Pediatric dental sedation: challenges and opportunities

References

• SheihamADental caries affects body weight, growth and quality of life in pre-schoolBr Dent J200620162562617128231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BergJSlaytonREarly Childhood Oral Health1st edHoboken, NJ, USAWiley–Blackwell2009
   Google Scholar
• EdelsteinBVargasCCandelariaDVemuriMExperience and policy implications of children presenting with dental emergencies to US pediatric dentistry training programsPediatr Dent20062843143717036709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LockerDLiddellADempsterLShapiroDAge of onset of dental anxietyJ Dent Res19997879079610096455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MilgromPNewtonJTBoyleCHeatonLJDonaldsonNThe effects of dental anxiety and irregular attendance on referral for dental treatment under sedation within the National Health Service in LondonCommunity Dent Oral Epidemiol20103845345920545723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MilgromPFisetLMelnickSWeinsteinPThe prevalence and practice management consequences of dental fear in a major US cityJ Am Dent Assoc19881166416473164029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilsonSPharmacological management of the pediatric dental patientPediatr Dent20042613113615132275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CasamassimoPSWilsonSGrossLEffects of changing US parenting styles on dental practice: perceptions of diplomates of the American Board of Pediatric Dentistry presented to the College of Diplomates of the American Board of Pediatric Dentistry 16th Annual Session, Atlanta, Ga, Saturday, May 26, 2001Pediatr Dent200224182211874053
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KasteLMDruryTFHorowitzAMBeltranEAn evaluation of NHANES III estimates of early childhood cariesJ Public Health Dent19995919820010649592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DyeBATanSSmithVTrends in oral health status: United States, 1988–1994 and 1999–2004Vital Health Stat 112007192
   Google Scholar
• EdelsteinBLDouglassCWDispelling the myth that 50 percent of US schoolchildren have never had a cavityPublic Health Rep19951105225307480606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilkinsonGRDrug metabolism and variability among patients in drug responseN Engl J Med20053522211222115917386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelsonTNelsonGThe role of sedation in contemporary pediatric dentistryDent Clin North Am20135714516123174615
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare OrganizationsRevisions to anesthesia care standards. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Ambulatory Care2012 Available from http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jointcommission.org%2Fassets%2F1%2F18%2F2011_ahc_hdbk.pdf&ei=MyWgVY3nPNb6oQSX85CQCw&usg=AFQjCNFLGu_ST4go7xbcMEW5IFXnwP3U_w&sig2=JBHPPDxeRDJ0AomJjRNvRQ&bvm=bv.97653015,d.cGU
   Google Scholar
• Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare OrganizationsComprehensive Accreditation Manual for HospitalsOakbrook, IL, USAJoint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations2000
   Google Scholar
• American Academy on Pediatrics; American Academy on Pediatric DentistryGuideline for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic proceduresPediatr Dent20083014315919216414
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CoteCJNottermanDAKarlHWWeinbergJAMcCloskeyCAdverse sedation events in pediatrics: a critical incident analysis of contributing factorsPediatrics200010580581410742324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChickaMCDemboJBMathu-MujuKRNashDABushHMAdverse events during pediatric dental anesthesia and sedation: a review ofPediatr Dent20123423123822795157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CostaLRCostaPSBrasileiroSVBendoCBViegasCMPaivaSMPost-discharge adverse events following pediatric sedation with high doses of oral medicationJ Pediatr201216080781322133425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CraveroJPBlikeGTBeachMIncidence and nature of adverse events during pediatric sedation/anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room: report from the Pediatric Sedation Research ConsortiumPediatrics20061181087109616951002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeHHMilgromPStarksHBurkeWTrends in death associated with pediatric dental sedation and general anesthesiaPaediatr Anaesth20132374174623763673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CraveroJPBlikeGTPediatric anesthesia in the nonoperating room settingCurr Opin Anaesthesiol20061944344916829729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Committee on DrugsAmerican Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: addendumPediatrics200211083683812359805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• No authors listedAmerican Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs: Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic proceduresPediatrics199289111011151594358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeaverJThe latest ASA mandate: CO(2) monitoring for moderate and deep sedationAnesth Prog20115811111221882985
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Dental AssociationGuidelines for the use of sedation and general anesthesia by dentists2012 Available from: http://www.ada.org/∼/media/ADA/About%20the%20ADA/Files/anesthesia_use_guidelines.ashxAccessed June 19, 2015
   Google Scholar
• LaPointeLGuelmannMPrimoschRState regulations governing oral sedation in dental practicePediatr Dent20123448949223265167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChopraRMittalMBansalKChaudhuriPBuccal midazolam spray as an alternative to intranasal route for conscious sedation in pediatric dentistryJ Clin Pediatr Dent20133817117324683783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrimoschREGuelmannMComparison of drops versus spray administration of intranasal midazolam in two- and three-year-old children for dental sedationPediatr Dent20052740140816435641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BahetwarSKPandeyRKSaksenaAKChandraGA comparative evaluation of intranasal midazolam, ketamine and their combination for sedation of young uncooperative pediatric dental patients: a triple blind randomized crossover trialJ Clin Pediatr Dent20113541542022046702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PrimoschREBenderFFactors associated with administration route when using midazolam for pediatric conscious sedationASDC J Dent Child20016823323811862873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-RakafHBelloLLTurkustaniAAdenubiJOIntra-nasal midazolam in conscious sedation of young paediatric dental patientsInt J Paediatr Dent200111334011309871
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HartgravesPMPrimoschREAn evaluation of oral and nasal midazolam for pediatric dental sedationASDC J Dent Child1994611751818089345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FukutaOBrahamRLYanaseHKurosuKThe sedative effects of intranasal midazolam administration in the dental treatment of patients with mental disabilities. Part 2: optimal concentration of intranasal midazolamJ Clin Pediatr Dent1994182592657811656
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FukutaOBrahamRLYanaseHAtsumiNKurosuKThe sedative effect of intranasal midazolam administration in the dental treatment of patients with mental disabilities. Part 1. The effect of a 0.2 mg/kg doseJ Clin Pediatr Dent1993172312378217888
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FuksABKaufmanERamDHovavSShapiraJAssessment of two doses of intranasal midazolam for sedation of young pediatric dental patientsPediatr Dent1994163013057937264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ChopraRMarwahaMAssessment of buccal aerosolized midazolam for pediatric conscious sedationJ Investig Clin Dent201564044
   Google Scholar
• SchwagmeierRAlincicSStriebelHWMidazolam pharmacokinetics following intravenous and buccal administrationBr J Clin Pharmacol1998462032069764959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KleinEJBrownJCKobayashiAOsincupDSeidelKA randomized clinical trial comparing oral, aerosolized intranasal, and aerosolized buccal midazolamAnn Emerg Med20115832332921689865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavassoli-HojjatiSMehranMHaghgooRTohid-RahbariMAhmadiRComparison of oral and buccal midazolam for pediatric dental sedation: a randomized, cross-over, clinical trial for efficacy, acceptance and safetyIran J Pediatr20142419820625535540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SunbulNDelviMBZahraniTASalamaFBuccal versus intranasal midazolam sedation for pediatric dental patientsPediatr Dent20143648348825514077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MasonKPSedation trends in the 21st century: the transition to dexmedetomidine for radiological imaging studiesPaediatr Anaesth20102026527220015137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMorrowSPAbramoTJDexmedetomidine sedation: uses in pediatric procedural sedation outside the operating roomPediatr Emerg Care20122829229622391930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HittJMCorcoranTMichienziKCreightonPHeardCAn evaluation of intranasal sufentanil and dexmedetomidine for pediatric dental sedationPharmaceutics2014617518424662315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CimenZSHanciASivrikayaGUKilincLTErolMKComparison of buccal and nasal dexmedetomidine premedication for pediatric patientsPaediatr Anaesth20132313413822985207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZubDBerkenboschJWTobiasJDPreliminary experience with oral dexmedetomidine for procedural and anesthetic premedicationPaediatr Anaesth20051593293816238552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CooperJBNewbowerRSKitzRJAn analysis of major errors and equipment failures in anesthesia management: considerations for prevention and detectionAnesthesiology19846034426691595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GabaDMHuman error in anesthetic mishapsInt Anesthesiol Clin1989271371472670768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoffmanGMNowakowskiRTroshynskiTJBerensRJWeismanSJRisk reduction in pediatric procedural sedation by application of an American Academy of Pediatrics/American Society of Anesthesiologists process modelPediatrics200210923624311826201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MasonKPGreenSMPiacevoliQAdverse event reporting tool to standardize the reporting and tracking of adverse events during procedural sedation: a consensus document from the World SIVA International Sedation Task ForceBr J Anaesth2012108132022157446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShannonMAlbersGBurkhartKSafety and efficacy of flumazenil in the reversal of benzodiazepine-induced conscious sedation. The Flumazenil Pediatric Study GroupJ Pediatr19971315825869386663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RamaiahRBhanankerSPediatric procedural sedation and analgesia outside the operating room: anticipating, avoiding and managing complicationsExpert Rev Neurother20111175576321539491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GrunwellJRMcCrackenCFortenberryJStockwellJKamatPRisk factors leading to failed procedural sedation in children outside the operating roomPediatr Emerg Care20143038138724849275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OgdenCLCarrollMDKitBKFlegalKMPrevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999–2010JAMA201230748349022253364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NafiuOOReynoldsPIBamgbadeOATremperKKWelchKKasa-VubuJZChildhood body mass index and perioperative complicationsPaediatr Anaesth20071742643017474948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TanHLGozalDKheirandish-GozalLObstructive sleep apnea in children: a critical updateNat Sci Sleep2013510912324109201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KendrickJGCarrRREnsomMHPharmacokinetics and drug dosing in obese childrenJ Pediatr Pharmacol Ther2010159410922477800
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IngrandeJBrodskyJBLemmensHJLean body weight scalar for the anesthetic induction dose of propofol in morbidly obese subjectsAnesth Analg2011113576220861415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IngrandeJLemmensHJDose adjustment of anaesthetics in the morbidly obeseBr J Anaesth2010105Suppl 1i16i2321148651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CallaghanLCWalkerJDAn aid to drug dosing safety in obese children: development of a new nomogram and comparison with existing methods for estimation of ideal body weight and lean body massAnaesthesia20157017618225289986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartinezDWilsonSChildren sedated for dental care: a pilot study of the 24-hour postsedation periodPediatr Dent20062826026416805359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DosaniFZFlaitzCMWhitmireHCJrVanceBJHillJRPostdischarge events occurring after pediatric sedation for dentistryPediatr Dent20143641141625303509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CoteCJDischarge criteria for children sedated by nonanesthesiologists: is “safe” really safe enough?Anesthesiology200410020720914739788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalviyaSVoepel-LewisTLudomirskyAMarshallJTaitARCan we improve the assessment of discharge readiness?: a comparative study of observational and objective measures of depth of sedation in childrenAnesthesiology200410021822414739792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TobinCDClarkCAMcEvoyMDAn approach to moderate sedation simulation trainingSimul Healthc2013811412323299051
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TanGMA medical crisis management simulation activity for pediatric dental residents and assistantsJ Dent Educ20117578279021642524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShavitIKeidanIHoffmannYEnhancing patient safety during pediatric sedation: the impact of simulation-based training of non-anesthesiologistsArch Pediatr Adolesc Med200716174074317679654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StratmannGReview article: Neurotoxicity of anesthetic drugs in the developing brainAnesth Analg20111131170117921965351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SunLEarly childhood general anaesthesia exposure and neurocognitive developmentBr J Anaesth2010105Suppl 1i61i6821148656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoepkeAWSorianoSGAn assessment of the effects of general anesthetics on developing brain structure and neurocognitive functionAnesth Analg20081061681170718499597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jevtovic-TodorovicVHartmanREIzumiYEarly exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficitsJ Neurosci20032387688212574416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SlikkerWJrZouXHotchkissCEKetamine-induced neuronal cell death in the perinatal rhesus monkeyToxicol Sci20079814515817426105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CreeleyCDikranianKDissenGMartinLOlneyJBrambrinkAPropofol-induced apoptosis of neurones and oligodendrocytes in fetal and neonatal rhesus macaque brainBr J Anaesth2013110Suppl 1i29i3823722059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrambrinkAMEversASAvidanMSIsoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in the neonatal rhesus macaque brainAnesthesiology201011283484120234312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SunLSLiGDimaggioCAnesthesia and neurodevelopment in children: time for an answer?Anesthesiology200810975776118946281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMaggioCSunLSKakavouliAByrneMWLiGA retrospective cohort study of the association of anesthesia and hernia repair surgery with behavioral and developmental disorders in young childrenJ Neurosurg Anesthesiol20092128629119955889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMaggioCSunLSLiGEarly childhood exposure to anesthesia and risk of developmental and behavioral disorders in a sibling birth cohortAnesth Analg20111131143115121415431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FlickRPKatusicSKColliganRCCognitive and behavioral outcomes after early exposure to anesthesia and surgeryPediatrics2011128e1053e106121969289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SprungJFlickRPKatusicSKAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder after early exposure to procedures requiring general anesthesiaMayo Clin Proc20128712012922305025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jevtovic-TodorovicVPediatric anesthesia neurotoxicity: an overview of the 2011 SmartTots panelAnesth Analg201111396596822021791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lourenco-MatharuLAshleyPFFurnessSSedation of children undergoing dental treatmentCochrane Database Syst Rev20123CD00387722419289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LocharyMEWilsonSGriffenALCouryDLTemperament as a predictor of behavior for conscious sedation in dentistryPediatr Dent1993153483528302673
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FranklSShiereFFogelsHShould the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory?J Dent Child196229150163
   Google Scholar
• IsikBBayginOKapciEGBodurHThe effects of temperament and behaviour problems on sedation failure in anxious children after midazolam premedicationEur J Anaesthesiol20102733634019923993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WanKJingQZhaoJZEvaluation of oral midazolam as conscious sedation for pediatric patients in oral restorationChin Med Sci J20062116316617086737
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• VargasKGNathanJEQianFKupietzkyAUse of restraint and management style as parameters for defining sedation success: a survey of pediatric dentistsPediatr Dent20072922022717688019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RadisFGWilsonSGriffenALCouryDLTemperament as a predictor of behavior during initial dental examination in childrenPediatr Dent1994161211278015953
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RothbartMKAhadiSAEvansDETemperament and personality: origins and outcomesJ Pers Soc Psychol20007812213510653510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KainZNCaldwell-AndrewsAAMaranetsINelsonWMayesLCPredicting which child-parent pair will benefit from parental presence duringAnesth Analg2006102818416368808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JensenBStjernqvistKTemperament and acceptance of dental treatment under sedation in preschool childrenActa Odontol Scand20026023123612222648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QuinonezRSantosRGBoyarRCrossHTemperament and trait anxiety as predictors of child behavior prior to general anesthesia for dental surgeryPediatr Dent1997194274319348611
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voepel-LewisTMalviyaSProchaskaGTaitARSedation failures in children undergoing MRI and CT: is temperament a factor?Paediatr Anaesth20001031932310792749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SalmonKPereiraJKPredicting children’s response to an invasive medical investigation: the Influence of effortful control and parent behaviorJ Pediatr Psychol20022722723311909930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurtryCMChambersCTMcGrathPJAspEWhen “don’t worry” communicates fear: Children’s perceptions of parental reassurance and distraction during a painful medical procedurePain2010150525820227831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurtryCMMcGrathPJAspEChambersCTParental reassurance and pediatric procedural pain: a linguistic descriptionJ Pain200789510116949882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChambersCTTaddioAUmanLSMcMurtryCMPsychological interventions for reducing pain and distress during routine childhood immunizations: a systematic reviewClin Ther200931Suppl 2S77S10319781437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlountRLDevineKAChengPSSimonsLEHayutinLThe impact of adult behaviors and vocalizations on infant distress during immunizationsJ Pediatr Psychol2008331163117418375966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlountRLLandolf-FritscheBPowersSWSturgesJWDifferences between high and low coping children and between parent and staff behaviors during painful medical proceduresJ Pediatr Psychol1991167958091798015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinhaMChristopherNCFennRReevesLEvaluation of nonpharmacologic methods of pain and anxiety management for laceration repair in the pediatric emergency departmentPediatrics20061171162116816585311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KazakAEPenatiBBrophyPHimelsteinBPharmacologic and psychologic interventions for procedural painPediatrics199810259669651414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilsonSNathanJEA survey study of sedation training in advanced pediatric dentistry programs: thoughts of program directors and studentsPediatr Dent20113335336021903005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AdairSWallerJSchaferTRockmanRA survey of members of the american academyof pediatric dentistry on their use of behavior management techniquesPediatr Dent2004215916615132279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EatonJJMcTigueDJFieldsHWJrBeckMAttitudes of contemporary parents toward behavior management techniques used inPediatr Dent20052710711315926287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OlabiNFJonesJESaxenMAThe use of office-based sedation and general anesthesia by board certifiedAnesth Prog201259121722428969
   PubMedGoogle Scholar