report of a case, with reference to vitamin A metabolism. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 1944;50(2):85–89.
  • McCann S, Barry D, Temperley I, Weir D. Ichthyosis and marrow involvement in malignant histiocytosis of the intestine. Br J Haematol. 1981;48(2):281–285.7236527
  • Ronchese F, Gates D. Ichthyosiform atrophy of the skin in Hodgkins disease. N Engl J Med. 1956;255(6):287–289. doi:10.1056/NEJM19560809255060813348855
  • Sneddon IJBMJ. Acquired ichthyosis in Hodgkin‘s disease. J Chronic Dis. 1955;1(4916):763.
  • Stevanović D. Hodgkin‘s disease of the skin: acquired ichthyosis preceding tumoral and ulcerating lesions for seven years. Arch Dermatol. 1960;82(1):96–99.13834518
  • Welsh J, Epstein EJJ. Acquired ichthyosis in Hodgkin‘s disease: report of a case. J Am Med Assoc. 1952;148:1221–1223.14907365
  • Fuchs E, Esteves RA, Coulombe PA. Transgenic mice expressing a mutant keratin 10 gene reveal the likely genetic basis for epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89(15):6906–6910.1379726
  • McLean WI. Genetic disorders of palm skin and nail. J Anat. 2003;202(1):133–141.12587928
  • Fuchs E, Coulombe P, Cheng J, Burks AW. Genetic bases of epidermolysis bullosa simplex and epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1994;103. doi:10.1159/000236606
  • Wolf FT, Frredberg IN, Austen KF. Dermatology in General Medicine. 4ta edición ed. New York: McGraw Inc; 1993.
  • Moll R, Franke WW, Schiller DL, Geiger B, Krepler RJC. The catalog of human cytokeratins. Patterns of Expression in Normal Epithelia, Tumors and Cultured Cells. 1982;31(1):11–24.
  • Nelson WG, Sun -T-T. The 50-and 58-kdalton keratin classes as molecular markers for stratified squamous epithelia: cell culture studies. J Cell Biol. 1983;97(1):244–251.6190820
  • Roop DR, Huitfeldt H, Kilkenny A, Yuspa SHJD. Regulated expression of differentiation-associated keratins in cultured epidermal cells detected by monospecific antibodies to unique peptides of mouse epidermal keratins. Differentiation. 1987;35(2):143–150.2450799
  • Conway JF, Parry D. Intermediate filament structure: 3. Analysis of sequence homologies. J Biol Macromol. 1988;10(2):79–98.
  • Fuchs E, Weber K. Intermediate filaments: structure, dynamics, function and disease. Annu Rev Biochem. 1994;63(1):345–382. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.0020217979242
  • Geisler N, Schünemann J, Weber K. Chemical cross‐linking indicates a staggered and antiparallel protofilament of desmin intermediate filaments and characterizes one higher‐level complex between protofilaments. Eur J Biochem. 1992;206(3):841–852.1606966
  • Steinert PM, Marekov LN, Fraser RB, Parry D. Keratin intermediate filament structure: crosslinking studies yield quantitative information on molecular dimensions and mechanism of assembly. J Mol Biol. 1993;230(2):436–452. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1993.11617681879
  • Vassar R, Coulombe PA, Degenstein L, Albers K, Fuchs EJC. Mutant keratin expression in transgenic mice causes marked abnormalities resembling a human genetic skin disease. Cell. 1991;64(2):365–380.1703046
  • Compton JG, DiGiovanna JJ, Santucci SK, et al. Linkage of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis to the type II keratin gene cluster on chromosome 12q. Nat Genet. 1992;1(4):301.1284546
  • Kimonis V, Yang J-M, Doyle SZ, Bale SJ, Compton JG, DiGiovanna J. A mutation in the V1 end domain of keratin 1 in non-epidermolytic palmar-plantar keratoderma. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;103(6):764–769.7528239
  • Pulkkinen L, Christiano AM, Knowlton RG, Uitto J. Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma). Genetic linkage to chromosome 12q in the region of the type II keratin gene cluster. J Clin Invest. 1993;91(1):357–361.7678607
  • Reis A, Hennies H-C, Langbein L, et al. Keratin 9 gene mutations in epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK). Nat Genet. 1994;6(2):174.7512862
  • Rogaev EI, Rogaeva EA, Ginter EK, et al. Identification of the genetic locus for keratosis palmaris et plantaris on chromosome 17 near the RARA and keratin type I genes. Nat Genet. 1993;5(2):158.7504553
  • Torchard D, Blanchet-Bardon C, Serova O, et al. Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma cosegregates with a keratin 9 mutation in a pedigree with breast and ovarian cancer. Nat Genet. 1994;6(1):106.7511021
  • Huber M, Scaletta C, Benathan M, et al. Abnormal keratin 1 and 10 cytoskeleton in cultured keratinocytes from epidermolytic hyperkeratosis caused by keratin 10 mutations. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102(5):691–694.7513736
  • McLean WI, Eady RA, Dopping-Hepenstal PJ, et al. Mutations in the rod 1A domain of keratins 1 and 10 in Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythoderma (BCIE). J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102(1):24–30.7507152
  • Syder AJ, Yu Q-C, Paller AS, Giudice G, Pearson R, Fuchs E. Genetic mutations in the K1 and K10 genes of patients with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Correlation between location and disease severity. J Clin Invest. 1994;93(4):1533–1542. doi:10.1172/JCI1171327512983
  • Yang J-M, Chipev CC, DiGiovanna JJ, et al. Mutations in the H1 and 1A domains in the keratin 1 gene in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;102(1):17–23.7507151
  • Williams ML, Elias PM. Ichthyosis. Genetic heterogeneity, genodermatoses, and genetic counseling.. Arch Dermatol. 1986;122(5):529–531.3707167
  • Traupe H. The Ichthyoses: A Guide to Clinical Diagnosis, Genetic Counseling, and Therapy. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.
  • Yoneda K. Inherited ichthyosis: syndromic forms. J Dermatol. 2016;43(3):252–263. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.1328426945533
  • Virtanen M, Vahlquist A, Smith SK, Vahlquist A, Bowden PE. Splice site and deletion mutations in keratin (KRT1 and KRT10) genes: unusual phenotypic alterations in Scandinavian patients with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(5):1013–1020. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12534.x14708600
  • Bickenbach JR, Longley MA, Bundman DS, et al. A transgenic mouse model that recapitulates the clinical features of both neonatal and adult forms of the skin disease epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Differentiation. 1996;61(2):129–139. doi:10.1046/j.1432-0436.1996.6120129.x8983179
  • Chen PJ, Li CX, Wen J, et al. S159P mutation of keratin 10 gene causes severe form of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(10):e102–e104. doi:10.1111/jdv.1334526373619
  • Eskin-Schwartz M, Drozhdina M, Sarig O, et al. 381 Epidermolytic ichthyosis sine epidermolysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2016;136(5):S67.
  • Boyden LM, Vincent NG, Zhou J, et al. Mutations in KDSR cause recessive progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma. Am J Human Genet. 2017;100(6):978–984. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.05.00328575652
  • Ohno Y, Kamiyama N, Nakamichi S, Kihara A. PNPLA1 is a transacylase essential for the generation of the skin barrier lipid ω-O-acylceramide. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14610. doi:10.1038/ncomms1461028248318
  • Takeichi T, Nomura T, Takama H, et al. Deficient stratum corneum intercellular lipid in a Japanese patient with lamellar ichthyosis with a homozygous deletion mutation in SDR 9C7. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(3):e62–e64. doi:10.1111/bjd.1531528112794
  • Kutkowska-Kaźmierczak A, Rydzanicz M, Chlebowski A, et al. Dominant ELOVL1 mutation causes neurological disorder with ichthyotic keratoderma, spasticity, hypomyelination and dysmorphic features. J Med Genet. 2018;55(6):408–414. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-10517229496980
  • Terrinoni A, Didona B, Caporali S, et al. Role of the keratin 1 and keratin 10 tails in the pathogenesis of ichthyosis hystrix of Curth Macklin. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195792. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.019579229689068
  • Hirt P, Price A, Alwunais K, Schachner L. An interesting case of coincidental epidermolytic hyperkeratosis and erythema annulare centrifugum in the setting of latent tuberculosis in a 12‐year‐old female. Int J Dermatol. 2019. doi:10.1111/ijd.14339
  • Diociaiuti A, Fortugno P, El Hachem M, et al. Early immunopathological diagnosis of ichthyosis with confetti in two sporadic cases with new mutations in keratin 10. Acta Derm Venereol. 2014;94(5):579–582. doi:10.2340/00015555-179624626314
  • Anton-Lamprecht I, Brenner RJ, Williams LW, Burks AW. Ultrastructural identification of basic abnormalities as clues to genetic disorders of the epidermis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1994;103. doi:10.1159/000236606
  • Elias PM. Ichthyoses: Clinical, Biochemical, Pathogenic and Diagnostic Assessment. Basel, Switzerland: Karger AG; 2010.
  • Lin TK, Crumrine D, Ackerman LD, et al. Cellular changes that accompany shedding of human corneocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(10):2430–2439. doi:10.1038/jid.2012.17322739796
  • Paller AS, van Steensel MAM, Rodriguez-Martín M, et al. PATHOGENESIS-BASED THERAPY REVERSES CUTANEOUS ABNORMALITIES IN AN INHERITED DISORDER OF DISTAL CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(11):2242–2248. doi:10.1038/jid.2011.18921753784
  • Bergman R, Khamaysi Z, Sprecher E. A unique pattern of dyskeratosis characterizes epidermolytic hyperkeratosis and epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2008;30(2):101–105. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e318161489818360110
  • Eckl KM, de Juanes S, Kurtenbach J, et al. Molecular analysis of 250 patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis: evidence for mutation hotspots in ALOXE3 and allelic heterogeneity in ALOX12B. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(6):1421–1428. doi:10.1038/jid.2008.40919131948
  • Fischer J. Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(6):1319–1321. doi:10.1038/jid.2009.5719434086
  • Arnold M-L, Anton-Lamprecht I. Prenatal diagnosis of epidermal disorders In: Prenatal Diagnosis of Heritable Skin Diseases. Vol. 16 Gedde-Dahl Jr T, Wuepper KD, editors. Switzerland: Karger Publishers; 1987:120–128.
  • Baden H. Keratinizing disorders. Genetic Disorders of the Skin. Alper JC, editor. St Louis: Mosby Yearbook; 1991:170–194.
  • Sybert VP, Holbrook K. Prenatal diagnosis and screening. Dermatoligic clinics 1987;5(1):17–41.
  • Williams M. The ichthyoses—pathogenesis and prenatal diagnosis: a review of recent advances. Pediatr Dermatol. 1983;1(1):1–24.6208542
  • Elias S. Use of fetoscopy for the prenatal diagnosis of hereditary skin disorders In: Prenatal Diagnosis of Heritable Skin Diseases. Vol. 16 Basel, Switzerland; Karger Publishers; 1987:1–13.
  • Holbrook KA, Wolff K. The structure and development of skin. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al, editors. Dermatology in general medicine. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1993:159–171.
  • Perry TB, Holbrook KA, Hoff MS, Hamilton EF, Senikas V, Fisher C. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital non‐bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma (lamellar ichthyosis). Prenat Diagn. 1987;7(3):145–155.3588535
  • Richard G. Molecular genetics of the ichthyoses. Am J Med Genet. 2004;131C:32–44. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30032
  • Prashanth Panta C-W-L, Kumar P, Tuan-Shu H, et al. Optical coherence tomography: emerging in vivo optical biopsy technique for oral cancer In: Oral Cancer Detection. Springer Nature; 2018.
  • Kumar P, Cm K. Optical Techniques: Investigations in Oral Cancers. 1 ed. Springer; 2019.
  • Bhattacharjee T, Kumar P, Fillipe L Automated pre-processing and multivariate vibrational spectra analysis software for rapid results in clinical settings. Paper presented at: Optical Biopsy XVI: Toward Real-Time Spectroscopic Imaging and Diagnosis 2018, San Francisco, CA.
  • Kumar P. Raman spectroscopy as a promising noninvasive tool in brain cancer detection. J Innov Opt Health Sci. 2017;10(05):1730012. doi:10.1142/S1793545817300129
  • Kumar P, Bhattacharjee T, Pandey M, Hole AR, Ingle A, Murali Krishna C. Raman spectroscopy in experimental oral carcinogenesis: investigation of abnormal changes in control tissues. J Raman Spectrosc. 2016;47:11. doi:10.1002/jrs.4977
  • Kumar P, Bhattacharjee T, Ingle A, Maru G, Krishna CM. Raman spectroscopy of experimental oral carcinogenesis: study on sequential cancer progression in hamster buccal pouch model. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2016;15(5):NP60–72. doi:10.1177/153303461559862226272064
  • Dalal K, Elanchezhiyan D, Maran VB, et al. Optical, spectroscopic, and Doppler evaluation of “normal” and “abnormal” reflexology areas in lumbar vertebral pathology: a case study. Case Rep Med. 2012;2012:904729. doi:10.1155/2012/90472923365581
  • Sahu A, Yélamos O, Iftimia N, et al. Evaluation of a combined reflectance confocal microscopy–optical coherence tomography device for detection and depth assessment of basal cell carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol. 2018. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.2446
  • Lima AMF, Daniel CR, Navarro RS, et al. Discrimination of non-melanoma skin cancer and keratosis from normal skin tissue in vivo and ex vivo by Raman spectroscopy. Vib Spectrosc. 2019;100:131–141. doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2018.11.009
  • Vahlquist A, Ganemo A, Virtanen M. Congenital ichthyosis: an overview of current and emerging therapies. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88(1):4–14. doi:10.2340/00015555-041518176742
  • Hernandez-Martin A, Aranegui B, Martin-Santiago A, Garcia-Doval I. A systematic review of clinical trials of treatments for the congenital ichthyoses, excluding ichthyosis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(4):544–549.e548. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.05.01723870202
  • Digiovanna JJ, Mauro T, Milstone LM, Schmuth M, Toro JR. Systemic retinoids in the management of ichthyoses and related skin types. Dermatol Ther. 2013;26(1):26–38. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2012.01527.x23384018
  • Tomita Y, Akiyama M, Shimizu H. Stratum corneum hydration and flexibility are useful parameters to indicate clinical severity of congenital ichthyosis. Exp Dermatol. 2005;14(8):619–624. doi:10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00341.x16026584
  • Vahlquist A, Gånemo A, Virtanen M. Congenital ichthyosis: an overview of current and emerging therapies. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88(1):4–14. doi:10.2340/00015555-041518176742
  • Long MC. Ichthyosis with confetti: a rare diagnosis and treatment plan. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;2014:bcr2014204509. doi:10.1136/bcr-2014-204509
  • Lykkesfeldt G, Hyer H. TOPICAL CHOLESTEROL TREATMENT OF RECESSIVE X-LINKED ICHTHYOSIS. Lancet. 1983;322(8363):1337–1338. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(83)91093-0
  • Chamlin SL, Kao J, Frieden IJ, et al. Ceramide-dominant barrier repair lipids alleviate childhood atopic dermatitis: changes in barrier function provide a sensitive indicator of disease activity. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47(2):198–208.12140465
  • Gånemo A, Virtanen M, Vahlquist A. Improved topical treatment of lamellar ichthyosis: a double-blind study of four different cream formulations. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141(6):1027–1032.10606847
  • Kiistala R, Lauharanta J, Kanerva L. Transepidermal water loss and sweat gland response in lamellar ichthyosis before and during treatment with etretinate: report of three cases. Acta Derm Venereol. 1982;62(3):268–270.6179379
  • Stege H, Hofmann B, Ruzicka T, Lehmann P. Topical application of tazarotene in the treatment of nonerythrodermic lamellar ichthyosis. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134(5):640–641.9606345
  • Redondo P, Bauzá A. Topical N-acetylcysteine for lamellar ichthyosis. Lancet. 1999;354(9193):1880. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04245-210584733
  • Sarici SU, Sahin M, Yurdakök M. Topical N-acetylcysteine treatment in neonatal ichthyosis. Turk J Pediatr. 2003;45(3):245–247.14696804
  • Bogenrieder T, Landthaler M, Stolz W. Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma: Safe and Effective Topical Treatment with Calcipotriol Ointment in a Child. Vol. 83 2003.
  • Kerkhof PCM. Biological activity of vitamin D analogues in the skin, with special reference to antipsoriatic mechanisms. Br J Dermatol. 1995;132(5):675–682.7772470
  • Lucker GPH, Kerkhof PCM, Mr DÏJK, Steijlen PM. Effect of topical calcipotriol on congenital ichthyoses. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131(4):546–550.7947208
  • Loden M, Maibach HI. Dry Skin and Moisturizers: Chemistry and Function. Taylor & Francis; 1999.
  • Melnik B, Glück S, Jungblut RM, Goerz G. Retrospective radiographic study of skeletal changes after long-term etretinate therapy. Br J Dermatol. 1987;116(2):207–212.3828215
  • Roos TC, Jugert FK, Merk HF, Bickers DR. Retinoid Metabolism in the Skin. Pharmacol Rev. 1998;50(2):315–333.9647871
  • Steijlen PM, Dooren-Greebe RJ, Kerkhof PCM. Acitretin in the treatment of lamellar ichthyosis. Br J Dermatol. 1994;130(2):211–214.8123574
  • Katsambas AD, Lotti TM, Dessinioti C, D‘Erme AM. European Handbook of Dermatological Treatments. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2015.
  • Virtanen M, Gedde-Dahl T, Mörk JN, Leigh I, Bowden PE, Vahlquist A. Phenotypic/genotypic correlations in patients with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis and the effects of retinoid therapy on keratin expression. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001;81:163-170.
  • McLean WH, Morley SM, Lane EB, et al. Ichthyosis Bullosa of Siemens–A Disease Involving Keratin 2e. J Invest Dermatol. 1994;103(3):277–281.7521371
  • Steijlen PM, Doorkn-Greebe RJ, Happle R, Kerkhof PCM. Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens responds well to low-dosage oral retinoids. Br J Dermatol. 1991;125(5):469–471.1836350
  • Stoppie P, Borgers M, Borghgraef P, et al. R115866 inhibits all-trans -retinoic acid metabolism and exerts retinoidal effects in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000;293(1):304–312.10734183
  • Stern RS. When a uniquely effective drug is teratogenic. Mass Medical Soc. 1989.
  • Fogh K, Voorhees JJ, Astrom A. Expression, purification, and binding properties of human cellular retinoic acid-binding protein type I and type II. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993;300(2):751–755. doi:10.1006/abbi.1993.11048382035
  • Allenby G, Bocquel M-T, Saunders M, et al. Retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors: interactions with endogenous retinoic acids. Proc National Acad Sci. 1993;90(1):30–34. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.1.30
  • Tsukada M, Schröder M, Orfanos CE, et al. 13-cis retinoic acid exerts its specific activity on human sebocytes through selective intracellular isomerization to all-trans retinoic acid and binding to retinoid acid receptors. J Investig Dermatol. 2000;115(2):321–327. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00066.x10951254
  • Dalziel K, Barton S, Marks R. The effects of isotretinoin on follicular and sebaceous gland differentiation. Br J Dermatol. 1987;117(3):317–323.2960370
  • Shwayder T, Ott F. All about ichthyosis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1991;38(4):835–857.1870908
  • Buxman M, Hickman J, Ragsdale W, Stretcher G, Krochmal L, Wehr R. Therapeutic activity of lactate 12% lotion in the treatment of ichthyosis: active versus vehicle and active versus a petrolatum cream. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15(6):1253–1258.3543073