Achieving glycemic control in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a critical comparison of current options

References

• International Diabetes FederationIDF Diabetes Atlas6th edBrussels, BelgiumInternational Diabetes Federation2013
   Google Scholar
• MenzHBLordSRSt GeorgeRFitzpatrickRCWalking stability and sensorimotor function in older people with diabetic peripheral neuropathyArch Phys Med Rehabil200485224525214966709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RobertsROKnopmanDSPrzybelskiSAAssociation of type 2 diabetes with brain atrophy and cognitive impairmentNeurology201482131132114124647028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HasanSSMamunAAClavarinoAMKairuzTIncidence and risk of depression associated with diabetes in adults: evidence from longitudinal studiesCommunity Ment Health J2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChiuCJWrayLABeverlyEADominicOGThe role of health behaviors in mediating the relationship between depressive symptoms and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a structural equation modeling approachSoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol2010451677619343264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChiuCJWrayLAGender differences in functional limitations in adults living with type 2 diabetes: biobehavioral and psychosocial mediatorsAnn Behav Med2011411718220827519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoghissiEManagement of type 2 diabetes mellitus in older patients: current and emerging treatment optionsDiabetes Ther20134223925624096685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ParkSWGoodpasterBHLeeJSHealth, Aging, and Body Composition StudyExcessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care200932111993199719549734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimKSParkKSKimMJKimSKChoYWParkSWType 2 diabetes is associated with low muscle mass in older adultsGeriatr Gerontol Int201414suppl 111512124450569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Diabetes FederationManaging Older People with Type 2 DiabetesBrusselsIDF Global Guideline2013
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz-AlonsoFJGaleckiAHermanWHSmithMJJacquezJAHalterJBHypoglycemia counterregulation in elderly humans: relationship to glucose levelsAm J Physiol19942674 pt 1E497E5067943297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinclairAJPaolissoGCastroMEuropean Diabetes Working Party for Older PeopleEuropean diabetes working party for older people 2011 clinical guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Executive summaryDiabetes Metab201137suppl 3S27S3822183418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinclairAMorleyJERodriguez-MañasLDiabetes mellitus in older people: position statement on behalf of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG), the European Diabetes Working Party for Older People (EDWPOP), and the International Task Force of Experts in DiabetesJ Am Med Dir Assoc201213649750222748719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue KirkmanMBriscoeVJClarkNDiabetes in older adults: a consensus reportJ Am Geriatr Soc201260122342235623106132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert CommitteeMeneillyGSKnipATessierDDiabetes in the elderlyCan J Diabetes201337suppl 1S184S19024070944
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MalleryLHRansomTSteevesBCookBDunbarPMoorhousePEvidence-informed guidelines for treating frail older adults with type 2 diabetes: from the Diabetes Care Program of Nova Scotia (DCPNS) and the Palliative and Therapeutic Harmonization (PATH) programJ Am Med Dir Assoc2013141180180824074961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenLKChenYMLinMHPengLNHwangSJCare of elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: a focus on frailtyAgeing Res Rev20109suppl 1S18S2220849981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaubscherTRegierLBarehamJDiabetes in the frail elderly: individualization of glycemic managementCan Fam Physician201258554354622586198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrownAFMangioneCMSalibaDSarkisianCACalifornia Healthcare Foundation/American Geriatrics Society Panel on Improving Care for Elders with DiabetesGuidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitusJ Am Geriatr Soc2003515 suppl GuidelinesS265S28012694461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PogachLMBrietzkeSACowanCLJrVA/DoD Diabetes Guideline Development GroupDevelopment of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for diabetes: the Department of Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense guidelines initiativeDiabetes Care200427suppl 2B82B8915113788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus2010 Available from: http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=24192Accessed May 17, 2014
   Google Scholar
• AbbatecolaAMMaggiSPaolissoGNew approaches to treating type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly: role of incretin therapiesDrugs Aging2008251191392518947259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LachinJMOrchardTJNathanDMGroupDERUpdate on cardiovascular outcomes at 30 years of the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications studyDiabetes Care2014371394324356596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HolmanRRPaulSKBethelMAMatthewsDRNeilHA10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med2008359151577158918784090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuckworthWAbrairaCMoritzTGlucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med2009360212913919092145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADVANCE Collaborative GroupPatelAMacMahonSChalmersJIntensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med2008358242560257218539916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study GroupGersteinHCMillerMEByingtonRPEffects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetesN Engl J Med2008358242545255918539917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimJHLimSChoiSHSarcopenia: an independent predictor of mortality in community-dwelling older Korean menJ Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci201469101244125224721723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CryerPEMechanisms of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in diabetesN Engl J Med2013369436237223883381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BordierLDoucetJBoudetJBauduceauBUpdate on cognitive decline and dementia in elderly patients with diabetesDiabetes Metab2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrierBMSchernthanerGHellerSRHypoglycemia and cardiovascular risksDiabetes Care201134suppl 2S132S13721525444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwartzAVMargolisKLSellmeyerDEIntensive glycemic control is not associated with fractures or falls in the ACCORD randomized trialDiabetes Care20123571525153122723583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PuarTHKhooJJChoLWAssociation between glycemic control and hip fractureJ Am Geriatr Soc20126081493149722862735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchwartzAVVittinghoffESellmeyerDEHealth, Aging, and Body Composition StudyDiabetes-related complications, glycemic control, and falls in older adultsDiabetes Care200831339139618056893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NelsonJMDufrauxKCookPFThe relationship between glycemic control and falls in older adultsJ Am Geriatr Soc200755122041204417971138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SinclairAJTask, Finish Group of Diabetes UKGood clinical practice guidelines for care home residents with diabetes: an executive summaryDiabet Med201128777277721672001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VischerUMPerrenoudLGenetCArdigoSRegiste-RameauYHerrmannFRThe high prevalence of malnutrition in elderly diabetic patients: implications for anti-diabetic drug treatmentsDiabet Med201027891892420653750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert CommitteeImranSARabasa-LhoretRRossSTargets for glycemic controlCan J Diabetes201337suppl 1S31S3424070959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenstockJManagement of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly: special considerationsDrugs Aging2001181314411232737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YaffeKFalveyCHamiltonNDiabetes, glucose control, and 9-year cognitive decline among older adults without dementiaArch Neurol20126991170117522710333
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SinclairAMorleyJEHow to manage diabetes mellitus in older persons in the 21st century: applying these principles to long term diabetes careJ Am Med Dir Assoc2013141177778024176597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MooradianADMorleyJEMicronutrient status in diabetes mellitusAm J Clin Nutr19874558778953554960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GagliaJLWyckoffJAbrahamsonMJAcute hyperglycemic crisis in the elderlyMed Clin North Am200488410631084 xii15308390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChiuCJWrayLAOfstedalMBDiabetes-related change in physical disability from midlife to older adulthood: evidence from 1996–2003 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in TaiwanDiabetes Res Clin Pract201191341342321193244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChiuCJWrayLAPhysical disability trajectories in older Americans with and without diabetes: the role of age, gender, race or ethnicity, and educationGerontologist2011511516320713455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RizzoMRMarfellaRBarbieriMRelationships between daily acute glucose fluctuations and cognitive performance among aged type 2 diabetic patientsDiabetes Care201033102169217420573753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RizzoMRBarbieriMMarfellaRPaolissoGReduction of oxidative stress and inflammation by blunting daily acute glucose fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes: role of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitionDiabetes Care201235102076208222688551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangCPHazudaHPBetter glycemic control is associated with maintenance of lower-extremity function over time in Mexican American and European American older adults with diabetesDiabetes Care201134226827321216857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TeohHHomePLeiterLAShould A1C targets be individualized for all people with diabetes? Arguments for and againstDiabetes Care201134suppl 2S191S19621525454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MunshiMNSegalARSuhlEFrequent hypoglycemia among elderly patients with poor glycemic controlArch Intern Med2011171436236421357814
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MoriYExploring an optimal approach to the use of oral hypoglycemic agents based on CGM results: implications for combination therapy with oral hypoglycemic agentsNihon Rinsho20116981505151421838054
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLarenLAQuinnTJMcKayGADiabetes control in older peopleBMJ2013346f262523615598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeneillyGSRyanASVeldhuisJDElahiDIncreased disorderliness of basal insulin release, attenuated insulin secretory burst mass, and reduced ultradian rhythmicity of insulin secretion in older individualsJ Clin Endocrinol Metab19978212408840939398719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GelonezeBde OliveiraMDVasquesACNovaesFSParejaJCTambasciaMAImpaired incretin secretion and pancreatic dysfunction with older age and diabetesMetabolism201463792292924854384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MunshiMNPandyaNUmpierrezGEDiGenioAZhouRRiddleMCContributions of basal and prandial hyperglycemia to total hyperglycemia in older and younger adults with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Am Geriatr Soc201361453554123581911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuangESLaiteerapongNLiuJYJohnPMMoffetHHKarterAJRates of complications and mortality in older patients with diabetes mellitus: the diabetes and aging studyJAMA Intern Med2014174225125824322595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShorrRIRayWADaughertyJRGriffinMRIncidence and risk factors for serious hypoglycemia in older persons using insulin or sulfonylureasArch Intern Med199715715168116869250229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BremerJPJauch-CharaKHallschmidMSchmidSSchultesBHypoglycemia unawareness in older compared with middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care20093281513151719487634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbdelhafizAHBaileyCEng LooBSinclairAHypoglycaemic symptoms and hypoglycaemia threshold in older people with diabetes – a patient perspectiveJ Nutr Health Aging2013171089990224257574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeneillyGSCheungETuokkoHAltered responses to hypoglycemia of healthy elderly peopleJ Clin Endocrinol Metab1994786134113488200936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DRUGDEX^® SystemGreenwood Village, COThomson Healthcare2011 Updated periodically
   Google Scholar
• Lexi-Drugs OnlineHudson, OHLexi-Comp, Inc [Updated September 13, 2014]
   Google Scholar
• ChiuCJWrayLAFactors predicting glycemic control in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetesPrev Chronic Dis201071A0820040223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChiuCJWrayLALuFHBeverlyEABMI change patterns and disability development of middle-aged adults with diabetes: a dual trajectory modeling approachJ Gen Intern Med20132891150115623463456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChiuCJWrayLABeverlyEARelationship of glucose regulation to changes in weight: a systematic review and guide to future researchDiabetes Metab Res Rev201026532333520578206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BauerJBioloGCederholmTEvidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study GroupJ Am Med Dir Assoc201314854255923867520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DalyRMO’ConnellSLMundellNLGrimesCADunstanDWNowsonCAProtein-enriched diet, with the use of lean red meat, combined with progressive resistance training enhances lean tissue mass and muscle strength and reduces circulating IL-6 concentrations in elderly women: a cluster randomized controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr201499489991024477043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MorrisonSColbergSRParsonHKVinikAIExercise improves gait, reaction time and postural stability in older adults with type 2 diabetes and neuropathyJ Diabetes Complications201428571572224929798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeeCGBoykoEJBarrett-ConnorEOsteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research GroupInsulin sensitizers may attenuate lean mass loss in older men with diabetesDiabetes Care201134112381238621926282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SoeKSacerdoteAKaramJBahtiyarGManagement of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderlyMaturitas201170215115921890292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NeumillerJJSetterSMPharmacologic management of the older patient with type 2 diabetes mellitusAm J Geriatr Pharmacother20097632434220129254
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AlmirallJBriculleMGonzalez-ClementeJMMetformin-associated lactic acidosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: incidence and presentation in common clinical practiceNephrol Dial Transplant20082372436243818388117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RachmaniRSlavachevskiILeviZZadokBKedarYRavidMMetformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: reconsideration of traditional contraindicationsEur J Intern Med200213742812384131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TahraniAAVarugheseGIScarpelloJHHannaFWMetformin, heart failure, and lactic acidosis: is metformin absolutely contraindicated?BMJ2007335761850851217823192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EppengaWLLalmohamedAGeertsAFRisk of lactic acidosis or elevated lactate concentrations in metformin users with renal impairment: a population-based cohort studyDiabetes Care20143782218222424842984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangXHarmsenWSMettlerTAContinuation of metformin use after a diagnosis of cirrhosis significantly improves survival of patients with diabetesHepatology2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SalpeterSRGreyberEPasternakGASalpeterEERisk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitusCochrane Database Syst Rev20104CD002967
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HolsteinAStumvollMContraindications can damage your health – is metformin a case in point?Diabetologia200548122454245916283245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LinYCLinLYWangHFLinHDFasting plasma lactate concentrations in ambulatory elderly patients with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin therapy: a retrospective cross-sectional studyJ Chin Med Assoc2010731261762221145508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormackJJohnsKTildesleyHMetformin’s contraindications should be contraindicatedCan Med Assoc J2005173550250416129871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KosELiszekMJEmanueleMADurazo-ArvizuRCamachoPEffect of metformin therapy on vitamin D and vitamin B(1)(2) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusEndocr Pract201218217918421940283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de JagerJKooyALehertPLong term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trialBMJ2010340c218120488910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• InzucchiSEBergenstalRMBuseJBManagement of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)Diabetes Care20123561364137922517736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RajagopalanRPerezAYeZKhanMMurrayFTPioglitazone is effective therapy for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusDrugs Aging200421425927115012171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlbaMAhrénBInzucchiSESitagliptin and pioglitazone provide complementary effects on postprandial gPioglitazone is effective therapy for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellituslucose and pancreatic islet cell functionDiabetes Obes Metab201315121101111023782502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KungJHenryRRThiazolidinedione safetyExpert Opin Drug Saf201211456557922616948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RajagopalanRXuYAbbadessaMQuartet StudyGThe effect of pioglitazone on glycemic and lipid parameters and adverse events in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a post hoc analysis of four randomized trialsAm J Geriatr Pharmacother20064212313316860259
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KahnSEHaffnerSMHeiseMAADOPT Study GroupGlycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapyN Engl J Med2006355232427244317145742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KahnSEZinmanBLachinJMDiabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT) Study GroupRosiglitazone-associated fractures in type 2 diabetes: an Analysis from A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT)Diabetes Care200831584585118223031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DormandyJBhattacharyaMvan Troostenburg de BruynARPROactive InvestigatorsSafety and tolerability of pioglitazone in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes: an overview of data from PROactiveDrug Saf200932318720219338377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreyABollandMFenwickSThe skeletal effects of pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance: a randomized controlled trialEur J Endocrinol2014170225526224217934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BoneHGLindsayRMcClungMRPerezATRaananMGSpanheimerRGEffects of pioglitazone on bone in postmenopausal women with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab201398124691470124057294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HabibZAHavstadSLWellsKDivineGPladevallMWilliamsLKThiazolidinedione use and the longitudinal risk of fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Clin Endocrinol Metab201095259260020061432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GreyAThiazolidinedione-induced skeletal fragility – mechanisms and implicationsDiabetes Obes Metab200911427528418671797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SeaquistERMillerMEFonsecaVEffect of thiazolidinediones and insulin on cognitive outcomes in ACCORD-MINDJ Diabetes Complications201327548549123680059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MillerBWWillettKCDesiletsARRosiglitazone and pioglitazone for the treatment of Alzheimer’s diseaseAnn Pharmacother201145111416142422028424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SatoTHanyuHHiraoKKanetakaHSakuraiHIwamotoTEfficacy of PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone in mild Alzheimer diseaseNeurobiol Aging20113291626163319923038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ReadSWuPBiscowMSustained 4-year cognitive and functional response in early Alzheimer’s disease with pioglitazoneJ Am Geriatr Soc201462358458624628640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HoshikawaYOhkoshiKAssociation between pioglitazone and diabetic macular edemaNippon Ganka Gakkai zasshi2013117435736323767192
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AzarSEl-MollayessGMAl ShaarLSaltiHIBashshurZFImpact of thiazolidinediones on macular thickness and volume in diabetic eyesCan J Ophthalmol201348431231623931472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HomePDPocockSJBeck-NielsenHRECORD Study TeamRosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trialLancet200937396812125213519501900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HernandezAVUsmaniARajamanickamAMoheetAThiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in patients with or at high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trialsAm J Cardiovasc Drugs201111211512821294599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ViswanathanVMohanVSubramaniPEffect of spironolactone and amiloride on thiazolidinedione-induced fluid retention in South Indian patients with type 2 diabetesClin J Am Soc Nephrol20138222523223184569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NissenSEWolskiKEffect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causesN Engl J Med2007356242457247117517853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DormandyJACharbonnelBEcklandDJSecondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trialLancet200536694931279128916214598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LuCJSunYMuoCHChenRCChenPCHsuCYRisk of stroke with thiazolidinediones: a ten-year nationwide population-based cohort studyCerebrovasc Dis201336214515124029780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VallarinoCPerezAFuscoGComparing pioglitazone to insulin with respect to cancer, cardiovascular and bone fracture endpoints, using propensity score weightsClin Drug Investig2013339621631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MahaffeyKWHafleyGDickersonSResults of a reevaluation of cardiovascular outcomes in the RECORD trialAm Heart J20131662240249e24123895806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FuHXieWCurtisBSchusterDIdentifying factors associated with hypoglycemia-related hospitalizations among elderly patients with T2DM in the US: a novel approach using influential variable analysisCurr Med Res Opin2014291725329826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van StaaTAbenhaimLMonetteJRates of hypoglycemia in users of sulfonylureasJ Clin Epidemiol19975067357419250272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChelliahABurgeMRHypoglycaemia in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus: causes and strategies for preventionDrugs Aging200421851153015182216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KimMKSukJHKwonMJNateglinide and acarbose for postprandial glucose control after optimizing fasting glucose with insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Res Clin Pract201192332232821376417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PapaGFedeleVRizzoMRSafety of type 2 diabetes treatment with repaglinide compared with glibenclamide in elderly people: a randomized, open-label, two-period, cross-over trialDiabetes Care20062981918192016873803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangJSLinSDLeeWJEffects of acarbose versus glibenclamide on glycemic excursion and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled by metformin: a 24-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparisonClin Ther201133121932194222078152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EnçFYImeryüzNAkinLInhibition of gastric emptying by acarbose is correlated with GLP-1 response and accompanied by CCK releaseAm J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol20012813G752G76311518688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLeonMJChandurkarVAlbertSGMooradianADGlucagon-like peptide-1 response to acarbose in elderly type 2 diabetic subjectsDiabetes Res Clin Pract200256210110611891017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MeneillyGSRyanEARadziukJEffect of acarbose on insulin sensitivity in elderly patients with diabetesDiabetes Care20002381162116710937515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SangiorgioLAttardoTCondorelliLLunettaMEffects of the treatment with acarbose in elderly overweight type 2 diabetic patients in poor glycemic control with oral hypoglycemic agents or insulinArch Gerontol Geriatr2000311273410989161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HsiehCJAcarbose reduces the risk of pre-lunch hypoglycemia in elderly people with diabetes eating rice porridge for breakfastDiabetes Res Clin Pract2010893e66e6820619914
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LiCHungYJQamruddinKAzizMFSteinHSchmidtBInternational noninterventional study of acarbose treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetes Res Clin Pract2011921576421251726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SpenglerMSchmitzHLandenHEvaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of acarbose in patients with diabetes mellitus: a postmarketing surveillance studyClin Drug Investig20052510651659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MertesGSafety and efficacy of acarbose in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: data from a 5-year surveillance studyDiabetes Res Clin Pract200152319320411323089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BuseJHartKMinasiLThe PROTECT Study: final results of a large multicenter postmarketing study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Precose Resolution of Optimal Titration to Enhance Current TherapiesClin Ther19982022572699589817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GerminoFWNoninsulin treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in geriatric patients: a reviewClin Ther201133121868188222136979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaryekarCSRavichandranSAllenEFlemingDFrederichRTolerability and efficacy of glycemic control with saxagliptin in older patients (aged ≥65 years) with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitusClin Interv Aging2013841943023626461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StrainWDLukashevichVKothnyWHoellingerMJPaldaniusPMIndividualised treatment targets for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes using vildagliptin add-on or lone therapy (INTERVAL): a 24 week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studyLancet2013382989040941623706759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchweizerADejagerSBosiEComparison of vildagliptin and metformin monotherapy in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, double-blind, randomized trialDiabetes Obes Metab200911880481219476473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchweizerADejagerSFoleyJEShaoQKothnyWClinical experience with vildagliptin in the management of type 2 diabetes in a patient population ≥75 years: a pooled analysis from a database of clinical trialsDiabetes Obes Metab2011131556421114604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarnettAHHuismanHJonesRvon EynattenMPatelSWoerleHJLinagliptin for patients aged 70 years or older with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with common antidiabetes treatments: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialLancet201338299021413142323948125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarzilaiNGuoHMahoneyEMEfficacy and tolerability of sitagliptin monotherapy in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialCurr Med Res Opin20112751049105821428727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GiordaCBNadaETartaglinoBPharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal or hepatic impairment. A systematic review of the literatureEndocrine201446340641924510630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DruckerDJNauckMAThe incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetesLancet200636895481696170517098089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenstockJWilsonCFleckPAlogliptin versus glipizide monotherapy in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with mild hyperglycaemia: a prospective, double-blind, randomized, 1-year studyDiabetes Obes Metab2013151090691423531118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AndoYTreatment strategy for elderly diabetic patient with insulin or GLP-1 receptor agonistNihon Rinsho201371111993199824397172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BodeBWBrettJFalahatiAPratleyREComparison of the efficacy and tolerability profile of liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analog, in patients with type 2 diabetes ≥65 and <65 years of age: a pooled analysis from phase III studiesAm J Geriatr Pharmacother20119642343322055210
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LinnebjergHKotharePASegerMWolkaAMMitchellMIExenatide – pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability in patients ≥75 years of age with type 2 diabetesInt J Clin Pharmacol Ther20114929910821255526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SuzukiDToyodaMKimuraMEffects of liraglutide, a human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on body weight, body fat area and body fat-related markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusIntern Med201352101029103423676586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FanHPanQXuYYangXExenatide improves type 2 diabetes concomitant with non-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseArq Bras Endocrinol Metabol201357970270824402015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PonzaniPLong-term effectiveness and safety of liraglutide in clinical practiceMinerva Endocrinol201338110311223435446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PawaskarMLiQReynoldsMWMetabolic outcomes of elderly patient populations initiating exenatide BID versus insulin glargine in an ambulatory care settingCurr Med Res Opin201228699199722519390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JacobsenLVHindsbergerCRobsonRZdravkovicMEffect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the GLP-1 analogue liraglutideBr J Clin Pharmacol200968689890520002084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malm-ErjefältMBjørnsdottirIVanggaardJMetabolism and excretion of the once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide in healthy male subjects and its in vitro degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and neutral endopeptidaseDrug Metab Dispos201038111944195320709939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavidsonJABrettJFalahatiAScottDMild renal impairment and the efficacy and safety of liraglutideEndocr Pract201117334535521700561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final reportCirculation2002106253143342112485966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaysHEGoldbergRBTruittKEJonesMRColesevelam hydrochloride therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin: glucose and lipid effectsArch Intern Med2008168181975198318852398
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FonsecaVARosenstockJWangACTruittKEJonesMRColesevelam HCl improves glycemic control and reduces LDL cholesterol in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes on sulfonylurea-based therapyDiabetes Care20083181479148418458145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GoldbergRBFonsecaVATruittKEJonesMREfficacy and safety of colesevelam in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycemic control receiving insulin-based therapyArch Intern Med2008168141531154018663165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BaysHDujovneCColesevelam HCl: a non-systemic lipid-altering drugExpert Opin Pharmacother20034577979012740000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RosenbaumDPPetersenJSDucharmeSMarkhamPGoldbergDIAbsorption, distribution and excretion of GT31-104, a novel bile acid sequestrant, in rats and dogs after acute and subchronic administrationJ Pharm Sci19978655915959145384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OoiCPLokeSCColesevelam for type 2 diabetes mellitusCochrane Database Syst Rev201212CD00936123235674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GavinJR3rdJonesMRFordDMTruittKESafety and efficacy of Colesevelam HCl in the treatment of elderly patientsDrugs Aging201431646147024777691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GarberAJAbrahamsonMJBarzilayJIAACE comprehensive diabetes management algorithm 2013Endocr Pract201319232733623598536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClarCGillJACourtRWaughNSystematic review of SGLT2 receptor inhibitors in dual or triple therapy in type 2 diabetesBMJ Open201225ii:e001007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DavisCSFlemingJWWarringtonLESodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors: a novel approach to the management of type 2 diabetes mellitusJ Am Assoc Nurse Pract201426735636324895099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BolinderJLjunggrenÖKullbergJEffects of dapagliflozin on body weight, total fat mass, and regional adipose tissue distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on metforminJ Clin Endocrinol Metab20129731020103122238392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaileyCJGrossJLPietersABastienAListJFEffect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialLancet201037597332223223320609968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riser TaylorSHarrisKBThe clinical efficacy and safety of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitusPharmacotherapy201333998499923744749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KasichayanulaSChangMHasegawaMPharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin, a novel selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2, in Japanese subjects without and with type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetes Obes Metab201113435736521226818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KasichayanulaSLiuXShyuWCLack of pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, and metformin, pioglitazone, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjectsDiabetes Obes Metab2011131475421114603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KomoroskiBVachharajaniNFengYLiLKornhauserDPfisterMDapagliflozin, a novel, selective SGLT2 inhibitor, improved glycemic control over 2 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusClin Pharmacol Ther200985551351919129749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StenlöfKCefaluWTKimKAEfficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exerciseDiabetes Obes Metab201315437238223279307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FerranniniERamosSJSalsaliATangWListJFDapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trialDiabetes Care201033102217222420566676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StrojekKYoonKHHrubaVElzeMLangkildeAMParikhSEffect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride: a randomized, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialDiabetes Obes Metab2011131092893821672123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WildingJPWooVSolerNGDapagliflozin 006 Study GroupLong-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trialAnn Intern Med2012156640541522431673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaileyCJGrossJLHennickenDIqbalNMansfieldTAListJFDapagliflozin add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 102-week trialBMC Med2013114323425012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElmoreLKBaggettSKyleJASkelleyJWA review of the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetesConsult Pharm201429533534624849690
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ChenK-WTsengH-MHuangY-YChuangY-JThe barriers to initiating insulin therapy among people with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan – a qualitative studyJ Diabetes Metab201235194
   Google Scholar
• RosenstockJSchwartzSLClarkCMJrParkGDDonleyDWEdwardsMBBasal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: 28-week comparison of insulin glargine (HOE 901) and NPH insulinDiabetes Care200124463163611315821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SorliCWarrenMOyerDMersebachHJohansenTGoughSCElderly patients with diabetes experience a lower rate of nocturnal hypoglycaemia with insulin degludec than with insulin glargine: a meta-analysis of phase IIIa trialsDrugs Aging201330121009101824170235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeePChangABlaumCVlajnicAGaoLHalterJComparison of safety and efficacy of insulin glargine and neutral protamine hagedorn insulin in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from a pooled analysisJ Am Geriatr Soc2012601515922239291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philis-TsimikasACharpentierGClausonPRavnGMRobertsVLThorsteinssonBComparison of once-daily insulin detemir with NPH insulin added to a regimen of oral antidiabetic drugs in poorly controlled type 2 diabetesClin Ther200628101569158117157113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HorvathKJeitlerKBergholdALong-acting insulin analogues versus NPH insulin (human isophane insulin) for type 2 diabetes mellitusCochrane Database Syst Rev20072CD00561317443605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BruntonSInitiating insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: benefits of insulin analogs and insulin pensDiabetes Technol Ther200810424725618715198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CoscelliCLostiaSLunettaMNosariICoronelGASafety, efficacy, acceptability of a pre-filled insulin pen in diabetic patients over 60 years oldDiabetes Res Clin Pract19952831731778529495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PapaGFedeleVChiavettaATherapeutic options for elderly diabetic subjects: open label, randomized clinical trial of insulin glargine added to oral antidiabetic drugs versus increased dosage of oral antidiabetic drugsActa Diabetol2008451535918180864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MooradianADOsterweilDPetrasekDMorleyJEDiabetes mellitus in elderly nursing home patients. A survey of clinical characteristics and managementJ Am Geriatr Soc19883653913963283197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-PeraltaFCarraminana-BarreraFFelix-RedondoFJFraile-GomezJExtreme Rescue Study GroupGlycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes switching from premixed insulin to long-acting basal insulin analogue plus oral antidiabetic drugs: an observational studyInt J Clin Pract2012661095996822994330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RezaMTaylorCDTowseKWardJDHendraTJInsulin improves well-being for selected elderly type 2 diabetic subjectsDiabetes Res Clin Pract200255320120711850096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sicras-MainarANavarro-ArtiedaRUse of metformin and vildagliptin for treatment of type 2 diabetes in the elderlyDrug Des Devel Ther20148811818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FerranniniEFonsecaVZinmanBFifty-two-week efficacy and safety of vildagliptin vs glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapyDiabetes Obes Metab200911215716619125777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MatthewsDRDejagerSAhrenBVildagliptin add-on to metformin produces similar efficacy and reduced hypoglycaemic risk compared with glimepiride, with no weight gain: results from a 2-year studyDiabetes Obes Metab201012978078920649630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FilozofCGautierJFA comparison of efficacy and safety of vildagliptin and gliclazide in combination with metformin in patients with Type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone: a 52-week, randomized studyDiabet Med201027331832620536495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GökeBGallwitzBErikssonJHellqvistAGause-Nilsson I; D1680C00001 InvestigatorsSaxagliptin is non-inferior to glipizide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a 52-week randomised controlled trialInt J Clin Pract201064121619163120846286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GallwitzBRosenstockJRauchT2-year efficacy and safety of linagliptin compared with glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trialLancet2012380984047548322748821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AschnerPChanJOwensDREASIE InvestigatorsInsulin glargine versus sitagliptin in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus uncontrolled on metformin (EASIE): a multicentre, randomised open-label trialLancet201237998332262226922683131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NauckMAMeiningerGShengDTerranellaLSteinPPSitagliptin StudyGEfficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trialDiabetes Obes Metab20079219420517300595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AhrénBFoleyJEFerranniniEChanges in prandial glucagon levels after a 2-year treatment with vildagliptin or glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapyDiabetes Care201033473073220067974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ForstTDworakMBerndt-ZipfelCEffect of vildagliptin compared to glimepiride on postprandial proinsulin processing in the beta cell of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetes Obes Metab201315657657923384119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeYLFoteinosGNeelakanthamSDifferential effects of vildagliptin and glimepiride on glucose fluctuations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus assessed using continuous glucose monitoringDiabetes Obes Metab201315121111111923782529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuerciBMonnierLSerusclatPContinuous glucose profiles with vildagliptin versus sitagliptin in add-on to metformin: results from the randomized Optima studyDiabetes Metab201238435936622809630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ViriatoDCaladoFGruenbergerJBCost-effectiveness of metformin plus vildagliptin compared with metformin plus sulphonylurea for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a Portuguese healthcare system perspectiveJ Med Econ201417749950724708176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GranstromOBergenheimKMcEwanPSennfaltKHenrikssonMCost-effectiveness of saxagliptin (Onglyza(R)) in type 2 diabetes in SwedenPrim Care Diabetes20126212713622001114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TakihataMNakamuraATajimaKComparative study of sitagliptin with pioglitazone in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients: the COMPASS randomized controlled trialDiabetes Obes Metab201315545546223279373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BolliGDottaFRochotteECohenSEEfficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin vs pioglitazone when added to metformin: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind studyDiabetes Obes Metab2008101829018034842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BolliGDottaFColinLMinicBGoodmanMComparison of vildagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metforminDiabetes Obes Metab200911658959519515179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UmpierrezGIssaMVlajnicAGlimepiride versus pioglitazone combination therapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy: results of a randomized clinical trialCurr Med Res Opin200622475175916684436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MatthewsDRCharbonnelBHHanefeldMBrunettiPSchernthanerGLong-term therapy with addition of pioglitazone to metformin compared with the addition of gliclazide to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, comparative studyDiabetes Metab Res Rev200521216717415386821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CharbonnelBSchernthanerGBrunettiPLong-term efficacy and tolerability of add-on pioglitazone therapy to failing monotherapy compared with addition of gliclazide or metformin in patients with type 2 diabetesDiabetologia20054861093110415889234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CefaluWTLeiterLAYoonKHEfficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trialLancet2013382989694195023850055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavalle-GonzálezFJJanuszewiczADavidsonJEfficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo and sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin monotherapy: a randomised trialDiabetologia201356122582259224026211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchernthanerGGrossJLRosenstockJCanagliflozin compared with sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who do not have adequate glycemic control with metformin plus sulfonylurea: a 52-week randomized trialDiabetes Care20133692508251523564919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DerosaGSalvadeoSAD’AngeloAMetabolic effect of repaglinide or acarbose when added to a double oral antidiabetic treatment with sulphonylureas and metformin: a double-blind, cross-over, clinical trialCurr Med Res Opin200925360761519232035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DerosaGMereuRD’AngeloAEffect of pioglitazone and acarbose on endothelial inflammation biomarkers during oral glucose tolerance test in diabetic patients treated with sulphonylureas and metforminJ Clin Pharm Ther201035556557920831680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DerosaGCiceroAFFranzettiIGA comparison between sitagliptin or glibenclamide in addition to metformin + pioglitazone on glycaemic control and beta-cell function: the triple oral therapyDiabet Med201330784685423413771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OsonoiTSaitoMTamasawaAIshidaHOsonoiYEffects of sitagliptin or mitiglinide as an add-on to acarbose on daily blood glucose fluctuations measured by 72 h subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective randomized studyExpert Opin Pharmacother201415101325133524866329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ArechavaletaRSeckTChenYEfficacy and safety of treatment with sitagliptin or glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trialDiabetes Obes Metab201113216016821199268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CerielloAJohnsDWidelMEcklandDJGilmoreKJTanMHComparison of effect of pioglitazone with metformin or sulfonylurea (monotherapy and combination therapy) on postload glycemia and composite insulin sensitivity index during an oral glucose tolerance test in patients with type 2 diabetesDiabetes Care200528226627215677777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PfütznerASchöndorfTTschöpeDPIOfix-study: effects of pioglitazone/metformin fixed combination in comparison with a combination of metformin with glimepiride on diabetic dyslipidemiaDiabetes Technol Ther201113663764321457065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CharbonnelBSteinbergHEymardEEfficacy and safety over 26 weeks of an oral treatment strategy including sitagliptin compared with an injectable treatment strategy with liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin: a randomised clinical trialDiabetologia20135671503151123604551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar