Milk for Skeletal Muscle Health and Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Narrative Review

References

• Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Sayer AA. Sarcopenia. Lancet. 2019;393(10191):2636–2646. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31138-931171417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(1):1059–1064. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.10.105917077199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16–31. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy16930312372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Hao Q, Ge M, Dong B. Association of sarcopenia and fractures in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(6):1253–1262. doi:10.1007/s00198-018-4429-529500527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu P, Hao Q, Hai S, Wang H, Cao L, Dong B. Sarcopenia as a predictor of all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2017;103:16–22. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.04.00728778327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liccini A, Malmstrom TK. Frailty and sarcopenia as predictors of adverse health outcomes in persons with diabetes mellitus. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(9):846–851. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.07.00727569712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Zhang W, Wang C, Tao W, Dou Q, Yang Y. Sarcopenia as a predictor of hospitalization among older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):188. doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0878-030134867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liguori I, Russo G, Aran L, et al. Sarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:913–927. doi:10.2147/CIA.S14923229785098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer AA, Robinson SM, Patel HP, Shavlakadze T, Cooper C, Grounds MD. New horizons in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of sarcopenia. Age Ageing. 2013;42(2):145–150. doi:10.1093/ageing/afs19123315797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhillon RJ, Hasni S. Pathogenesis and management of sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33(1):17–26.27886695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvani R, Miccheli A, Lando F, et al. Current nutritional recommendations and novel dietary strategies to manage sarcopenia. J Frailty Aging. 2013;2(1):38–53.26082911
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landi F, Calvani M, Tosato M, et al. Protein intake and muscle health in old age: from biological plausibility to clinical evidence. Nutrients. 2016;8(5):295. doi:10.3390/nu8050295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. JAMDA. 2013;14(8):542–559. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.02123867520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Ding J, et al. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1):150–155. doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.1.15018175749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregorio L, Brindisi J, Kleppinger A, et al. Adequate dietary protein is associated with better physical performance among post-menopausal women 60–90 years. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18(2):155–160. doi:10.1007/s12603-013-0391-224522467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips SM, Martinson W. Nutrient-rich, high-quality, protein-containing dairy foods in combination with exercise in aging persons to mitigate sarcopenia. Nutr Rev. 2019;77(4):216–229. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy06230561677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granic A, Sayer AA, Robinson SM. Dietary patterns, skeletal muscle health, and sarcopenia in older adults. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):745. doi:10.3390/nu11040745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. Signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms through which branched-chain amino acids mediate translational control of protein synthesis. J Nutr. 2006;136(1Supp l):S227–S231. doi:10.1093/jn/136.1.227S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West DWD, Abou Sawan S, Mazzulla M, Williamson E, Moore DR. Whey protein supplementation enhances whole body protein metabolism and performance recovery after resistance exercise: a double-blind crossover study. Nutrients. 2017;9(7):735. doi:10.3390/nu9070735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancha AH Jr Zanella R Jr Tanabe SG, Andriamihaja M, Blachier F. Dietary protein supplementation in the elderly for limiting muscle mass loss. Amino Acids. 2017;49(1):33–47. doi:10.1007/s00726-016-2355-427807658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanach NI, McCullough F, Avery A. The impact of dairy protein intake on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in middle-aged to older adults with or without existing sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(1):59–69. doi:10.1093/advances/nmy06530624580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonnie M, Hooker E, Brunstrom JM, et al. Protein for life: review of optimal protein intake, sustainable dietary sources and the effect on appetite in ageing adults. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):360. doi:10.3390/nu10030360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner CD, Hartle JC, Garrett RD, Offringa LC, Wasserman AS. Maximizing the intersection of human health and the health of the environment with regard to the amount and type of protein produced and consumed in the United States. Nutr Rev. 2019;77(4):197–215. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy07330726996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radavelli-Bagatini S, Zhu K, Lewis JR, Dhaliwal SS, Prince RL. Association of dairy intake with body composition and physical function in older community-dwelling women. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(12):1669–1674. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.05.01923911336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer JM, Verlaan S, Bautmans I, et al. Effects of a vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(9):740–747. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.05.02126170041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira PC. Milk nutritional composition and its role in human health. Nutrition. 2014;30(6):619–627. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.10.01124800664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haug A, Høstmark AT, Harstad OM. Bovine milk in human nutrition – a review. Lipids Health Dis. 2007;6:25. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-6-2517894873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills S, Ross RP, Hill C, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C. Milk intelligence: mining milk for bioactive substances associated with human health. Int Dairy J. 2011;21(6):377–401. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.12.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IOM. Dietary Reference Intakes; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Layman DK, Lönnerdal B, Fernstrom JD. Applications for α-lactalbumin in human nutrition. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(6):444–460. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuy00429617841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäkälä P, Vapaatalo H. Antihypertensive peptides from milk proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010;3(1):251–272. doi:10.3390/ph301025127713251
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butler G. Manipulating dietary PUFA in animal feed: implications for human health. Proc Nutr Soc. 2014;73(1):87–95. doi:10.1017/S002966511300379024308374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, et al. Global, regional and national consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, and milk: a systematic assessment of beverage intake in 187 countries. PLoS One. 2015;1098:e124845.
   Google Scholar
• Huth PJ, DiRienzo DB, Miller GD. Major scientific advances with dairy foods in nutrition and health. J Diary Sci. 2006;89(4):1207–1221. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72190-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feskanich D, Meyer HE, Fung TT, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC. Milk and other dairy foods and risk of hip fracture in men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(2):385–396. doi:10.1007/s00198-017-4285-829075804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fardellone P, Séjourné A, Blain H, Cortet B, Thomas T. GRIO Scientific Committee. Osteoporosis: is milk a kindness or a curse? Joint Bone Spine. 2017;84(3):275–281. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.06.00627726930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B. Impact of dairy products and dietary calcium on bone-mineral content in children: results of a meta-analysis. Bone. 2008;43(2):312–321. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2008.02.02218539555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouin-Chartier JP, Brassard D, Tessier-Grenier M, et al. Systematic review of the association between dairy product consumption and risk of cardiovascular-related clinical outcomes. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(6):1026–1040. doi:10.3945/an.115.01140328140321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Schwedhelm C, et al. Consumption of dairy products in relation to changes in anthropometric variables in adult populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0157461. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.015746127310919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crichton GE, Alkerwi A. Whole-fat dairy food intake is inversely associated with obesity prevalence: findings from the Observation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Luxembourg study. Nutr Res. 2014;34(11):936–943. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2014.07.01425159495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralston RA, Truby H, Palermo CE, Walker KZ. Colorectal cancer and nonfermented milk, solid cheese, and fermented milk consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54(9):1167–1179. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.62935324499149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moschonis G, van den Heuvel EG, Mavrogianni C, Singh-Povel CM, Leotsinidis M, Manios Y. Associations of milk consumption and vitamin B₂ and Β12 derived from milk with fitness, anthropometric and biochemical indices in children. The healthy growth study. Nutrients. 2016;8(10):634. doi:10.3390/nu8100634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josse AR, Tang JE, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Body composition and strength changes in women with milk and resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(6):1122–1130. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c854f619997019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman JW, Tang JE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(2):373–381. doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.2.37317684208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDonald MJ, Macdonald JR, Armstrong D, Phillips SM. Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):1031–1040. doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.103117413102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vliet SV, Beals JW, Martinez IG, Skinner SK, Burd NA. Achieving optimal post-exercise muscle protein remodeling in physically active adults through whole food consumption. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):224. doi:10.3390/nu10020224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James LJ, Stevenson EJ, Rumbold PLS, Hulston CJ. Cow’s milk as a post-exercise recovery drink: implications for performance and health. Eur J Sport Sci. 2019;19(1):40–48. doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.153498930379113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devries MC, Phillips SM. Supplemental protein in support of muscle mass and health: advantage whey. J Food Sci. 2015;80(Suppl 1):A8–A15. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.1280225757896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson JM, Fry CS, Drummond MJ, et al. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activation is required for the stimulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids. J Nutr. 2011;14(5):856–862. doi:10.3945/jn.111.139485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore DR, Churchward-Venne TA, Witard O, et al. Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(1):57–62. doi:10.1093/gerona/glu10325056502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cermak NM, Res PT, de Groot LC, Saris WH, van Loon LJ. Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96(6):1454–1464. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.03755623134885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng SJ, Yu LJ. Oxidative stress, molecular inflammation and sarcopenia. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(4):1509–1526. doi:10.3390/ijms1104150920480032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerin J, Burgain J, Gomand F, Scher J, Gaiani C. Milk fat globule membrane glycoproteins: valuable ingredients for lactic acid bacteria encapsulation? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(4):639–651. doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.138615828976212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer I, Mets T, Bautmans I. Chronic low-grade inflammation and age-related sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012;15(1):12–22. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834dd29722108098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont J, Dedeyne L, Dalle S, Koppo K, Gielen E. The role of omega-3 in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31(6):825–836. doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01146-130784011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson D, Jackson T, Sapey E, Lord JM. Frailty and sarcopenia: the potential role of an aged immune system. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;36:1–10. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.01.00628223244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Band MM, Sumukadas D, Struthers AD, et al. Leucine and ACE inhibitors as therapies for sarcopenia (LACE trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):6. doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2390-929301558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumukadas D, Witham MD, Struthers AD, McMurdo ME. ACE inhibitors as a therapy for sarcopenia - evidence and possible mechanisms. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12(7):480–485. doi:10.1007/BF298270918615230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot TA, Cree MG, Sanford AP, et al. Milk ingestion stimulates net muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(4):667–674. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000210190.64458.2516679981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnie K, Martin RM, Gallacher J, et al. Socio-economic disadvantage from childhood to adulthood and locomotor function in old age: a lifecourse analysis of the Boyd Orr and Caerphilly prospective studies. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65(11):1014–1023. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.10364820644236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perala M, von Bonsdorff M, Mannisto S, Salonen MK. A healthy Nordic diet and physical performance in old age: findings from the longitudinal Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Br J Nutr. 2016;115(5):878–886. doi:10.1017/S000711451500530926785760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieger JA, Nowson CA. Use of calcium, folate, and vitamin D3–fortified milk for 6 months improves nutritional status but not bone mass or turnover, in a group of Australian aged care residents. J Nutr Elder. 2009;28(3):236–254. doi:10.1080/0163936090314013021184368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ottestad I, Løvstad AT, Gjevestad GO, et al. Intake of a protein-enriched milk and effects on muscle mass and strength. A 12-week randomized placebo controlled trial among community-dwelling older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(10):1160–1169. doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0856-129188875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson M, Littbrand H, Gustafson Y, et al. Effects of high-intensity exercise and protein supplement on muscle mass in ADL dependent older people with and without malnutrition—A randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15(7):554–560. doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0017-521808934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukuljan S, Nowson CA, Sanders K, Daly RM. Effects of resistance exercise and fortified milk on skeletal muscle mass, muscle size, and functional performance in middle-aged and older men: an 18-mo randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(6):1864–1873. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00392.200919850735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltais ML, Ladouceur JP, Dionne IJ. The effect of resistance training and different sources of postexercise protein supplementation on muscle mass and physical capacity in sarcopenic elderly men. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(6):1680–1687. doi:10.1519/JSC.000000000000125526562709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell CJ, Oikawa SY, Ogborn DI, et al. Daily chocolate milk consumption does not enhance the effect of resistance training in young and old men: a randomized controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014;40(2):199–202. doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-032925610954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osuka Y, Fujita S, Kitano N, et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance training combined with fortified milk on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(10):1349–1357. doi:10.1007/s12603-016-0864-129188900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendahl E, Lindelöf N, Littbrand H, et al. High-intensity functional exercise program and protein enriched energy supplement for older persons dependent in activities of daily living: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother. 2006;52(2):105–113. doi:10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70045-916764547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougkas A, Reynolds CK, Givens ID, Elwood PC, Minihane AM. Associations between dairy consumption and body weight: a review of the evidence and underlying mechanisms. Nutr Res Rev. 2011;24(1):72–95. doi:10.1017/S095442241000034X21320381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson MD, Rhea MR, Sen A, Gordon PM. Resistance exercise for muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2010;9(3):226–237. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2010.03.00420385254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papa EV, Dong X, Hassan M. Resistance training for activity limitations in older adults with skeletal muscle function deficits: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:955–961. doi:10.2147/CIA.S10467428670114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witham MD, George J. Clinical trial design for older people–time for a rethink. QJM. 2014;107(1):15–16. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hct17824003240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witham MD, Stott DJ. A new dawn for sarcopenia. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):2–3. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy17130339195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tieland M, Franssen R, Dullemeijer C, et al. The impact of dietary protein or amino acid supplementation on muscle mass and strength in elderly people: individual participant data and meta-analysis of RCT’s. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(9):994–1001. doi:10.1007/s12603-017-0896-129083440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(6):376–384. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-09760828698222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granic A, Hurst C, Dismore L, et al. Milk and resistance exercise intervention to improve muscle function in community-dwelling older adults at risk of sarcopenia (MIlkMAN): protocol for a pilot study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(10):e031048. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmarck B, Andersen JL, Olsen S, Richter EA, Mizuno M, Kjaer M. Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans. J Physiol. 2001;535(Pt 1):301–311. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00301.x11507179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Facci M, Abeysekara S, Zello GA. Protein supplementation before and after resistance training in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;97(5):548–556. doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0223-816767436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leenders M, Verdijk LB, Van der Hoeven L, et al. Protein supplementation during resistance-type exercise training in the elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(3):542–552. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318272fcdb22968306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirk B, Mooney K, Amirabdollahian F, Khaiyat O. Exercise and dietary-protein as a countermeasure to skeletal muscle weakness: liverpool Hope University - Sarcopenia Aging Trial (LHU-SAT). Front Physiol. 2019;10:445. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.0044531133863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassio F, Facioni MS, Guagnini F. Lactose maldigestion, malabsorption, and intolerance: a comprehensive review with a focus on current management and future perspectives. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1599. doi:10.3390/nu10111599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchy FJ, Brannon PM, Carpenter TO, et al. NIH consensus development conference statement: lactose intolerance and health. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2010;27(2):1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Lapides RA, Savaiano DA. Gender, age, race and lactose intolerance: is there evidence to support a differential symptom response? A scoping review. Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1956. doi:10.3390/nu10121956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granic A, Mendonça N, Hill TR, et al. Nutrition in the very old. Nutrients. 2018;10(3):269. doi:10.3390/nu10030269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthoni S, Savilahti E, Rautelin H, Kolho K-L. Milk protein IgG and IgA: the association with milk-induced gastrointestinal symptoms in adults. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(39):4915–4918. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.491519842221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar