Exploring Factors Associated with Falls in Multiple Sclerosis: Insights from a Scoping Review

References

• Tafti D, Ehsan M, Xixis KL. Multiple Sclerosis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Edmonds P, Hart S, Wei G, et al. Palliative care for people severely affected by multiple sclerosis: evaluation of a novel palliative care service. Mult Scler. 2010;16(5):627–636. doi:10.1177/1352458510364632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voskuhl RR, Patel K, Paul F, et al. Sex differences in brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Bio Sex Differences. 2020;11(1):49. doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00326-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsagård Y, Lundholm C, Denison E, Gunnarsson LG. Predicting accidental falls in people with multiple sclerosis -- A longitudinal study. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23(3):259–269. doi:10.1177/0269215508095087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazumder R, Murchison C, Bourdette D, Cameron M. Falls in people with multiple sclerosis compared with falls in healthy controls. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107620. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson EW, Cho CC, von Koch L, Finlayson ML. Injurious falls among middle aged and older adults with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(6):1031–1037. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.10.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coote S, Comber L, Quinn G, Santoyo-Medina C, Kalron A, Gunn H. Falls in people with multiple sclerosis: risk identification, intervention, and future directions. Int J MS Care. 2020;22(6):247–255. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2020-014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayes S, Galvin R, Kennedy C, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in people with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;11(11):Cd012475. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012475.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abou L, Qin K, Alluri A, Du Y, Rice LA. The effectiveness of physical therapy interventions in reducing falls among people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2022;29:74–85. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.09.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block VJ, Pitsch EA, Gopal A, et al. Identifying falls remotely in people with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2022;269(4):1889–1898. doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10743-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda PN, Shumway-Cook A, Bamer AM, Johnson SL, Amtmann D, Kraft GH. Falls in multiple sclerosis. Pm r. 2011;3(7):624–32; quiz 32. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.04.015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nilsagård Y, Gunn H, Freeman J, et al. Falls in people with MS--an individual data meta-analysis from studies from Australia, Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States. Mult Scler. 2015;21(1):92–100. doi:10.1177/1352458514538884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn HJ, Newell P, Haas B, Marsden JF, Freeman JA. Identification of risk factors for falls in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2013;93(4):504–513. doi:10.2522/ptj.20120231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalron A, Givon U, Frid L, Dolev M, Achiron A. Static posturography and falls according to pyramidal, sensory and cerebellar functional systems in people with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalron A, Frid L, Menascu S, Givon U. The association between gait variability with the energy cost of walking depends on the fall status in people with multiple sclerosis without mobility aids. Gait Posture. 2019;74:231–235. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.09.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn H, Creanor S, Haas B, Marsden J, Freeman J. Risk factors for falls in multiple sclerosis: an observational study. Mult Scler. 2013;19(14):1913–1922. doi:10.1177/1352458513488233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn H, Creanor S, Haas B, Marsden J, Freeman J. Frequency, characteristics, and consequences of falls in multiple sclerosis: findings from a cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(3):538–545. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.08.244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalron A. The relationship between specific cognitive domains, fear of falling, and falls in people with multiple sclerosis. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:281760. doi:10.1155/2014/281760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil H, Al-Shorman A, El-Salem K, et al. Fear of falling in people with multiple sclerosis: which clinical characteristics are important? Phys Ther. 2017;97(7):698–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abasıyanık Z, Kahraman T, Ertekin Ö, Baba C, Özakbaş S. Prevalence and determinants of falls in persons with multiple sclerosis without a clinical disability. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;49:102771. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalron A, Achiron A. Postural control, falls and fear of falling in people with multiple sclerosis without mobility aids. J Neurol Sci. 2013;335(1–2):186–190. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2013.09.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Orio VL, Foley FW, Armentano F, Picone MA, Kim S, Holtzer R. Cognitive and motor functioning in patients with multiple sclerosis: neuropsychological predictors of walking speed and falls. J Neurol Sci. 2012;316(1–2):42–46. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mofateh R, Salehi R, Negahban H, Mehravar M, Tajali S. Effects of cognitive versus motor dual-task on spatiotemporal gait parameters in healthy controls and multiple sclerosis patients with and without fall history. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;18:8–14. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2017.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelaya JE, Murchison C, Cameron M. Associations between bladder dysfunction and falls in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2017;19(4):184–190. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2016-049
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalron A, Aloni R, Dolev M, Frid L, Givon U, Menascu S. The relationship between gait variability and cognitive functions differs between fallers and non-fallers in MS. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(6):945–952. doi:10.1007/s00702-018-1843-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn H, Cameron M, Hoang P, Lord S, Shaw S, Freeman J. Relationship between physiological and perceived fall risk in people with multiple sclerosis: implications for assessment and management. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(10):2022–2029. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.03.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord SR, Menz HB, Tiedemann A. A physiological profile approach to falls risk assessment and prevention. Physical Therapy. 2003;83(3):237–252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soll R, Greenberg T, Dolev M, Kalron A. The association between bladder dysfunction, balance and falls in women with multiple sclerosis: the specific contribution of fear of falling. Gait Posture. 2021;88:252–257. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazumder R, Lambert WE, Nguyen T, Bourdette DN, Cameron MH. Fear of falling is associated with recurrent falls in people with multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal cohort study. Int J MS Care. 2015;17(4):164–170. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2014-042
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalron A, Allali G. Gait and cognitive impairments in multiple sclerosis: the specific contribution of falls and fear of falling. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124(11):1407–1416. doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1765-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalron A, Allali G, Achiron A. Cerebellum and cognition in multiple sclerosis: the fall status matters. J Neurol. 2018;265(4):809–816. doi:10.1007/s00415-018-8774-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalron A, Aloni R, Allali G. The relationship between depression, anxiety and cognition and its paradoxical impact on falls in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;25:167–172. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2018.07.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron MH, Karstens L, Hoang P, Bourdette D, Lord S. Medications Are Associated with Falls in People with Multiple Sclerosis: a Prospective Cohort Study. Int J MS Care. 2015;17(5):207–214. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2014-076
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Theou O, Rockwood MR, Mitnitski A, Rockwood K. Disability and co-morbidity in relation to frailty: how much do they overlap? Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;55(2):e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayrignac X, Larochelle C, Keezer M, et al. Frailty in ageing persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2021;27(4):613–620. doi:10.1177/1352458520923945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanotto T, Rice LA, Sosnoff JJ. Frailty among people with multiple sclerosis who are wheelchair users. PLoS One. 2022;17(7):e0271688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heesen C, Böhm J, Reich C, Kasper J, Goebel M, Gold SM. Patient perception of bodily functions in multiple sclerosis: gait and visual function are the most valuable. Mult Scler. 2008;14(7):988–991. doi:10.1177/1352458508088916
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cameron MH, Nilsagard Y. Balance, gait, and falls in multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;159:237–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abou L, McCloskey C, Wernimont C, Fritz NE, Kratz AL. Examination of risk factors associated with falls and injurious falls in people with multiple sclerosis: an updated nationwide study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2023;2023:1.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuda PN, Shumway-Cook A, Ciol MA, Bombardier CH, Kartin DA. Understanding falls in multiple sclerosis: association of mobility status, concerns about falling, and accumulated impairments. Phys Ther. 2012;92(3):407–415. doi:10.2522/ptj.20100380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanotto T, Frechette ML, Koziel SR, Hsieh KL, Sosnoff JJ. Frequency and characteristics of falls in people living with and without multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional online survey. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;54:103111. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beghi E, Gervasoni E, Pupillo E, et al. Prediction of falls in subjects suffering from Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(4):641–651. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prosperini L, Sbardella E, Raz E, et al. Multiple sclerosis: white and gray matter damage associated with balance deficit detected at static posturography. Radiology. 2013;268(1):181–189. doi:10.1148/radiol.13121695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Sèze M, Ruffion A, Denys P, Joseph PA, Perrouin-Verbe B. The neurogenic bladder in multiple sclerosis: review of the literature and proposal of management guidelines. Mult Scler. 2007;13(7):915–928. doi:10.1177/1352458506075651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung J, Shen S, Motl RW, Sosnoff JJ. Bladder function and falls in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(22):2193–2197. doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1123311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsi V, Fowler CJ. Therapy Insight: bladder dysfunction associated with multiple sclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2005;2(10):492–501. doi:10.1038/ncpuro0323
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green AR, Reifler LM, Bayliss EA, Weffald LA, Boyd CM. Drugs contributing to anticholinergic burden and risk of fall or fall-related injury among older adults with mild cognitive impairment, dementia and multiple chronic conditions: a retrospective cohort study. Drugs Aging. 2019;36(3):289–297. doi:10.1007/s40266-018-00630-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arfken CL, Lach HW, Birge SJ, Miller JP. The prevalence and correlates of fear of falling in elderly persons living in the community. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(4):565–570. doi:10.2105/AJPH.84.4.565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson EW, Cho CC, Finlayson ML. Fear of falling and associated activity curtailment among middle aged and older adults with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2007;13(9):1168–1175. doi:10.1177/1352458507079260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinetti ME, Powell L.Fear of falling and low self-efficacy: a case of dependence in elderly persons. J Gerontol.1993;48:35–38. doi:10.1093/geronj/48.Special_Issue.35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scholz M, Haase R, Trentzsch K, Weidemann ML, Ziemssen T. Fear of falling and falls in people with multiple sclerosis: a literature review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;47:102609. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102609
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tinetti ME, Richman D, Powell L. Falls efficacy as a measure of fear of falling. J Gerontol. 1990;45(6):P239–P243. doi:10.1093/geronj/45.6.P239
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anens E, Emtner M, Zetterberg L, Hellström K. Physical activity in subjects with multiple sclerosis with focus on gender differences: a survey. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:47. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-14-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freal JE, Kraft GH, Coryell JK. Symptomatic fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1984;65(3):135–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir-Nash J, Steinberg AD. The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Neurol. 1989;46(10):1121–1123. doi:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520460115022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alawami AS, Abdulla FA. Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the modified fatigue impact scale in patients with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil. 2021;43(22):3251–3259. doi:10.1080/09638288.2020.1731853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Téllez N, Río J, Tintoré M, Nos C, Galán I, Montalban X. Does the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale offer a more comprehensive assessment of fatigue in MS? Mult Scler. 2005;11(2):198–202. doi:10.1191/1352458505ms1148oa
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Emmerik RE, Remelius JG, Johnson MB, Chung LH, Kent-Braun JA. Postural control in women with multiple sclerosis: effects of task, vision and symptomatic fatigue. Gait Posture. 2010;32(4):608–614. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krbot Skorić M, Crnošija L, Adamec I, et al. Autonomic symptom burden is an independent contributor to multiple sclerosis related fatigue. Clin Auton Res. 2019;29(3):321–328. doi:10.1007/s10286-018-0563-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanotto T, Hernandez ME, Medrano CN, Wilund KR, Sosnoff JJ. Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction and falls in people with multiple sclerosis: is there a Link? An Opinion Article. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:610917. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.610917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosnoff JJ, Socie MJ, Boes MK, et al. Mobility, balance and falls in persons with multiple sclerosis. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e28021. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwibel HL. Contribution of impaired mobility and general symptoms to the burden of multiple sclerosis. Adv Ther. 2009;26(12):1043–1057. doi:10.1007/s12325-009-0082-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mormina E, Petracca M, Bommarito G, Piaggio N, Cocozza S, Inglese M. Cerebellum and neurodegenerative diseases: beyond conventional magnetic resonance imaging. World J Radiol. 2017;9(10):371–388. doi:10.4329/wjr.v9.i10.371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miehm JD, Buonaccorsi J, Lim J, et al. Sensorimotor function in progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2020;6(3):2055217320934835. doi:10.1177/2055217320934835
   Google Scholar
• Gaetani L, Salvadori N, Chipi E, et al. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: lessons from cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Neural Regen Res. 2021;16(1):36–42. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.286949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JN, Seng E, Foley FW. Cognitive and motor slowing mediate the relationship between depression and falls in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;50:102808. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucak ML, Carroll KA, Kerr DA, Kaplin AI. Neuropsychiatric manifestations of depression in multiple sclerosis: neuroinflammatory, neuroendocrine, and neurotrophic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007;9(2):125–139. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.2/mpucak
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varghese FP, Brown ES. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in major depressive disorder: a brief primer for primary care physicians. Prim Care Compan J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;3(4):151–155. doi:10.4088/pcc.v03n0401
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahlgren C, Odén A, Lycke J. High nationwide prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Sweden. Mult Scler. 2011;17(8):901–908. doi:10.1177/1352458511403794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet. 2002;359(9313):1221–1231. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08220-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orton SM, Ramagopalan SV, Brocklebank D, et al. Effect of immigration on multiple sclerosis sex ratio in Canada: the Canadian Collaborative Study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81(1):31–36. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.162784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasser SL, Jacobs JV, Foley JT, Cardinal BJ, Maddalozzo GF. A prospective evaluation of balance, gait, and strength to predict falling in women with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(11):1840–1846. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buehler RA, Yang F. Preliminary race-ethnicity-based analyses of fall risk among people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;77:104857. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2023.104857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacher P, Ungvari Z. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants increase the risk of falls and Hip fractures in elderly people by inhibiting cardiovascular ion channels. Med Hypotheses. 2001;57(4):469–471. doi:10.1054/mehy.2001.1366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carling A, Forsberg A, Nilsagård Y. Falls in people with multiple sclerosis: experiences of 115 fall situations. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(4):526–535. doi:10.1177/0269215517730597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson EW, Ben Ari E, Asano M, Finlayson ML. Fall attributions among middle-aged and older adults with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(5):890–895. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar