Current Opinion on the Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Staging Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review

References

• Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(1):7–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooperberg MR, Lubeck DP, Mehta SS, Carroll PR. Time trends in clinical risk stratification for prostate cancer: implications for outcomes (data from CaPSURE). J Urol. 2003;170(6 Pt 2):S26–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjurlin MA, Rosenkrantz AB, Beltran LS, Raad RA, Taneja SS. Imaging and evaluation of patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2015;12(11):617–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayn KN, Bloom JB, Gold SA, et al. Added value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging to clinical nomograms for predicting adverse pathology in prostate cancer. J Urol. 2018;200(5):1041–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brembilla G, Dell’Oglio P, Stabile A, et al. Preoperative multiparametric MRI of the prostate for the prediction of lymph node metastases in prostate cancer patients treated with extended pelvic lymph node dissection. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(5):1969–1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulgham PF, Rukstalis DB, Turkbey IB, et al. AUA policy statement on the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis, staging and management of prostate cancer. J Urol. 2017;198(4):832–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjurlin MA, Carroll PR, Eggener S, et al. Update of the Standard Operating Procedure on the Use of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis, Staging and Management of Prostate Cancer. J Urol. 2020;203(4):706–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkby E. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in Oncology prostate cancer version 2.2021. Nat Comprehen Cancer Net. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Mottet N, van den Bergh RCN, Briers E, et al. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer-2020 Update. Part 1: screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent. Eur Urol. 2021;79(2):243–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanda MG, Cadeddu JA, Kirkby E, et al. Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO Guideline. Part I: risk Stratification, Shared Decision Making, and Care Options. J Urol. 2018;199(3):683–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovels AM, Heesakkers RA, Adang EM, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of CT and MRI in the staging of pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Radiol. 2008;63(4):387–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinaquy JB, De Clermont-galleran H, Pasticier G, et al. Comparative effectiveness of [(18) F]-fluorocholine PET-CT and pelvic MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging for staging in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. Prostate. 2015;75(3):323–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck MM, Souvatzoglou M, Retz M, et al. Prospective comparison of computed tomography, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and [11C]choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography for preoperative lymph node staging in prostate cancer patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41(4):694–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Bergh L, Lerut E, Haustermans K, et al. Final analysis of a prospective trial on functional imaging for nodal staging in patients with prostate cancer at high risk for lymph node involvement. Urol Oncol. 2015;33(3):109 e123–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera M, Papa N, Roberts M, et al. Gallium-68 Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography in Advanced Prostate Cancer-Updated Diagnostic Utility, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Distribution of Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen-avid Lesions: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2020;77(4):403–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kalmthout LWM, van Melick HHE, Lavalaye J, et al. Prospective Validation of Gallium-68 Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen-Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized Tomography for Primary Staging of Prostate Cancer. J Urol. 2020;203(3):537–545.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stanzione A, Ponsiglione A, Cuocolo R, et al. Abbreviated protocols versus multiparametric MRI for assessment of extraprostatic extension in prostatic carcinoma: a multireader study. Anticancer Res. 2019;39(8):4449–4454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophe C, Montagne S, Bourrelier S, et al. Prostate cancer local staging using biparametric MRI: assessment and comparison with multiparametric MRI. Eur J Radiol. 2020;132:109350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caglic I, Sushentsev N, Shah N, et al. Comparison of biparametric versus multiparametric prostate MRI for the detection of extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion in biopsy naïve patients. Eur J Radiol. 2021;2:109804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuocolo R, Stanzione A, Ponsiglione A, et al. Prostate MRI technical parameters standardization: a systematic review on adherence to PI-RADSv2 acquisition protocol. Eur J Radiol. 2019;120:108662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee A, Harmath C, Oto A. New prostate MRI techniques and sequences. Abdom Radiol. 2020;45(12):4052–4062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson L, Ahmed HU, Allen C, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for the detection, localisation, and characterisation of prostate cancer: recommendations from a European consensus meeting. Eur Urol. 2011;59(4):477–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barentsz JO, Richenberg J, Clements R, et al. ESUR prostate MR guidelines 2012. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(4):746–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkbey B, Rosenkrantz AB, Haider MA, et al. Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2.1: 2019 Update of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2. Eur Urol. 2019;76(3):340–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westphalen AC, McCulloch CE, Anaokar JM, et al. Variability of the Positive Predictive Value of PI-RADS for Prostate MRI across 26 Centers: experience of the Society of Abdominal Radiology Prostate Cancer Disease-focused Panel. Radiology. 2020;296(1):76–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brizmohun appayya M, Adshead J, Ahmed HU, et al. National implementation of multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging for prostate cancer detection - recommendations from a UK consensus meeting. BJU Int. 2018;122(1):13–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK NGUT. Prostate cancer: Diagnosis and management. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Latifoltojar A, Appayya MB, Barrett T, Punwani S. Similarities and differences between Likert and PIRADS v2.1 scores of prostate multiparametric MRI: a pictorial review of histology-validated cases. Clin Radiol. 2019;74(11):895e891–895 e815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkrantz AB, Lim RP, Haghighi M, Somberg MB, Babb JS, Taneja SS. Comparison of interreader reproducibility of the prostate imaging reporting and data system and Likert scales for evaluation of multiparametric prostate MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201(4):W612–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renard-Penna R, Mozer P, Cornud F, et al. Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System and Likert Scoring System: multiparametric MR Imaging Validation Study to Screen Patients for Initial Biopsy. Radiology. 2015;275(2):458–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoo CC, Eldred-Evans D, Peters M, et al. Likert vs PI-RADS v2: a comparison of two radiological scoring systems for detection of clinically significant prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2020;125(1):49–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin T, Smyth TB, Ukimura O, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a five-point Likert scoring system for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluated according to results of MRI/ultrasonography image-fusion targeted biopsy of the prostate. BJU Int. 2018;121(1):77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eifler JB, Feng Z, Lin BM, et al. An updated prostate cancer staging nomogram (Partin tables) based on cases from 2006 to 2011. BJU Int. 2013;111(1):22–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustin H, Fritz GA, Ehammer T, Auprich M, Pummer K. Accuracy of 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging for the staging of prostate cancer in comparison to the Partin tables. Acta Radiol. 2009;50(5):562–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavina R, Bianchi L, Borghesi M, et al. MRI Displays the Prostatic Cancer Anatomy and Improves the Bundles Management Before Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy. J Endourol. 2018;32(4):315–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panebianco V, Salciccia S, Cattarino S, et al. Use of multiparametric MR with neurovascular bundle evaluation to optimize the oncological and functional management of patients considered for nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. J Sex Med. 2012;9(8):2157–2166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaderling F, Akre O, Aly M, et al. Preoperative staging using magnetic resonance imaging and risk of positive surgical margins after prostate-cancer surgery. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2019;22(3):391–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rud E, Baco E, Klotz D, et al. Does preoperative magnetic resonance imaging reduce the rate of positive surgical margins at radical prostatectomy in a randomised clinical trial? Eur Urol. 2015;68(3):487–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marenco J, Orczyk C, Collins T, Moore C, Emberton M. Role of MRI in planning radical prostatectomy: what is the added value? World J Urol. 2019;37(7):1289–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Rooij M, Hamoen EH, Witjes JA, Barentsz JO, Rovers MM. Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Local Staging of Prostate Cancer: a Diagnostic Meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2016;70(2):233–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boesen L, Chabanova E, Logager V, Balslev I, Mikines K, Thomsen HS. Prostate cancer staging with extracapsular extension risk scoring using multiparametric MRI: a correlation with histopathology. Eur Radiol. 2015;25(6):1776–1785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayat Bittencourt L, Litjens G. Prostate cancer: the European society of urogenital radiology prostate imaging reporting and data system criteria for predicting extraprostatic extension by using 3-T multiparametric MR imaging. Radiology. 2015;276(2):479–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehralivand S, Shih JH, Harmon S, et al. A Grading System for the Assessment of Risk of Extraprostatic Extension of Prostate Cancer at Multiparametric MRI. Radiology. 2019;290(3):709–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisaeter LAR, Halvorsen OJ, Beisland C, et al. Assessing Extraprostatic Extension with Multiparametric MRI of the Prostate: mehralivand Extraprostatic Extension Grade or Extraprostatic Extension Likert Scale? Radiol Imaging Cancer. 2020;2(1):e190071.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caglic I, Povalej Brzan P, Warren AY, Bratt O, Shah N, Barrett T. Defining the incremental value of 3D T2-weighted imaging in the assessment of prostate cancer extracapsular extension. Eur Radiol. 2019;29(10):5488–5497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkrantz AB, Shanbhogue AK, Wang A, Kong MX, Babb JS, Taneja SS. Length of capsular contact for diagnosing extraprostatic extension on prostate MRI: assessment at an optimal threshold. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;43(4):990–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baco E, Rud E, Vlatkovic L, et al. Predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging determined tumor contact length for extracapsular extension of prostate cancer. J Urol. 2015;193(2):466–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo S, Kim SY, Cho JY, Kim SH. Length of capsular contact on prostate MRI as a predictor of extracapsular extension: which is the most optimal sequence? Acta Radiol. 2017;58(4):489–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shieh AC, Guler E, Ojili V, et al. Extraprostatic extension in prostate cancer: primer for radiologists. Abdom Radiol. 2020;45(12):4040–4051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rud E, Diep L, Baco E. A prospective study evaluating indirect MRI-signs for the prediction of extraprostatic disease in patients with prostate cancer: tumor volume, tumor contact length and tumor apparent diffusion coefficient. World J Urol. 2018;36(4):629–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim C, Flood TA, Hakim SW, et al. Evaluation of apparent diffusion coefficient and MR volumetry as independent associative factors for extra-prostatic extension (EPE) in prostatic carcinoma. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;43(3):726–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter SR, Epstein JI, Partin AW. Seminal vesicle invasion by prostate cancer: prognostic significance and therapeutic implications. Rev Urol. 2000;2(3):190–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang L, Hricak H, Kattan MW, et al. Prediction of seminal vesicle invasion in prostate cancer: incremental value of adding endorectal MR imaging to the Kattan nomogram. Radiology. 2007;242(1):182–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grivas N, Hinnen K, de Jong J, et al. Seminal vesicle invasion on multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with histopathology. Eur J Radiol. 2018;98:107–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riney JC, Sarwani NE, Siddique S, Raman JD. Prostate magnetic resonance imaging: the truth lies in the eye of the beholder. Urol Oncol. 2018;36(4):159e151–159 e155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohori M, Scardino PT, Lapin SL, Seale-Hawkins C, Link J, Wheeler TM. The mechanisms and prognostic significance of seminal vesicle involvement by prostate cancer. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;17(12):1252–1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morlacco A, Sharma V, Viers BR, et al. The Incremental Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Prostate Cancer Staging before Radical Prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2017;71(5):701–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranasinghe WKB, Reichard CA, Bathala T, Chapin BF. Management of cT4 Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol Focus. 2020;6(2):221–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gervasi LA, Mata J, Easley JD, et al. Prognostic significance of lymph nodal metastases in prostate cancer. J Urol. 1989;142(2 Pt 1):332–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briganti A, Blute ML, Eastham JH, et al. Pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2009;55(6):1251–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caglic I, Kovac V, Barrett T. Multiparametric MRI - local staging of prostate cancer and beyond. Radiol Oncol. 2019;53(2):159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoeny HC, Barbieri S, Froehlich JM, Turkbey B, Choyke PL. Functional and Targeted Lymph Node Imaging in Prostate Cancer: current Status and Future Challenges. Radiology. 2017;285(3):728–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoeny HC, Froehlich JM, Triantafyllou M, et al. Metastases in normal-sized pelvic lymph nodes: detection with diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology. 2014;273(1):125–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankineni S, Brown AM, Fascelli M, et al. Lymph node staging in prostate cancer. Curr Urol Rep. 2015;16(5):30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiber M, Beer AJ, Holzapfel K, et al. Preliminary results for characterization of pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer by diffusion-weighted MR-imaging. Invest Radiol. 2010;45(1):15–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwee TC, Takahara T, Luijten PR, Nievelstein RA. ADC measurements of lymph nodes: inter- and intra-observer reproducibility study and an overview of the literature. Eur J Radiol. 2010;75(2):215–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen MH, Bouchelouche K, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, et al. [18F]fluoromethylcholine (FCH) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for lymph node staging of prostate cancer: a prospective study of 210 patients. BJU Int. 2012;110(11):1666–1671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchelouche K, Turkbey B, Choyke PL, PET PSMA. Radionuclide Therapy in Prostate Cancer. Semin Nucl Med. 2016;46(6):522–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freitag MT, Radtke JP, Hadaschik BA, et al. Comparison of hybrid (68) Ga-PSMAPET/MRI and (68) Ga-PSMAPET/CT in the evaluation of lymph node and bone metastases of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(1):70–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin JK, Dayyani F, Gallick GE. Steps in prostate cancer progression that lead to bone metastasis. Int J Cancer. 2011;128(11):2545–2561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowrance WT, Breau RH, Chou R, et al. Advanced prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO/SUO guideline part I. J Urol. 2021;205(1):14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Lopez R, Tunariu N, Padhani AR, et al. Imaging Diagnosis and Follow-up of Advanced Prostate Cancer: clinical Perspectives and State of the Art. Radiology. 2019;292(2):273–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen G, Deng H, Hu S, Jia Z. Comparison of choline-PET/CT, MRI, SPECT, and bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Skeletal Radiol. 2014;43(11):1503–1513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Gou Z, Wu R, Yuan Y, Yu G, Zhao Y. Comparison of PSMA-PET/CT, choline-PET/CT, NaF-PET/CT, MRI, and bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(12):1915–1924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkbey B, Choyke PL. Prostate cancer: birth of a standard: MET-RADS-P for metastatic prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2016;13(10):568–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pricolo P, Ancona E, Summers P, et al. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) reporting with the METastasis Reporting and Data System for Prostate Cancer (MET-RADS-P): inter-observer agreement between readers of different expertise levels. Cancer Imaging. 2020;20(1):77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann MA, Wieler HJ, Baues C, Kuntz NJ, Richardsen I, Schreckenberger M. The Impact of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT and PET/MRI on the Management of Prostate Cancer. Urology. 2019;130:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonkhoff H. Role of the basal cells in premalignant changes of the human prostate: a stem cell concept for the development of prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 1996;30(2):201–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer T, Gschwend JE, Rauscher I, et al. Diagnostic Efficacy of (68) Gallium-PSMAPositron Emission Tomography Compared to Conventional Imaging for Lymph Node Staging of 130 Consecutive Patients with Intermediate to High Risk Prostate Cancer. J Urol. 2016;195(5):1436–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubmuller B, Baltzer P, D’Andrea D, et al. (68)Ga-PSMA 11 ligand PET imaging in patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy - diagnostic performance and impact on therapeutic decision-making. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45(2):235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muehlematter UJ, Burger IA, Becker AS, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Multiparametric MRI versus (68) Ga-PSMA-11PET/MRI for Extracapsular Extension and Seminal Vesicle Invasion in Patients with Prostate Cancer. Radiology. 2019;293(2):350–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boesen L. Multiparametric MRI in detection and staging of prostate cancer. Dan Med J. 2017;64:2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai K, Sun Y, Li W, Zhang L. Apparent diffusion coefficient in extraprostatic extension of prostate cancer: a systematic review and diagnostic meta-analysis. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:3125–3137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Liu CL, Chen Q, Shao SC, Chen SQ. Accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for detecting extracapsular extension in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Radiol. 2019;92(1104):20190480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirumani SH, Suh CH, Kim KW, Shinagare AB, Ramaiya NH, Fennessy FM. Head-to-head comparison of prostate MRI using an endorectal coil versus a non-endorectal coil: meta-analysis of diagnostic performance in staging T3 prostate cancer. Clin Radiol. 2020;75(2):157e159–157 e119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis R, Salmasi A, Koprowski C, et al. Accuracy of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Extracapsular Extension of Prostate Cancer in Community Practice. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2016;14(6):e617–e622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerantola Y, Valerio M, Kawkabani Marchini A, Meuwly JY, Jichlinski P. Can 3T multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging accurately detect prostate cancer extracapsular extension? Can Urol Assoc J. 2013;7(11–12):E699–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez C, Plata M, Catano JG, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in detecting extracapsular extension in intermediate and high - risk prostate cancer. Int Braz J Urol. 2018;44(4):688–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaunay GS, Patel V, Shah P, et al. Multi-parametric MRI of the prostate: factors predicting extracapsular extension at the time of radical prostatectomy. Asian Journal of Urology. 2017;4(1):31–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feng TS, Sharif-Afshar AR, Wu J, et al. Multiparametric MRI Improves Accuracy of Clinical Nomograms for Predicting Extracapsular Extension of Prostate Cancer. Urology. 2015;86(2):332–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegde JV, Chen MH, Mulkern RV, Fennessy FM, D’Amico AV, Tempany CM. Preoperative 3-Tesla multiparametric endorectal magnetic resonance imaging findings and the odds of upgrading and upstaging at radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;85(2):e101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Kim CK, Park BK, et al. Accuracy of preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for prediction of unfavorable pathology in patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. World J Urol. 2017;35(6):929–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee T, Hoogenes J, Wright I, Matsumoto ED, Shayegan B. Utility of preoperative 3 Tesla pelvic phased-array multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in prediction of extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion of prostate cancer and its impact on surgical margin status: experience at a Canadian academic tertiary care centre. Can Urol Assoc J. 2017;11(5):E174–E178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toner L, Papa N, Perera M, et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for prostate cancer-a comparative study including radical prostatectomy specimens. World J Urol. 2017;35(6):935–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibovici D, Kamat AM, Do KA, et al. Transrectal ultrasound versus magnetic resonance imaging for detection of rectal wall invasion by prostate cancer. Prostate. 2005;62(1):101–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar