567
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Recent Insight on the Management of Lupus Erythematosus Alopecia

&
Pages 333-347 | Published online: 30 Mar 2021

References

  • Kuhn A, Landmann A, Patsinakidis N, et al. Fumaric acid ester treatment in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE): a prospective, open-label, phase II pilot study. Lupus. 2016;25(12):1357–1364. doi:10.1177/0961203316644335
  • Trüeb RM. Involvement of scalp and nails in lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2010;19(9):1078–1086. doi:10.1177/0961203310373938
  • Wenzel J, Brähler S, Bauer R, Bieber T, Tüting T. Efficacy and safety of methotrexate in recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus: results of a retrospective study in 43 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153(1):157–162. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06552.x
  • Gong Y, Ye Y, Zhao Y, et al. Severe diffuse non-scarring hair loss in systemic lupus erythematosus – clinical and histopathological analysis of four cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(5):651–654. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04388.x
  • Concha JSS, Werth VP. Alopecias in lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2018;5(1):e000291. doi:10.1136/lupus-2018-000291
  • Werth VP, White WL, Sanchez MR, Franks AG. Incidence of alopecia areata in lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol. 1992;128(3):368–371. doi:10.1001/archderm.1992.01680130082010
  • Yun SJ, Lee JW, Yoon HJ, et al. Cross-sectional study of hair loss patterns in 122 Korean systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a frequent finding of non-scarring patch alopecia. J Dermatol. 2007;34(7):451–455. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2007.00309.x
  • Chanprapaph K, Udompanich S, Visessiri Y, Ngamjanyaporn P, Suchonwanit P. Nonscarring alopecia in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study with trichoscopic, histopathologic, and immunopathologic analyses. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(6):1319–1329. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.05.053
  • Maeshima K, Shibata H. Efficacy of JAK 1/2 inhibition in the treatment of diffuse non-scarring alopecia due to systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(5):674–675. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216571
  • Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcón GS, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2677–2686. doi:10.1002/art.34473
  • Bolduc C, Sperling LC, Shapiro J. Primary cicatricial alopecia: lymphocytic primary cicatricial alopecias, including chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, frontal fibrosing alopecia, and Graham-Little syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75(6):1081–1099.
  • Hamilton T, Otberg N, Wu WY, Martinka M, Shapiro J. Successful hair re-growth with multimodal treatment of early cicatricial alopecia in discoid lupus erythematosus. Acta Derm Venereol. 2009;89(4):417–418. doi:10.2340/00015555-0643
  • Milam EC, Ramachandran S, Franks AG Jr. Treatment of scarring alopecia in discoid variant of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus with tacrolimus lotion, 0.3. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(10):1113–1116. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.1349
  • Chung HJ, Goldberg LJ. Histologic features of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus of the scalp using horizontal sectioning: emphasis on follicular findings. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(2):349–355. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.039
  • Diaz A, Miteva M. Pigmented lesions on the scalp in a healthy woman. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(7):e231–e233. doi:10.1111/ijd.14714
  • Olivry T, Linder KE, Banovic F. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus in dogs: a comprehensive review. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14(1):132. doi:10.1186/s12917-018-1446-8
  • Elman SA, Joyce C, Braudis K, et al. Creation and validation of classification criteria for discoid lupus erythematosus. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156(8):901–906. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.1698
  • Cervantes J, Hafeez F, Miteva M. Blue-white veil as novel dermatoscopic feature in discoid lupus erythematosus in 2 African-American patients. Skin Appendage Disord. 2017;3(4):211–214. doi:10.1159/000477354
  • Estrada BD, Tamler C, Sodré CT, Barcaui CB, Pereira FB. Dermoscopy patterns of cicatricial alopecia resulting from discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planopilaris. An Bras Dermatol. 2010;85(2):179–183. doi:10.1590/s0365-05962010000200008
  • Kossard S. Lupus panniculitis clinically simulating alopecia areata. Australas J Dermatol. 2002;43(3):221–223. doi:10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00601.x
  • Udompanich S, Chanprapaph K, Suchonwanit P. Hair and scalp changes in cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018;19(5):679–694. doi:10.1007/s40257-018-0363-8
  • Ye Y, Zhao Y, Gong Y, et al. Non-scarring patchy alopecia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus differs from that of alopecia areata. Lupus. 2013;22(14):1439–1445. doi:10.1177/0961203313508833
  • Suchonwanit P, Udompanich S, Thadanipon K, Chanprapaph K. Trichoscopic signs in systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparative study with 109 patients and 305 healthy controls. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(4):774–780. doi:10.1111/jdv.15421
  • Mubki T, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M, Shapiro J. Evaluation and diagnosis of the hair loss patient: part I. History and clinical examination. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(3):415.e411–415.e415. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.070
  • Rai VM, Balachandran C. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) presenting in childhood. Dermatol Online J. 2005;11(2):27.
  • Hoverson K, Jarell AD, Wohltmann WE. Lupus erythematosus tumidus of the scalp masquerading as alopecia areata. Cutis. 2017;99(2):E22–E24.
  • Singh AH, Werth VP. Alopecia associated with papulonodular mucinosis (tumid) lesions of lupus erythematosus. J Clin Rheumatol. 1997;3(6):343–345. doi:10.1097/00124743-199712000-00008
  • Chen YA, Hsu CK, Lee JY, Yang CC. Linear lupus panniculitis of the scalp presenting as alopecia along Blaschko’s lines: a distinct variant of lupus panniculitis in East Asians? J Dermatol. 2012;39(4):385–388. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01455.x
  • Grossberg E, Scherschun L, Fivenson DP. Lupus profundus: not a benign disease. Lupus. 2001;10(7):514–516. doi:10.1191/096120301678416105
  • Lueangarun S, Subpayasarn U, Tempark T. Distinctive lupus panniculitis of scalp with linear alopecia along Blaschko’s lines: a review of the literature. Int J Dermatol. 2019;58(2):144–150. doi:10.1111/ijd.14155
  • Goldberg LJ, Sekhri V, Bhawan J. Dermal mucin in alopecia areata–tell tale sign or incidental finding? J Cutan Pathol. 2008;35(8):757–760. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00875.x
  • Fairley JL, Oon S, Saracino AM, Nikpour M. Management of cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(1):95–127. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.07.010
  • Jessop S, Whitelaw DA, Grainge MJ, Jayasekera P. Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5(5):Cd002954. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002954.pub3
  • Albrecht J, Taylor L, Berlin JA, et al. The CLASI (Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index): an outcome instrument for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125(5):889–894. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23889.x
  • Ismail FF, Meah N, Sinclair R. Reversibility of alopecia caused by chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Int J Dermatol. 2020;59(12):e437–e438. doi:10.1111/ijd.15148
  • Kuhn A, Aberer E, Bata-Csörgő Z, et al. S2k guideline for treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus – guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(3):389–404. doi:10.1111/jdv.14053
  • Garza-Mayers AC, McClurkin M, Smith GP. Review of treatment for discoid lupus erythematosus. Dermatol Ther. 2016;29(4):274–283. doi:10.1111/dth.12358
  • Zahn S, Graef M, Patsinakidis N, et al. Ultraviolet light protection by a sunscreen prevents interferon-driven skin inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Exp Dermatol. 2014;23(7):516–518. doi:10.1111/exd.12428
  • Miot HA, Miot LDB, Haddad GR. Association between discoid lupus erythematosus and cigarette smoking. Dermatology. 2005;211(2):118–122. doi:10.1159/000086440
  • Piette EW, Foering KP, Chang AY, et al. Impact of smoking in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(3):317–322. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2011.342
  • Chasset F, Francès C, Barete S, Amoura Z, Arnaud L. Influence of smoking on the efficacy of antimalarials in cutaneous lupus: a meta-analysis of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(4):634–639. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.12.025
  • Chasset F, Tounsi T, Cesbron E, Barbaud A, Francès C, Arnaud L. Efficacy and tolerance profile of thalidomide in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(2):342–350.e344. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.09.059
  • Chasset F, Francès C. Current concepts and future approaches in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive review. Drugs. 2019;79(11):1199–1215. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01151-8
  • Bacanli A, Uzun S, Ciftcioglu MA, Alpsoy E. A case of lupus erythematosus profundus with unusual manifestations. Lupus. 2005;14(5):403–405. doi:10.1191/0961203305lu2088cr
  • Kindle SA, Wetter DA, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Sciallis GF. Lenalidomide treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: the Mayo Clinic experience. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(8):e431–e439. doi:10.1111/ijd.13226
  • Klein A, Vogt T, Wenzel SM, Fleck M, Landthaler M. Cyclosporin combined with methotrexate in two patients with recalcitrant subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Australas J Dermatol. 2011;52(1):43–47. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.2010.00689.x
  • Kuhn A, Patsinakidis N, Luger T. Alitretinoin for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(3):e123–e126. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.10.030
  • Park KY, Lee JW, Li K, Seo SJ, Hong CK. Treatment of refractory discoid lupus erythematosus using 1064-nm long-pulse neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Dermatol Surg. 2011;37(7):1055–1056. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02019.x
  • Tenti S, Fabbroni M, Mancini V, Russo F, Galeazzi M, Fioravanti A. Intravenous immunoglobulins as a new opportunity to treat discoid lupus erythematosus: a case report and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(8):791–795. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2018.02.010
  • Cortés-Hernández J, Ávila G, Vilardell-Tarrés M, Ordi-Ros J. Efficacy and safety of lenalidomide for refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(6):R265. doi:10.1186/ar4111
  • Tan E, Martinka M, Ball N, Shapiro J. Primary cicatricial alopecias: clinicopathology of 112 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50(1):25–32. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2003.04.001
  • Yokogawa N, Eto H, Tanikawa A, et al. Effects of hydroxychloroquine in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(4):791–799. doi:10.1002/art.40018
  • Dörner T. Therapy: hydroxychloroquine in SLE: old drug, new perspectives. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(1):10–11. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2009.235
  • Pons-Estel GJ, Alarcón GS, González LA, et al. Possible protective effect of hydroxychloroquine on delaying the occurrence of integument damage in lupus: LXXI, data from a multiethnic cohort. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(3):393–400. doi:10.1002/acr.20097
  • Wahie S, Meggitt SJ. Long-term response to hydroxychloroquine in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(3):653–659. doi:10.1111/bjd.12378
  • Chang AY, Piette EW, Foering KP, Tenhave TR, Okawa J, Werth VP. Response to antimalarial agents in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a prospective analysis. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(11):1261–1267. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2011.191
  • Igari S, Yamamoto T. Dramatic effect of hydroxychloroquine on lupus alopecia. J Dermatol. 2018;45(2):194–197. doi:10.1111/1346-8138.14069
  • Lehrhoff S, Tzu J, Patel R, Sanchez M, Franks AG Jr. Lupus erythematosus tumidus with discoid lupus erythematosus-induced alopecia of the scalp. Dermatol Online J. 2011;17(10):24.
  • Tran B, Yazdani Abyaneh MA, Wu J. Rapid response to treatment with thalidomide in an adolescent with generalized discoid lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020;37(1):244–245. doi:10.1111/pde.14067
  • Ding HJ, Denniston AK, Rao VK, Gordon C. Hydroxychloroquine-related retinal toxicity. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(6):957–967. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev357
  • Avgerinou G, Papafragkaki DK, Nasiopoulou A, Arapaki A, Katsambas A, Stavropoulos PG. Effectiveness of topical calcineurin inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with hydroxychloroquine in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(6):762–767. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04161.x
  • Barikbin B, Givrad S, Yousefi M, Eskandari F. Pimecrolimus 1% cream versus betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1% cream in the treatment of facial discoid lupus erythematosus: a double-blind, randomized pilot study. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(7):776–780. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.03138.x
  • Kuhn A, Gensch K, Haust M, et al. Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(1):54–64, 64.e51–e52. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.03.037
  • de la Rosa Carrillo D, Christensen OB. Treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus with topical tacrolimus. Acta Derm Venereol. 2004;84(3):233–234. doi:10.1080/00015550310007698
  • Company-Quiroga J, Alique-García S, Romero-Maté A. Current insights into the management of discoid lupus erythematosus. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019;12:721–732. doi:10.2147/CCID.S184824
  • Jemec GB, Ullman S, Goodfield M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of R-salbutamol for topical treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161(6):1365–1370. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09330.x
  • Wulf HC, Ullman S. Discoid and subacute lupus erythematosus treated with 0.5% R-salbutamol cream. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(12):1589–1590. doi:10.1001/archderm.143.12.1589
  • Edwards KR, Burke WA. Treatment of localized discoid lupus erythematosus with tazarotene. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;41(6):1049–1050. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70278-1
  • Terao M, Matsui S, Katayama I. Two cases of refractory discoid lupus erythematosus successfully treated with topical tocoretinate. Dermatol Online J. 2011;17(4):15.
  • D’Erme AM, Milanesi N, Difonzo EM, Lotti T, Gola M. Treatment of refractory subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with oral isotretinoin: a valid therapeutic option. Dermatol Ther. 2012;25(3):281–282. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2012.01461.x
  • Ruzicka T, Sommerburg C, Goerz G, Kind P, Mensing H. Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus with acitretin and hydroxychloroquine. Br J Dermatol. 1992;127(5):513–518. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb14851.x
  • Narang T, Sharma M, Gulati N, Kaur A. Extensive hypertrophic lupus erythematosus: atypical presentation. Indian J Dermatol. 2012;57(6):504.
  • Shornick JK, Formica N, Parke AL. Isotretinoin for refractory lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24(1):49–52. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(91)70008-P
  • Fruchter R, Kurtzman DJB, Patel M, et al. Characteristics and alternative treatment outcomes of antimalarial-refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(9):937–939. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.1160
  • Islam MN, Hossain M, Haq SA, Alam MN, Ten Klooster PM, Rasker JJ. Efficacy and safety of methotrexate in articular and cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Rheum Dis. 2012;15(1):62–68. doi:10.1111/j.1756-185X.2011.01665.x
  • Klebes M, Wutte N, Aberer E. Dapsone as second-line treatment for cutaneous lupus erythematosus? A retrospective analysis of 34 patients and a review of the literature. Dermatology. 2016;232(1):91–96. doi:10.1159/000441054
  • Fernandez-Flores A, Hermosa-Gelbard A, Pérez A, Bello JA, Cabo F. Scarring alopecia in chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus with neutrophils: a new scenario with therapeutic connotations. J Cutan Pathol. 2020;47(10):976–982. doi:10.1111/cup.13764
  • Gammon B, Hansen C, Costner MI. Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in antimalarial-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(4):717–721.e712. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.08.011
  • Goyal S, Nousari HC. Treatment of resistant discoid lupus erythematosus of the palms and soles with mycophenolate mofetil. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(1):142–144. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.114297
  • Kreuter A, Tomi NS, Weiner SM, Huger M, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. Mycophenolate sodium for subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus resistant to standard therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(6):1321–1327. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07826.x
  • Pisoni CN, Obermoser G, Cuadrado MJ, et al. Skin manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus refractory to multiple treatment modalities: poor results with mycophenolate mofetil. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005;23(3):393–396.
  • Cortés-Hernández J, Torres-Salido M, Castro-Marrero J, Vilardell-Tarres M, Ordi-Ros J. Thalidomide in the treatment of refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus: prognostic factors of clinical outcome. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(3):616–623. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10693.x
  • Baret I, De Haes P. Thalidomide: still an important second-line treatment in refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus? J Dermatolog Treat. 2015;26(2):173–177. doi:10.3109/09546634.2014.906036
  • Okon L, Rosenbach M, Krathen M, et al. Lenalidomide in treatment-refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus: efficacy and safety in a 52-week trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(3):583–584. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.11.007
  • Aitmehdi R, Arnaud L, Francès C, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety outcomes of lenalidomide for cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a multicenter retrospective observational study of 40 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.11.014
  • Wu EY, Schanberg LE, Wershba EC, Rabinovich CE. Lenalidomide for refractory cutaneous manifestations of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2017;26(6):646–649. doi:10.1177/0961203316676377
  • Kuhn A, Landmann A, Bonsmann G. Fumaric acid esters: a new therapeutic option for skin manifestations in lupus erythematosus? Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(2):301–302. doi:10.1111/bjd.14938
  • Saracino AM, Orteu CH. Severe recalcitrant cutaneous manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus successfully treated with fumaric acid esters. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(2):472–480. doi:10.1111/bjd.14698
  • De Souza A, Strober BE, Merola JF, Oliver S, Franks AG Jr. Apremilast for discoid lupus erythematosus: results of a Phase 2, open-label, single-arm, pilot study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(10):1224–1226.
  • Callen JP, Spencer LV, Burruss JB, Holtman J. Azathioprine: an effective, corticosteroid-sparing therapy for patients with recalcitrant cutaneous lupus erythematosus or with recalcitrant cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127(4):515–522. doi:10.1001/archderm.1991.04510010083008
  • Yell JA, Burge SM. Cyclosporin and discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131(1):132–133. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08471.x
  • Lampropoulos CE, Hughes GR, D’Cruz DP. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of resistant subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a possible alternative. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26(6):981–983. doi:10.1007/s10067-006-0222-5
  • Ky C, Swasdibutra B, Khademi S, Desai S, Laquer V, Grando SA. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin monotherapy in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus: results of Proof-of-Concept Study. Dermatol Rep. 2015;7(1):5804. doi:10.4081/dr.2015.5804
  • Wallace DJ, Furie RA, Tanaka Y, et al. Baricitinib for systemic lupus erythematosus: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2018;392(10143):222–231. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31363-1
  • Yuan K, Huang G, Sang X, Xu A. Baricitinib for systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet. 2019;393(10170):402. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32763-6
  • Iaccarino L, Andreoli L, Bocci EB, et al. Clinical predictors of response and discontinuation of belimumab in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in real life setting. Results of a large, multicentric, nationwide study. J Autoimmun. 2018;86:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2017.09.004
  • Wenzel J, Landmann A, Vorwerk G, Kuhn A. High expression of B lymphocyte stimulator in lesional keratinocytes of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Exp Dermatol. 2018;27(1):95–97. doi:10.1111/exd.13419
  • Manzi S, Sánchez-Guerrero J, Merrill JT, et al. Effects of belimumab, a B lymphocyte stimulator-specific inhibitor, on disease activity across multiple organ domains in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: combined results from two phase III trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(11):1833–1838. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200831
  • Vashisht P, Borghoff K, O’Dell JR, Hearth-Holmes M. Belimumab for the treatment of recalcitrant cutaneous lupus. Lupus. 2017;26(8):857–864. doi:10.1177/0961203316682097
  • Quelhas da Costa R, Aguirre-Alastuey ME, Isenberg DA, Saracino AM. Assessment of response to B-cell depletion using rituximab in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(12):1432–1440. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3793
  • Vital EM, Wittmann M, Edward S, et al. Brief report: responses to rituximab suggest B cell-independent inflammation in cutaneous systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(6):1586–1591. doi:10.1002/art.39085
  • van Vollenhoven RF, Hahn BH, Tsokos GC, et al. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, an IL-12 and IL-23 inhibitor, in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a multicentre, double-blind, phase 2, randomised, controlled study. Lancet. 2018;392(10155):1330–1339. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32167-6
  • Dahl C, Johansen C, Kragballe K, Olesen AB. Ustekinumab in the treatment of refractory chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a case report. Acta Derm Venereol. 2013;93(3):368–369. doi:10.2340/00015555-1467
  • De Souza A, Ali-Shaw T, Strober BE, Franks AG Jr. Successful treatment of subacute lupus erythematosus with ustekinumab. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(8):896–898. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2011.185
  • Romero-Maté A, García-Donoso C, Hernández-Núñez A, Martínez-Morán C, Moreno-Torres A, Borbujo-Martínez J. Successful treatment of recalcitrant discoid lupus erythematosus with ustekinumab. Dermatol Online J. 2017;23(1).
  • Varada S, Gottlieb AB, Merola JF, Saraiya AR, Tintle SJ. Treatment of coexistent psoriasis and lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(2):253–260. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.10.038
  • Tanasescu C, Balanescu E, Balanescu P, et al. IL-17 in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Eur J Intern Med. 2010;21(3):202–207. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2010.03.004
  • Furie R, Werth VP, Merola JF, et al. Monoclonal antibody targeting BDCA2 ameliorates skin lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(3):1359–1371. doi:10.1172/JCI124466
  • Furie R, Khamashta M, Merrill JT, et al. Anifrolumab, an anti-interferon-α receptor monoclonal antibody, in moderate-to-severe systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(2):376–386. doi:10.1002/art.39962
  • Merrill JT, Furie R, Werth VP, et al. Anifrolumab effects on rash and arthritis: impact of the type I interferon gene signature in the phase IIb MUSE study in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2018;5(1):e000284. doi:10.1136/lupus-2018-000284
  • Khamashta M, Merrill JT, Werth VP, et al. Sifalimumab, an anti-interferon-α monoclonal antibody, in moderate to severe systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(11):1909–1916. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208562
  • Werth VP, Fiorentino D, Sullivan BA, et al. Brief report: pharmacodynamics, safety, and clinical efficacy of AMG 811, a human anti-interferon-γ antibody, in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(5):1028–1034. doi:10.1002/art.40052
  • Brauer JA, Gordon Spratt EA, Geronemus RG. Laser therapy in the treatment of connective tissue diseases: a review. Dermatol Surg. 2014;40(1):1–13. doi:10.1111/dsu.12339
  • Byun YS, Son JH, Cho YS, et al. Intense pulsed light and Q-Switched 1064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser treatment for the scarring lesion of discoid lupus erythematosus. Ann Dermatol. 2017;29(3):331–333. doi:10.5021/ad.2017.29.3.331
  • Ekbäck MP, Troilius A. Laser therapy for refractory discoid lupus erythematosus when everything else has failed. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2013;15(5):260–265. doi:10.3109/14764172.2013.787802
  • Erceg A, Bovenschen HJ, van de Kerkhof PC, de Jong EM, Seyger MM. Efficacy and safety of pulsed dye laser treatment for cutaneous discoid lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60(4):626–632. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.11.904
  • Rerknimitr P, Tekacharin N, Panchaprateep R, et al. Pulsed-dye laser as an adjuvant treatment for discoid lupus erythematosus: a randomized, controlled trial. J Dermatolog Treat. 2019;30(1):81–86. doi:10.1080/09546634.2018.1468063
  • Truchuelo MT, Boixeda P, Alcántara J, Moreno C, de Las Heras E, Olasolo PJ. Pulsed dye laser as an excellent choice of treatment for lupus tumidus: a prospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26(10):1272–1279. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04281.x
  • Ekelem C, Pham C, Atanaskova Mesinkovska N. A systematic review of the outcome of hair transplantation in primary scarring alopecia. Skin Appendage Disord. 2019;5(2):65–71. doi:10.1159/000492539
  • Nordström RE. Hair transplantation. The use of hairbearing compound grafts for correction of alopecia due to chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, traumatic alopecia, and male pattern baldness. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Suppl. 1976;14:1–37.