Risk of Severe Covid-19 in Patients with Celiac Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study

References

• Lebwohl B, Sanders DS, Green PHR. Coeliac disease. Lancet. 2018;391(10115):70–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31796-828760445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas HJ, Wotton CJ, Yeates D, Ahmad T, Jewell DP, Goldacre MJ. Pneumococcal infection in patients with coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20(7):624–628. doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f4576418679063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons M, Scott-Sheldon LAJ, Risech-Neyman Y, Moss SF, Ludvigsson JF, Green PHR. Celiac disease and increased risk of pneumococcal infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2018;131(1):83–89. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.07.02128801224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röckert Tjernberg A, Bonnedahl J, Inghammar M, et al. Coeliac disease and invasive pneumococcal disease: a population-based cohort study. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(6):1203–1209. doi:10.1017/S095026881600320428112068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mårild K, Fredlund H, Ludvigsson JF. Increased risk of hospital admission for influenza in patients with celiac disease: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(11):2465–2473. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.35220823839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Choung RS, Marietta EV, Murray JA, Emilsson L. Increased risk of herpes zoster in patients with coeliac disease - nationwide cohort study. Scand J Public Health. 2018;46(8):859–866. doi:10.1177/140349481771471328701089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Olén O, Bell M, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Coeliac disease and risk of sepsis. Gut. 2008;57(8):1074–1080. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.13386818270242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner EJ, Ungaro RC, Gearry RB, et al. Corticosteroids, but not TNF antagonists, are associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: results from an international registry. Gastroenterology. 2020;159:481–491.e3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.03232425234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JJY, Lee KS, Ang LW, Leo YS, Young BE. Risk factors for severe disease and efficacy of treatment in patients infected with COVID-19: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2199–2206. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa57632407459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siniscalchi M, Zingone F, Savarino EV, D’Odorico A, Ciacci C. COVID-19 pandemic perception in adults with celiac disease: an impulse to implement the use of telemedicine. Dig Liver Dis. 2020;52:1071–1075. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2020.05.01432425731
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Lashkariani M. Cohort profile: ESPRESSO (Epidemiology Strengthened by histoPathology Reports in Sweden). Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:101–114. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S19191430679926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91–95. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.01732173574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abedi V, Olulana O, Avula V, et al. Racial, Economic, and Health Inequality and COVID-19 Infection in the United States. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2020. doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00833-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Håberg SE, Knudsen GP, et al. Ethical aspects of registry-based research in the Nordic countries. Clin Epidemiol. 2015;7:491–508. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S9058926648756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebwohl B, Green PHR, Söderling J, Roelstraete B, Ludvigsson JF. Association between celiac disease and mortality risk in a swedish population. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1277–1285. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.194332259229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canova C, Ludvigsson J, Baldo V, Barbiellini Amidei C, Zanier L, Zingone F. Risk of bacterial pneumonia and pneumococcal infection in youths with celiac disease - a population-based study. Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51(8):1101–1105. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2019.02.01030926284
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Sanders DS, Maeurer M, Jonsson J, Grunewald J, Wahlström J. Risk of tuberculosis in a large sample of patients with coeliac disease–a nationwide cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(6):689–696. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04572.x21251029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouziat R, Hinterleitner R, Brown JJ, et al. Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease. Science. 2017;356(6333):44–50. doi:10.1126/science.aah529828386004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stene LC, Honeyman MC, Hoffenberg EJ, et al. Rotavirus infection frequency and risk of celiac disease autoimmunity in early childhood: a longitudinal study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(10):2333–2340. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00741.x17032199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahrs CR, Chuda K, Tapia G, et al. Enterovirus as trigger of coeliac disease: nested case-control study within prospective birth cohort. BMJ. 2019;364:l231. doi:10.1136/bmj.l23130760441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zingone F, D’Odorico A, Lorenzon G, Marsilio I, Farinati F, Savarino EV. Risk of COVID-19 in celiac disease patients. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19:102639. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.10263932801048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhen J, Stefanolo JP, Temprano M, et al. The risk of contracting COVID-19 is not increased in patients with celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;19:391–393. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.10.00933059041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emilsson L, Lebwohl B, Sundström J, Ludvigsson JF. Cardiovascular disease in patients with coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2015;47(10):847–852. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2015.06.00426160499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elfström P, Sundström J, Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review with meta-analysis: associations between coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(10):1123–1132. doi:10.1111/apt.1297325270960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in wuhan, china. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:934. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.099432167524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hormati A, Ghadir MR, Zamani F, et al. Are there any association between COVID-19 severity and immunosuppressive therapy? Immunol Lett. 2020;224:12–13. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2020.05.00232473971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faye AS, Lee KE, Laszkowska M, et al. Risk of adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with autoimmune disease and COVID-19: a matched cohort study from New York City. J Rheumatol. 2020. doi:10.3899/jrheum.200989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamerlin SCL, Kasson PM. Managing COVID-19 spread with voluntary public-health measures: Sweden as a case study for pandemic control. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:3174–3181. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa86432609825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker MG, Peckham TK, Seixas NS, Nelson CC. Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0232452. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.023245232343747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellinghaus D, Degenhardt F, Bujanda L, et al. Genomewide association study of severe Covid-19 with respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383:1522–1534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choung RS, Unalp-Arida A, Ruhl CE, Brantner TL, Everhart JE, Murray JA. Less hidden celiac disease but increased gluten avoidance without a diagnosis in the United States: findings from the national health and nutrition examination surveys from 2009 to 2014. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salisbury H. Helen Salisbury: when will we be well again? BMJ. 2020;369:m2490. doi:10.1136/bmj.m249032576550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hormati A, Shahhamzeh A, Afifian M, Khodadust F, Ahmadpour S. Can COVID-19 present unusual GI symptoms? J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(3):384–385. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.02032249184
   PubMedGoogle Scholar