Role of cigarette smoking in the development of ischemic stroke and its subtypes: a Mendelian randomization study

References

• Collaborators GBDCoD. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1151–1210. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-928919116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endres M, Heuschmann PU, Laufs U, Hakim AM. Primary prevention of stroke: blood pressure, lipids, and heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(5):545–552. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq47221285072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traylor M, Farrall M, Holliday EG, et al. Genetic risk factors for ischaemic stroke and its subtypes (the METASTROKE collaboration): a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(11):951–962. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70234-X23041239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song YM, Kwon SU, Sung J, et al. Different risk factor profiles between subtypes of ischemic stroke. A case-control study in Korean men. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;20(7):605–612.16119434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markidan J, Cole JW, Cronin CA, et al. Smoking and risk of ischemic stroke in young men. Stroke. 2018;49(5):1276–1278. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.01885929674522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu T, Bu X, Li H, et al. Smoking, heart rate, and ischemic stroke: a population-based prospective cohort study among Inner Mongolians in China. Stroke. 2013;44(9):2457–2461. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.00064823881954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shyu HY, Shieh JC, Ji-Ho L, Wang HW, Cheng CW. Polymorphisms of DNA repair pathway genes and cigarette smoking in relation to susceptibility to large artery atherosclerotic stroke among ethnic Chinese in Taiwan. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2012;19(4):316–325. doi:10.5551/jat.1096722277767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz UG, Rothwell PM. Differences in vascular risk factors between etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke: importance of population-based studies. Stroke. 2003;34(8):2050–2059. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000079818.08343.8C12829866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staals J, Makin SD, Doubal FN, Dennis MS, Wardlaw JM. Stroke subtype, vascular risk factors, and total MRI brain small-vessel disease burden. Neurology. 2014;83(14):1228–1234. doi:10.1212/WNL.000000000000083725165388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33(1):30–42. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh13215075143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. What can mendelian randomisation tell us about modifiable behavioural and environmental exposures? Bmj. 2005;330(7499):1076–1079. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7499.107615879400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik R, Chauhan G, Traylor M, et al. Multiancestry genome-wide association study of 520,000 subjects identifies 32 loci associated with stroke and stroke subtypes. Nat Genet. 2018;50(4):524–537. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0058-329531354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams HP Jr., Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35–41. doi:10.1161/01.str.24.1.357678184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson Linner R, Biroli P, Kong E, et al. Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences. Nat Genet. 2019;51(2):245–257. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0309-330643258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan Y, Fang F. Smoking and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a mendelian randomization study. Ann Neurol. 2019;85(4):482–484. doi:10.1002/ana.2544330786056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yavorska OO, Burgess S. Mendelian Randomization: an R package for performing Mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(6):1734–1739. doi:10.1093/ije/dyx03428398548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40(4):304–314. doi:10.1002/gepi.2196527061298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwig FP, Davies NM, Hemani G, Davey Smith G. Two-sample Mendelian randomization: avoiding the downsides of a powerful, widely applicable but potentially fallible technique. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(6):1717–1726. doi:10.1093/ije/dyx02828338968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kia DA, Noyce AJ, White J, et al. Mendelian randomization study shows no causal relationship between circulating urate levels and Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2018;84(2):191–199. doi:10.1002/ana.2529430014513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale CE, Fatemifar G, Palmer TM, et al. Causal associations of adiposity and body fat distribution with coronary heart disease, stroke subtypes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a mendelian randomization analysis. Circulation. 2017;135(24):2373–2388. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.02656028500271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–525. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv08026050253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greco MF, Minelli C, Sheehan NA, Thompson JR. Detecting pleiotropy in Mendelian randomisation studies with summary data and a continuous outcome. Stat Med. 2015;34(21):2926–2940. doi:10.1002/sim.652225950993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacArthur J, Bowler E, Cerezo M, et al. The new NHGRI-EBI catalog of published genome-wide association studies (GWAS catalog). Nucleic Acids Res. 2017;45(D1):D896–D901. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw113327899670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colditz GA, Bonita R, Stampfer MJ, et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke in middle-aged women. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(15):937–941. doi:10.1056/NEJM1988041431815013352685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji R, Pan Y, Yan H, et al. Current smoking is associated with extracranial carotid atherosclerotic stenosis but not with intracranial large artery disease. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):120. doi:10.1186/s12883-017-0873-728651523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain M, Sathe T, Fazio V, et al. Tobacco smoke: a critical etiological factor for vascular impairment at the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 2009;1287:192–205. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.03319539613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sterne JA, Timpson N, Davey Smith G. Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. Stat Med. 2008;27(8):1133–1163. doi:10.1002/sim.303417886233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GD, Ebrahim S. ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1–22. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg07012689998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar