Preserving Mobility in Older Adults with Physical Frailty and Sarcopenia: Opportunities, Challenges, and Recommendations for Physical Activity Interventions

References

• Webber SC, Porter MM, Menec VH. Mobility in older adults: a comprehensive framework. Gerontologist. 2010;50(4):443–450. doi:10.1093/geront/gnq01320145017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bülow J, Ulijaszek SJ, Holm L. Rejuvenation of the term sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol. 2019;126(1):255–256. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00400.201830001155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, et al. Sarcopenia: an overview. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017;29(1):11–17. doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0704-528155183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr. 1997;127(5):990S–991S. doi:10.1093/jn/127.5.990S9164280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(4):601. doi:10.1093/ageing/afz046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker SD, Morley JE, von Haehling S. Welcome to the ICD-10 code for sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016;7(5):512–514. doi:10.1002/jcsm.1214727891296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–156. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m14611253156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):392–397. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.02223764209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollman JH, McDade EM, Petersen RC. Normative spatiotemporal gait parameters in older adults. Gait Posture. 2011;34(1):111–118. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.03.02421531139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985;100(2):126–131.3920711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mijnarends DM, Luiking YC, Halfens RJG, et al. Muscle, health and costs: a glance at their relationship. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(7):766–773. doi:10.1007/s12603-018-1058-930080217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Ambrosius WT, et al. Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE study randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311(23):2387–2396. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.561624866862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macaluso A, De Vito G. Muscle strength, power and adaptations to resistance training in older people. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(4):450–472. doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0991-314639481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell WK, Williams J, Atherton P, Larvin M, Lund J, Narici M. Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review. Front Physiol. 2012;3:260. doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.0026022934016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelton DA, Greig CA, Davies JM, Young A. Strength, power and related functional ability of healthy people aged 65–89 years. Age Ageing. 1994;23(5):371–377. doi:10.1093/ageing/23.5.3717825481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallman DA, Plato CC, Tobin JD. The role of muscle loss in the age-related decline of grip strength: cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. J Gerontol. 1990;45(3):M82–88. doi:10.1093/geronj/45.3.m822335723
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Metter EJ, Conwit R, Tobin J, Fozard JL. Age-associated loss of power and strength in the upper extremities in women and men. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997;52(5):B267–276. doi:10.1093/gerona/52a.5.b2679310077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandervoort AA, McComas AJ. Contractile changes in opposing muscles of the human ankle joint with aging. J Appl Physiol. 1986;61(1):361–367. doi:10.1152/jappl.1986.61.1.3613525504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Fielding RA, Fiatarone MA, Evans WJ, Roubenoff R. Aging of skeletal muscle: a 12-yr longitudinal study. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88(4):1321–1326. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.88.4.132110749826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winegard KJ, Hicks AL, Sale DG, Vandervoort AA. A 12-year follow-up study of ankle muscle function in older adults. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 1996;51(3):B202–207. doi:10.1093/gerona/51a.3.b2028630696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoneau EM, Billot M, Martin A, Van Hoecke J. Antagonist mechanical contribution to resultant maximal torque at the ankle joint in young and older men. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2009;19(2):e123–131. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.11.00618164627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark BC, Manini TM. Sarcopenia != Dynapenia. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(8):829–834. doi:10.1093/gerona/63.8.82918772470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandervoort AA. Aging of the human neuromuscular system. Muscle Nerve. 2002;25(1):17–25. doi:10.1002/mus.121511754180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billot M, Duclay J, Simoneau-Buessinger EM, Ballay Y, Martin A. Is co-contraction responsible for the decline in maximal knee joint torque in older males? Age (Dordr). 2014;36(2):899–910. doi:10.1007/s11357-014-9616-524445962
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bilodeau M, Erb MD, Nichols JM, Joiner KL, Weeks JB. Fatigue of elbow flexor muscles in younger and older adults. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24(1):98–106. doi:10.1002/1097-4598(200101)24:1<98::AID-MUS11>3.0.CO;2-D11150971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobi JM, Rice CL. Voluntary muscle activation varies with age and muscle group. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93(2):457–462. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00012.200212133850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse CI, Thom JM, Davis MG, Fox KR, Birch KM, Narici MV. Reduced plantarflexor specific torque in the elderly is associated with a lower activation capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;92(1–2):219–226. doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1056-y15054662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stackhouse SK, Stevens JE, Lee SC, Pearce KM, Snyder-Mackler L, Binder-Macleod SA. Maximum voluntary activation in nonfatigued and fatigued muscle of young and elderly individuals. Phys Ther. 2001;81(5):1102–1109. doi:10.1093/ptj/81.5.110211319935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens JE, Binder-Macleod S, Snyder-Mackler L. Characterization of the human quadriceps muscle in active elders. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(7):973–978. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.2399511441388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens JE, Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA, Snyder-Mackler L. Are voluntary muscle activation deficits in older adults meaningful? Muscle Nerve. 2003;27(1):99–101. doi:10.1002/mus.1027912508301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue GH, Ranganathan VK, Siemionow V, Liu JZ, Sahgal V. Older adults exhibit a reduced ability to fully activate their biceps brachii muscle. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999;54(5):M249–253. doi:10.1093/gerona/54.5.m24910362008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hortobágyi T, Del Olmo MF, Rothwell JC. Age reduces cortical reciprocal inhibition in humans. Exp Brain Res. 2006;171(3):322–329. doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0274-916307241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kido A, Tanaka N, Stein RB. Spinal excitation and inhibition decrease as humans age. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;82(4):238–248. doi:10.1139/y04-01715181462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamen G. Aging, resistance training, and motor unit discharge behavior. Can J Appl Physiol. 2005;30(3):341–351. doi:10.1139/h05-12616129898
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lexell J, Taylor CC, Sjöström M. What is the cause of the ageing atrophy? Total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15- to 83-year-old men. J Neurol Sci. 1988;84(2–3):275–294. doi:10.1016/0022-510X(88)90132-33379447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narici MV, Maganaris CN. Adaptability of elderly human muscles and tendons to increased loading. J Anat. 2006;208(4):433–443. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00548.x16637869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delbono O. Regulation of excitation contraction coupling by insulin-like growth factor-1 in aging skeletal muscle. J Nutr Health Aging. 2000;4(3):162–164.10936903
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roubenoff R, Hughes VA. Sarcopenia: current concepts. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(12):M716–724. doi:10.1093/gerona/55.12.m71611129393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welle S. Cellular and molecular basis of age-related sarcopenia. Can J Appl Physiol. 2002;27(1):19–41. doi:10.1139/h02-00211880689
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bean JF, Kiely DK, Herman S, et al. The relationship between leg power and physical performance in mobility-limited older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(3):461–467. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50111.x11943041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyatt RH, Whitelaw MN, Bhat A, Scott S, Maxwell JD. Association of muscle strength with functional status of elderly people. Age Ageing. 1990;19(5):330–336. doi:10.1093/ageing/19.5.3302251967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid KF, Fielding RA. Skeletal muscle power: a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2012;40(1):4–12. doi:10.1097/JES.0b013e31823b5f1322016147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T, Bean JF, Fielding RA. Muscle power of the ankle flexors predicts functional performance in community-dwelling older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(9):1161–1167. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49232.x11559374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bean JF, Leveille SG, Kiely DK, Bandinelli S, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L. A comparison of leg power and leg strength within the InCHIANTI study: which influences mobility more? J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003;58(8):728–733. doi:10.1093/gerona/58.8.m72812902531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne C, Faure C, Keene DJ, Lamb SE. Ageing, muscle power and physical function: a systematic review and implications for pragmatic training interventions. Sports Med. 2016;46(9):1311–1332. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0489-x26893098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantanen T, Avela J. Leg extension power and walking speed in very old people living independently. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 1997;52(4):M225–231. doi:10.1093/gerona/52a.4.m2259224434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Topinková E, Michel J-P. Understanding sarcopenia as a geriatric syndrome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010;13(1):1–7. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e328333c1c119915458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauretani F, Russo CR, Bandinelli S, et al. Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(5):1851–1860. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00246.200314555665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morley JE, Anker SD, von Haehling S. Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5(4):253–259. doi:10.1007/s13539-014-0161-y25425503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle UG, Genton L, Hans D, Karsegard L, Slosman DO, Pichard C. Age-related differences in fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, body cell mass and fat mass between 18 and 94 years. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55(8):663–672. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.160119811477465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, Ross R. Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr. J Appl Physiol. 2000;89(1):81–88. doi:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.8110904038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher D, Visser M, De Meersman RE, et al. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J Appl Physiol. 1997;83(1):229–239. doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.2299216968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans WJ. Skeletal muscle loss: cachexia, sarcopenia, and inactivity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(4):1123S–1127S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.28608A20164314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffl M, Bohannon RW, Sontakova L, Tufano JJ, Shiells K, Holmerova I. Relationship between sarcopenia and physical activity in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:835–845. doi:10.2147/CIA.S13294028553092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerri AP, Bellelli G, Mazzone A, et al. Sarcopenia and malnutrition in acutely ill hospitalized elderly: prevalence and outcomes. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(4):745–751. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.08.01525263170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Y, Karvellas CJ, Baracos V, Williams DC, Khadaroo RG; Acute Care and Emergency Surgery (ACES) Group. Sarcopenia is a predictor of outcomes in very elderly patients undergoing emergency surgery. Surgery. 2014;156(3):521–527. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2014.04.02724929435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landi F, Liperoti R, Fusco D, et al. Sarcopenia and mortality among older nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13(2):121–126. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.07.00421856243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landi F, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Liperoti R, et al. Sarcopenia and mortality risk in frail older persons aged 80 years and older: results from ilSIRENTE study. Age Ageing. 2013;42(2):203–209. doi:10.1093/ageing/afs19423321202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetrano DL, Landi F, Volpato S, et al. Association of sarcopenia with short- and long-term mortality in older adults admitted to acute care wards: results from the CRIME study. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(9):1154–1161. doi:10.1093/gerona/glu03424744390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarantino U, Baldi J, Celi M, et al. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia: the connections. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2013;25(Suppl 1):S93–95. doi:10.1007/s40520-013-0097-724046056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drey M, Sieber CC, Bertsch T, Bauer JM, Schmidmaier R. FiAT intervention group. Osteosarcopenia is more than sarcopenia and osteopenia alone. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016;28(5):895–899. doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0494-126563287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landi F, Liperoti R, Russo A, et al. Sarcopenia as a risk factor for falls in elderly individuals: results from the ilSIRENTE study. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(5):652–658. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.02.00722414775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanimoto Y, Watanabe M, Sun W, et al. Sarcopenia and falls in community-dwelling elderly subjects in Japan: defining sarcopenia according to criteria of the European Working Group on sarcopenia in older people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;59(2):295–299. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2014.04.01624852668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu I-C, Lin -C-C, Hsiung CA, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults in Taiwan: a pooled analysis for a broader adoption of sarcopenia assessments. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014;14(Suppl 1):52–60. doi:10.1111/ggi.1219324450561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018;319(16):1696–1704. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3097.29710141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cathers I, Day BL, Fitzpatrick RC. Otolith and canal reflexes in human standing. J Physiol (Lond). 2005;563(1):229–234. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.07952515618274
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kavounoudias A, Roll R, Roll JP. The plantar sole is a “dynamometric map” for human balance control. Neuroreport. 1998;9(14):3247–3252. doi:10.1097/00001756-199810050-000219831459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulus WM, Straube A, Brandt T. Visual stabilization of posture. Physiological stimulus characteristics and clinical aspects. Brain. 1984;107(4):1143–1163. doi:10.1093/brain/107.4.11436509312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Deursen RW, Simoneau GG. Foot and ankle sensory neuropathy, proprioception, and postural stability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;29(12):718–726. doi:10.2519/jospt.1999.29.12.71810612069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billot M, Handrigan GA, Simoneau M, Corbeil P, Teasdale N. Short term alteration of balance control after a reduction of plantar mechanoreceptor sensation through cooling. Neurosci Lett. 2013;535:40–44. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.02223305721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billot M, Handrigan GA, Simoneau M, Teasdale N. Reduced plantar sole sensitivity induces balance control modifications to compensate ankle tendon vibration and vision deprivation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2015;25(1):155–160. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.06.00324993669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay L, Bard C, Fleury M, Teasdale N. Availability of visual and proprioceptive afferent messages and postural control in elderly adults. Exp Brain Res. 1996;108(1):129–139. doi:10.1007/BF02429108721161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchester D, Woollacott M, Zederbauer-Hylton N, Marin O. Visual, vestibular and somatosensory contributions to balance control in the older adult. J Gerontol. 1989;44(4):M118–127. doi:10.1093/geronj/44.4.M1182786896
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woollacott MH. Systems contributing to balance disorders in older adults. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(8):M424–428. doi:10.1093/gerona/55.8.m42410952363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aartolahti E, Häkkinen A, Lönnroos E, Kautiainen H, Sulkava R, Hartikainen S. Relationship between functional vision and balance and mobility performance in community-dwelling older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2013;25(5):545–552. doi:10.1007/s40520-013-0120-z24002802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saftari LN, Kwon O-S. Ageing vision and falls: a review. J Physiol Anthropol. 2018;37(1):11. doi:10.1186/s40101-018-0170-129685171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allum JHJ, Carpenter MG, Honegger F, Adkin AL, Bloem BR. Age-dependent variations in the directional sensitivity of balance corrections and compensatory arm movements in man. J Physiol (Lond). 2002;542(2):643–663. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.01564412122159
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Billot M, Simoneau EM, Van Hoecke J, Martin A. Age-related relative increases in electromyography activity and torque according to the maximal capacity during upright standing. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(4):669–680. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1397-720213469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai K, Yamada M, Uemura K, Yamada Y, Ichihashi N, Tsuboyama T. Differences in muscle coactivation during postural control between healthy older and young adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53(3):338–343. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.01.00321310498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattagni T, Scaglioni G, Laroche D, Van Hoecke J, Gremeaux V, Martin A. Ankle muscle strength discriminates fallers from non-fallers. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:336. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.0033625566068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudry S, Penzer F, Duchateau J. Vision and proprioception do not influence the excitability of the corticomotoneuronal pathway during upright standing in young and elderly adults. Neuroscience. 2014;268:247–254. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.02624662846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Ramírez A, Lecumberri P, Gómez M, Rodriguez-Mañas L, García FJ, Izquierdo M. Frailty assessment based on wavelet analysis during quiet standing balance test. J Biomech. 2011;44(12):2213–2220. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.06.00721719016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale N, Bard C, LaRue J, Fleury M. On the cognitive penetrability of posture control. Exp Aging Res. 1993;19(1):1–13. doi:10.1080/036107393082539198444263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubicki A, Bonnetblanc F, Petrement G, Ballay Y, Mourey F. Delayed postural control during self-generated perturbations in the frail older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:65–75. doi:10.2147/CIA.S2835222423179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung SSY, Reijnierse EM, Pham VK, et al. Sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(3):485–500. doi:10.1002/jcsm.1241130993881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Huang P, Dou Q, et al. Falls among older adults with sarcopenia dwelling in nursing home or community: a meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2019. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Lim S, Choi SH, et al. Sarcopenia: an independent predictor of mortality in community-dwelling older Korean men. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69(10):1244–1252. doi:10.1093/gerona/glu05024721723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senior HE, Henwood TR, Beller EM, Mitchell GK, Keogh JWL. Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia among adults living in nursing homes. Maturitas. 2015;82(4):418–423. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.08.00626341045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord SR, March LM, Cameron ID, et al. Differing risk factors for falls in nursing home and intermediate-care residents who can and cannot stand unaided. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(11):1645–1650. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51518.x14687397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodpaster BH, Park SW, Harris TB, et al. The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(10):1059–1064. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.10.105917077199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman HA, Longcope C, Derby CA, et al. Age trends in the level of serum testosterone and other hormones in middle-aged men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):589–598. doi:10.1210/jcem.87.2.820111836290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima G. Frailty as a predictor of future falls among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(12):1027–1033. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.06.01826255098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752–762. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-923395245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laufer Y. Effect of age on characteristics of forward and backward gait at preferred and accelerated walking speed. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(5):627–632. doi:10.1093/gerona/60.5.62715972616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson MM, Crowe A, de Vreede PL, Dessens JA, Duursma SA, Verhaar HJ. Differences in gait parameters at a preferred walking speed in healthy subjects due to age, height and body weight. Aging (Milano). 2001;13(1):16–21. doi:10.1007/BF335148911292147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beauchet O, Allali G, Annweiler C, et al. Gait variability among healthy adults: low and high stride-to-stride variability are both a reflection of gait stability. Gerontology. 2009;55(6):702–706. doi:10.1159/00023590519713694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean JC, Alexander NB, Kuo AD. The effect of lateral stabilization on walking in young and old adults. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2007;54(11):1919–1926. doi:10.1109/TBME.2007.90103118018687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrager MA, Kelly VE, Price R, Ferrucci L, Shumway-Cook A. The effects of age on medio-lateral stability during normal and narrow base walking. Gait Posture. 2008;28(3):466–471. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.02.00918400500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanke DJ, Hageman PA. Comparison of gait of young men and elderly men. Phys Ther. 1989;69(2):144–148. doi:10.1093/ptj/69.2.1442913584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko S, Stenholm S, Metter EJ, Ferrucci L. Age-associated gait patterns and the role of lower extremity strength - results from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;55(2):474–479. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.04.00422564361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng SSM, Au KKC, Chan ELW, et al. Effect of acceleration and deceleration distance on the walking speed of people with chronic stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2016;48(8):666–670. doi:10.2340/16501977-212427534654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C-Y, Chen T-R, Lin Y-H, Liu M-H, Chen Y-C. Gait speed measure: the effect of different measuring distances and the inclusion and exclusion of acceleration and deceleration. Percept Mot Skills. 2012;114(2):469–478. doi:10.2466/10.25.26.PMS.114.2.469-47822755452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callisaya ML, Beare R, Phan TG, et al. Brain structural change and gait decline: a longitudinal population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(7):1074–1079. doi:10.1111/jgs.1233123796055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peel NM, Alapatt LJ, Jones LV, Hubbard RE. The association between gait speed and cognitive status in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2019;74(6):943–948. doi:10.1093/gerona/gly14029917045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki BE. Gait changes in older adults: predictors of falls or indicators of fear. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45(3):313–320. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb00946.x9063277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrucci L, Bandinelli S, Benvenuti E, et al. Subsystems contributing to the decline in ability to walk: bridging the gap between epidemiology and geriatric practice in the InCHIANTI study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(12):1618–1625. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03873.x11129752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Penninx BWHJ, et al. Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people–results from the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(10):1675–1680. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53501.x16181165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman AB, Simonsick EM, Naydeck BL, et al. Association of long-distance corridor walk performance with mortality, cardiovascular disease, mobility limitation, and disability. JAMA. 2006;295(17):2018–2026. doi:10.1001/jama.295.17.201816670410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studenski S, Perera S, Wallace D, et al. Physical performance measures in the clinical setting. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(3):314–322. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51104.x12588574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mielke MM, Roberts RO, Savica R, et al. Assessing the temporal relationship between cognition and gait: slow gait predicts cognitive decline in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.2013;68(8):929–937. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gls256
   Google Scholar
• Verghese J, Wang C, Lipton RB, Holtzer R, Xue X. Quantitative gait dysfunction and risk of cognitive decline and dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(9):929–935. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.10691417237140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson NL, Rosano C, Boudreau RM, et al. Executive function, memory, and gait speed decline in well-functioning older adults. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65(10):1093–1100. doi:10.1093/gerona/glq11120581339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011;305(1):50–58. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.192321205966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz S, Lusardi M. White paper: “walking speed: the sixth vital sign.”. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2009;32(2):46–49. doi:10.1519/00139143-200932020-0000220039582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrucci L, Fabbri E. Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(9):505–522. doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0064-230065258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips C, Fahimi A. Immune and neuroprotective effects of physical activity on the brain in depression. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:498. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.0049830093853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips C. Physical activity modulates common neuroplasticity substrates in major depressive and bipolar disorder. Neural Plast. 2017;2017:7014146. doi:10.1155/2017/701414628529805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson DH, Warburton DE. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada’s physical activity guidelines. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7:38. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-3820459782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor D. Physical activity is medicine for older adults. Postgrad Med J. 2014;90(1059):26–32. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-13136624255119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amireault S, Baier JM, Spencer JR. Physical activity preferences among older adults: a systematic review. J Aging Phys Act. 2018;1–12. doi:10.1123/japa.2017-0234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, et al.; American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(7):1510–1530. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c.19516148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macera CA, Cavanaugh A, Bellettiere J. State of the Art Review: physical Activity and Older Adults. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2017;11(1):42–57. doi:10.1177/155982761557189730202313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Bijnen FC, Feskens EJ, Caspersen CJ, Mosterd WL, Kromhout D. Age, period, and cohort effects on physical activity among elderly men during 10 years of follow-up: the Zutphen elderly study. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 1998;53(3):M235–241. doi:10.1093/gerona/53a.3.m2359597057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, et al. Physical activity and exercise as countermeasures to physical frailty and sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017;29(1):35–42. doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0705-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bherer L, Erickson KI, Liu-Ambrose T. A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. J Aging Res. 2013;2013:657508. doi:10.1155/2013/65750824102028
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, et al. Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(11):1166–1170. doi:10.1093/gerona/61.11.116617167157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engeroff T, Ingmann T, Banzer W. Physical activity throughout the adult life span and domain-specific cognitive function in old age: a systematic review of cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Sports Med. 2018;48(6):1405–1436. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0920-629667159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koščak Tivadar B. Physical activity improves cognition: possible explanations. Biogerontology. 2017;18(4):477–483. doi:10.1007/s10522-017-9708-628492999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sáez de Asteasu ML, Martínez-Velilla N, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Casas-Herrero Á, Izquierdo M. Role of physical exercise on cognitive function in healthy older adults: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;37:117–134. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.00728587957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopewell S, Adedire O, Copsey BJ, et al. Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;7:CD012221. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012221.pub230035305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, et al. Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;1:CD012424. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub230703272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chastin SFM, Buck C, Freiberger E, et al. Systematic literature review of determinants of sedentary behaviour in older adults: a DEDIPAC study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:127. doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0292-326437960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl HW, Craig CL, Lambert EV, et al. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):294–305. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-822818941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster A, Caserotti P, Patel KV, et al. Association of sedentary time with mortality independent of moderate to vigorous physical activity. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e37696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.003769622719846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee I-M, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, et al. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219–229. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-922818936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Sánchez JL, Mañas A, García-García FJ, et al. Sedentary behaviour, physical activity, and sarcopenia among older adults in the TSHA: isotemporal substitution model. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(1):188–198. doi:10.1002/jcsm.1236930920779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suetta C, Haddock B, Alcazar J, et al. The Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study: lean mass, strength, power, and physical function in a Danish cohort aged 20–93 years. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(6):1316–1329. doi:10.1002/jcsm.1247731419087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen CP, Wai JPM, Tsai MK, et al. Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2011;378(9798):1244–1253. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60749-621846575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco MR, Tong A, Howard K, et al. Older people’s perspectives on participation in physical activity: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(19):1268–1276. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-09401525586911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun F, Norman IJ, While AE. Physical activity in older people: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:449. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-44923648225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty RE, Cacioppo JT. The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 1986;19:123–205.
   Google Scholar
• Hagger MS, Chatzisarantis NLD. An integrated behavior change model for physical activity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2014;42(2):62–69. doi:10.1249/JES.000000000000000824508739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zunft HJ, Friebe D, Seppelt B, et al. Perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity in a nationally representative sample in the European Union. Public Health Nutr. 1999;2(1A):153–160. doi:10.1017/S136898009900020810933635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang M, Leveille S, Cohen-Mansfield J, Guralnik JM. The association of physical-performance level with attitude toward exercise in older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2003;11(2):254–264. doi:10.1123/japa.11.2.254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee -L-L, Arthur A, Avis M. Using self-efficacy theory to develop interventions that help older people overcome psychological barriers to physical activity: a discussion paper. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45(11):1690–1699. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.02.01218501359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sales M, Levinger P, Polman R. Relationships between self perceptions and physical activity behaviour, fear of falling, and physical function among older adults. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2017;14:17. doi:10.1186/s11556-017-0185-328943974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baert V, Gorus E, Mets T, Geerts C, Bautmans I. Motivators and barriers for physical activity in the oldest old: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10(4):464–474. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2011.04.00121570493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman AE, Reis RS, Sallis JF, et al. Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet. 2012;380(9838):258–271. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-122818938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newson RS, Kemps EB. Factors that promote and prevent exercise engagement in older adults. J Aging Health. 2007;19(3):470–481. doi:10.1177/089826430730016917496245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lübs L, Peplies J, Drell C, Bammann K. Cross-sectional and longitudinal factors influencing physical activity of 65 to 75-year-olds: a pan European cohort study based on the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe (SHARE). BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):94. doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0781-829661154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaleta D, Makowiec-Dabrowska T, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Jegier A. Physical activity and self-perceived health status. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2006;19(1):61–69. doi:10.2478/v10001-006-0005-x16881600
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loprinzi PD, Frith E. Association between perceived physical activity and cognitive function in older adults. Psychol Rep. 2019;122(1):108–116. doi:10.1177/003329411775063229307247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elskamp ABM, Hartholt KA, Patka P, van Beeck EF, van der Cammen TJM. Why older people refuse to participate in falls prevention trials: a qualitative study. Exp Gerontol. 2012;47(4):342–345. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2012.01.00622310657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner S, Glogowska M, Stoddart C, Pendlebury S, Lasserson D, Jackson D. Older people’s experiences of falling and perceived risk of falls in the community: a narrative synthesis of qualitative research. Int J Older People Nurs. 2017;12(4):e12151. doi:10.1111/opn.12151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill KD, Day L, Haines TP. What factors influence community-dwelling older people’s intent to undertake multifactorial fall prevention programs? Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:2045–2053. doi:10.2147/CIA.S7267925473276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yardley L, Donovan-Hall M, Francis K, Todd C. Attitudes and beliefs that predict older people’s intention to undertake strength and balance training. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007;62(2):P119–125. doi:10.1093/geronb/62.2.p11917379672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon S, Talley KM, Wyman JF. Older people’s perspectives on fall risk and fall prevention programs: a literature review. Int J Older People Nurs. 2011;6(4):289–298. doi:10.1111/j.1748-3743.2011.00299.x22078019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM, et al. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS). Age Ageing. 2014;43(6):748–759. doi:10.1093/ageing/afu11525241753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, et al. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1302–1310. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-127475271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzetti E, Cesari M, Calvani R, et al. The “Sarcopenia and physical frailty in older people: multi-component treatment strategies” (SPRINTT) randomized controlled trial: case finding, screening and characteristics of eligible participants. Exp Gerontol. 2018;113:48–57. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.01730261246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landi F, Cesari M, Calvani R, et al. The “Sarcopenia and physical frailty in older people: multi-component treatment strategies” (SPRINTT) randomized controlled trial: design and methods. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017;29(1):89–100. doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0715-228144914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding RA, Rejeski WJ, Blair S, et al. The lifestyle interventions and independence for elders study: design and methods. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66(11):1226–1237. doi:10.1093/gerona/glr12321825283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvani R, Miccheli A, Landi F, et al. Current nutritional recommendations and novel dietary strategies to manage sarcopenia. J Frailty Aging. 2013;2(1):38–53.26082911
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azzolino D, Arosio B, Marzetti E, Calvani R, Cesari M. Nutritional status as a mediator of fatigue and its underlying mechanisms in older people. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):444. doi:10.3390/nu12020444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo-López L, Maseda A, de Labra C, Regueiro-Folgueira L, Rodríguez-Villamil JL, Millán-Calenti JC. Nutritional determinants of frailty in older adults: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):108. doi:10.1186/s12877-017-0496-228506216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson SM, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, et al. Does nutrition play a role in the prevention and management of sarcopenia? Clin Nutr. 2018;37(4):1121–1132. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.08.01628927897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Kiesswetter E, Drey M, Sieber CC. Nutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017;29(1):43–48. doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0709-028155181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntanasi E, Yannakoulia M, Kosmidis M-H, et al. Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Frailty. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(4):315–322.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.11.00529289542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montiel-Rojas D, Nilsson A, Santoro A, et al. Dietary fibre may mitigate sarcopenia risk: findings from the NU-AGE cohort of older European adults. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):1075. doi:10.3390/nu12041075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrouzi P, Grootswagers P, Keizer PLC, et al. Dietary intakes of vegetable protein, folate, and vitamins B-6 and B-12 are partially correlated with physical functioning of Dutch older adults using copula graphical models. J Nutr. 2020;150(3):634–643. doi:10.1093/jn/nxz26931858107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh TS, Rampelli S, Jeffery IB, et al. Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status: the NU-AGE 1-year dietary intervention across five European countries. Gut. 2020;69(7):1218–1228. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-31965432066625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dedeyne L, Dewinter L, Lovik A, Verschueren S, Tournoy J, Gielen E. Nutritional and physical exercise programs for older people: program format preferences and (dis)incentives to participate. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:1259–1266. doi:10.2147/CIA.S15981930050293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh T-J, Su S-C, Chen C-W, et al. Individualized home-based exercise and nutrition interventions improve frailty in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16(1):119. doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0855-931791364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correia MITD, Hegazi RA, Higashiguchi T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for addressing malnutrition in health care: an updated strategy from the feedM.E. Global study group. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(8):544–550. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.05.01124997720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE study group. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(8):542–559. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.02123867520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutz NEP, Bauer JM, Barazzoni R, et al. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN expert group. Clin Nutr. 2014;33(6):929–936. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.00724814383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Geriatrics Society Workgroup on Vitamin D Supplementation for Older Adults. Recommendations abstracted from the American Geriatrics Society Consensus Statement on vitamin D for prevention of falls and their consequences. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(1):147–152. doi:10.1111/jgs.12631.24350602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Pieper CF, et al. Lower extremity function and subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000;55(4):M221–231. doi:10.1093/gerona/55.4.m22110811152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinetti ME, Williams TF, Mayewski R. Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. Am J Med. 1986;80(3):429–434. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90717-53953620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellas BJ, Wayne SJ, Romero L, Baumgartner RN, Rubenstein LZ, Garry PJ. One-leg balance is an important predictor of injurious falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45(6):735–738. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb01479.x9180669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg K, Wood-Dauphine S, Williams JI, Gayton D. Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument. Physiother Can. 2009. doi:10.3138/ptc.41.6.304
   Google Scholar
• Rolland YM, Cesari M, Miller ME, Penninx BW, Atkinson HH, Pahor M. Reliability of the 400-m usual-pace walk test as an assessment of mobility limitation in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(6):972–976. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52267.x15161464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada ND, Chiu V, Stewart AL. Mobility-related function in older adults: assessment with a 6-minute walk test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(7):837–841. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90236-810414771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39(2):142–148. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x1991946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar