364
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Adverse Gastrointestinal Effects with Kayexalate or Kalimate: A Comprehensive Review

, , , ORCID Icon, &
Pages 1-18 | Published online: 11 Jan 2021

References

  • Mattu A, Brady WJ, Robinson DA. Electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18(6):721–729. doi:10.1053/ajem.2000.7344
  • Iqbal Z, Friedman EA. Preferred therapy of hyperkalemia in renal insufficiency: survey of nephrology training-program directors. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:60–61.
  • Elliott MJ, Ronksley PE, Clase CM, et al. Management of patients with acute hyperkalemia. CMAJ. 2010;182(15):1631–1635. doi:10.1503/cmaj.100461
  • Sood MM, Sood AR, Richardson R. Emergency management and commonly encountered outpatient scenarios in patients with hyperkalemia. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82(12):1553–1561. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)61102-6
  • Harel Z, Harel S, Shah PS, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events with sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) use: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2013;126(3):264.e9. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.08.016
  • McGowan CE, Saha S, Chu G, et al. Intestinal necrosis due to sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) in sorbitol. South Med J. 2009;102(5):493–497. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31819e8978
  • Gürtler N, Hirt-Minkowski P, Brunner SS, et al. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate and cytomegalovirus-associated hemorrhagic duodenitis: more than meets the eye. Am J Case Rep. 2018;19:912–916. doi:10.12659/AJCR.910655
  • Lillemoe KD, Romolo JL, Hamilton SR, et al. Intestinal necrosis due to sodium polystyrene (Kayexalate) in sorbitol enemas: clinical and experimental support for the hypothesis.. Surgery. 1987;101(3):267–272.
  • Ayoub I, Oh MS, Gupta R, et al. Colon Necrosis Due to Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate with and without Sorbitol: an Experimental Study in Rats. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0137636. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137636
  • Sterns RH, Rojas M, Bernstein P, et al. Ion-exchange resins for the treatment of hyperkalemia: are they safe and effective? J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(5):733–735. doi:10.1681/ASN.2010010079
  • Watson M, Abbott KC, Yuan CM. Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don’t: potassium Binding Resins in Hyperkalemia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5(10):1723–1726. doi:10.2215/CJN.03700410
  • Singhania N, Al‐Odat R, Singh AK, et al. Intestinal necrosis after co-administration of sodium polystyrene sulfonate and activated charcoal. Clin Case Rep. 2020;8(4):722–724. doi:10.1002/ccr3.2695
  • Gardiner GW. Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulphonate) in sorbitol associated with intestinal necrosis in uremic patients. Can J Gastroenterol. 1997;11(7):573–577. doi:10.1155/1997/370814
  • Montagnac R, Mehaut S, Blaison D, et al. [Colonic necrosis caused by sodium polystyrene (kayexalate) in hemodialysis: myth or reality? Two case reports].. Nephrologie. 2002;23(3):131–134.
  • Abraham SC, Bhagavan BS, Lee LA, et al. Upper gastrointestinal tract injury in patients receiving kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) in sorbitol: clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic findings. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25(5):637–644. doi:10.1097/00000478-200105000-00011
  • Douglas JG. Mechanism of adrenal angiotensin II receptor changes after nephrectomy in rats.. J Clin Invest. 1981;67(4):1171–1176. doi:10.1172/JCI110131
  • Dardik A, Moesinger RC, Efron G, et al. Acute abdomen with colonic necrosis induced by Kayexalate-sorbitol. South Med J. 2000;93(5):511–513. doi:10.1097/00007611-200093050-00016
  • Rashid A, Hamilton SR. Necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract in uremic patients as a result of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) in sorbitol: an under recognized condition. Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21(1):60–69. doi:10.1097/00000478-199701000-00007
  • Pirenne J, Lledo-Garcia E, Benedetti E, et al. Colon perforation after renal transplantation: a single-institution review.. Clin Transplant. 1997;11(2):88–93.
  • Joo M, Bae WK, Kim NH, et al. Colonic mucosal necrosis following administration of calcium polystryrene sulfonate (Kalimate) in a uremic patient. J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24(6):1207–1211. doi:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.6.1207
  • Arvanitakis C, Malek G, Uehling D, et al. Colonic complications after renal transplantation. Gastroenterology. 1973;64(4):533–538. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(73)80122-2
  • Wu YH, Chen TW, Chou JW. Kalimate-induced upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a 77-year-old woman. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;S1542(19):30516.
  • Su G-S, Chen T-W, Chou J-W. A rare cause of abdominal pain with bloody stool. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2020;31(1):73–74. doi:10.5152/tjg.2020.18821
  • Piron L, Ramos J, Taourel P. Colonic perforation associated with sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) use. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2018;99(7):507–509. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2018.02.003
  • Evans BM, Milne MD, Hughes Jones NC, et al. Ion-exchange resins in the treatment of anuria. Lancet. 1953;262(6790):791–795. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(53)90465-6
  • Flinn RB, Merrill JP, Welzant WR. Treatment of the oliguric patient with a new sodium-exchange resin and sorbitol; a preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 1961;264(3):111–115. doi:10.1056/NEJM196101192640302
  • Scherr L, Ogden DA, Mead AW, et al. Management of hyperkalemia with a cation-exchange resin. N Engl J Med. 1961;264(3):115–119. doi:10.1056/NEJM196101192640303
  • Bogaerts JMA, van der Hoeven JG, Arts EEA, et al. Fish scale crystals: an under-recognised cause of intestinal necrosis. J Clin Pathol. 2019;72(8):567. doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205203
  • Yung WT, Chan SY. Recurrent intestinal necrosis due to polystyrene sulphonate use - a case report. AJCRS. 2019;2:1–4.
  • Tongyoo A, Sriussadaporn E, Limpavitayaporn P, et al. Acute intestinal obstruction due to Kalimate, a potassium-lowering agent: a case report and literature review.. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013;96(12):1617–1620.
  • Patel S, Arnold CA, Gray DM. A case of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)-induced bowel ischemia: A reminder of adverse effects of a common medication. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112:S1365. doi:10.14309/00000434-201710001-02502
  • Ribeiro H, Pereira E, Banhudo A. Colonic necrosis induced by calcium polystyrene sulfonate. GE - Portuguese Journal of Gastroenterology. 2018;25(4):205–207. doi:10.1159/000481288
  • Ponroy B, Nadal M, Nardoux J, et al. Ulcérations coliques associées à la prise de Kayexalate® (polystyrène sulfonate de sodium): à propos de deux observations. Ann Pathol. 2015;35(2):164–167. doi:10.1016/j.annpat.2015.01.013
  • Panarelli NC. Drug-induced injury in the gastrointestinal tract. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2014;31(2):165–175. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2014.02.007
  • Nuzzo A, Shaar-Chneker C, Maillet M, et al. Gastroduodenal injury induced by orally administered sodium polystyrene sulfonate. Clin Toxicol. 2019;57(1):75–76. doi:10.1080/15563650.2018.1518529
  • Say DS, Starnes T, Matsukuma K, et al. Gastrointestinal bleeding after hemolytic uremic syndrome: a report of drug-associated granulation tissue polyps. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(5):e102. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000002044
  • Kathleen S, Elena M, Meaghen F, et al. Hyperkalemia management in the oncology patient: a case of sodium polystyrene sulfate induced bowel perforation. J Anest Inten Care Med. 2017;3:555610.
  • McCarthy AJ, Lauwers GY, Sheahan K. Iatrogenic pathology of the intestines. Histopathology. 2015;66(1):15–28. doi:10.1111/his.12598
  • Kao -C-C, Tsai Y-C, Chiang W-C, et al. Ileum and colon perforation following peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis and high-dose calcium polystyrene sulfonate. J Formos Med Assoc. 2015;114(10):1008–1010. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2013.02.006
  • Goutorbe P, Montcriol A, Lacroix G, et al. Intestinal necrosis associated with orally administered calcium polystyrene sulfonate without sorbitol. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(2):e13. doi:10.1345/aph.1M547
  • Gorospe EC, Lewis JT, Bruining DH. Kayexalate-induced esophageal ulcer in a patient with gastroparesis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(5):A28. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.12.026
  • Chen Z, Scudiere JR, Montgomery E. Medication-induced upper gastrointestinal tract injury. J Clin Pathol. 2009;62(2):113–119. doi:10.1136/jcp.2008.058263
  • Rugolotto S, Gruber M, Solano PD, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis in a 850 gram infant receiving sorbitol-free sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate): clinical and histopathologic findings. J Perinatol. 2007;27(4):247–249. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211677
  • Thaiwatcharamas K, Phannua R, Chusilp S, et al. Neonatal gastric necrosis and perforation associated with impacted medication. J Pediatr Surg Case Rep. 2019;42:45–47. doi:10.1016/j.epsc.2018.12.024
  • Bui M, Chou S-Y, Faubert P, et al. Resin-Induced Colonic Pseudotumor: rare Complication from Chronic Use of Potassium Binders in a Hemodialysis Patient.. Case Rep Nephrol. 2016;2016:3692086. doi:10.1155/2016/3692086
  • Almulhim AS, Hall E, Rehaili B, et al. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate induced intestinal necrosis; a case report. Saudi Pharm J. 2018;26(6):771–774. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2018.04.008
  • Shioya T, Yoshino M, Ogata M, et al. Successful treatment of a colonic ulcer penetrating the urinary bladder caused by the administration of calcium polystyrene sulfonate and sorbitol. Journal of Nippon Medical School. 2007;74(5):359–363. doi:10.1272/jnms.74.359
  • Okayama K, Hirata Y, Kumai D, et al. The Successful Treatment of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate-induced Enteritis Diagnosed by Small Bowel Endoscopy. Intern Med. 2018;57(11):1577–1581. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.0088-17
  • Cerrud-Rodriguez RC, Alcaraz-Alvarez D, Chiong BB, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia as a complication of Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene sulfonate, SPS) in sorbitol-induced ischaemic colitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2017;2017:bcr2017221790. doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-221790
  • Georgianos PI, Liampas I, Kyriakou A, et al. Evaluation of the tolerability and efficacy of sodium polystyrene sulfonate for long-term management of hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2017;49(12):2217–2221. doi:10.1007/s11255-017-1717-5
  • Dunlap RH, Martinez R. Total colectomy for colon perforation after kayexalate administration: a case report and literature review of a rare complication. J Surg Case Rep. 2016;10:1–3.
  • Murakami K, Nakamura Y, Miyasaka Y, et al. Intestinal necrosis related to administration of cation exchange resin without sorbitol: A retrospective analysis of 61 patients with end-stage renal diseases. Pathol Int. 2020;70(5):270‐9. doi:10.1111/pin.12906
  • Nassereddine H, Pelletier A-L, Chemouny JM, et al. Risk of perforated colonic diverticulitis in patients with chronic kidney disease requiring sodium polystyrene sulfonate: not to Be Forgotten. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(6):1003‐5. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000276