The association between blood eosinophil percent and bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

References

• Donnelly LE, Barnes PJ. Defective phagocytosis in airways disease. Chest. 2012;141:1055–1062. doi:10.1378/chest.11-234822474147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichavant M, Remy G, Bekaert S, et al. Oxidative stress-mediated iNKT-cell activation is involved in COPD pathogenesis. Mucosal Immunol. 2014;7:568–578. doi:10.1038/mi.2013.7524172846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay AJ, Hurst JR. COPD exacerbations: causes, prevention, and treatment. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2013;33:95–115. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2012.10.00623337067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report: GOLD executive summary. Respirology. 2017;22:575–601. doi:10.1111/resp.1301228150362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, Hershfield ES, Harding GK, Nelson NA. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106:196–204.3492164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Campos JL, Hartl S, Pozo-Rodriguez F, Roberts CM, European C. Antibiotic prescription for COPD exacerbations admitted to hospital: European COPD audit. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0124374. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.012437425905726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark TW, Medina MJ, Batham S, Curran MD, Parmar S, Nicholson KG. C-reactive protein level and microbial aetiology in patients hospitalised with acute exacerbation of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:76–86. doi:10.1183/09031936.0009221425186260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng C, Tian C, Zhang Y, Yang X, Feng Y, Fan H. C-reactive protein levels predict bacterial exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med Sci. 2013;345:190–194. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318253c92123221507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christ-Crain M, Jaccard-Stolz D, Bingisser R, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and outcome in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster-randomised, single-blinded intervention trial. Lancet. 2004;363:600–607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15591-814987884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolsum U, Donaldson GC, Singh R, et al. Blood and sputum eosinophils in COPD; relationship with bacterial load. Respir Res. 2017;18:88. doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0570-528482840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavord ID, Lettis S, Anzueto A, Barnes N. Blood eosinophil count and pneumonia risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a patient-level meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4:731–741. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30148-527460163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan JE, Beeson PB. Experimental observations on the eosinopenia induced by acute infection. Br J Exp Pathol. 1971;52:214–220.4932191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TA. COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention. Lancet. 2007;370:786–796. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61382-817765528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascoe S, Locantore N, Dransfield MT, Barnes NC, Pavord ID. Blood eosinophil counts, exacerbations, and response to the addition of inhaled fluticasone furoate to vilanterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a secondary analysis of data from two parallel randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:435–442. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00106-X25878028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavord ID, Lettis S, Locantore N, et al. Blood eosinophils and inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-2 agonist efficacy in COPD. Thorax. 2016;71:118–125. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-20702126585525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis SH, Suruki R, Hilton E, Compton C, Galwey NW. Stability of blood eosinophil count in patients with COPD in the UK clinical practice research datalink. COPD. 2017;14:382–388.
   Google Scholar
• Hogan SP, Rosenberg HF, Moqbel R, et al. Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38:709–750. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02958.x18384431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller PF, Goetzl EJ. The human eosinophil: roles in host defense and tissue injury. Am J Pathol. 1980;100:791–820.6998298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP. The eosinophil. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006;24:147–174. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.09072016551246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravin KA, Loy M. The eosinophil in infection. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016;50:214–227. doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8525-426690368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass DA, Gonwa TA, Szejda P, Cousart MS, DeChatelet LR, McCall CE. Eosinopenia of acute infection: production of eosinopenia by chemotactic factors of acute inflammation. J Clin Invest. 1980;65:1265–1271. doi:10.1172/JCI1097897410543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass DA. Behavior of eosinophil leukocytes in acute inflammation. II. Eosinophil dynamics during acute inflammation. J Clin Invest. 1975;56:870–879. doi:10.1172/JCI1081661099120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issa R, Sorrentino R, Sukkar MB, Sriskandan S, Chung KF, Mitchell JA. Differential regulation of CCL-11/eotaxin-1 and CXCL-8/IL-8 by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in human airway smooth muscle cells. Respir Res. 2008;9:30. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-9-3018380907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toledo KA, Scwartz C, Oliveira AF, et al. Neutrophil activation induced by ArtinM: release of inflammatory mediators and enhancement of effector functions. Immunol Lett. 2009;123:14–20. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2009.01.00919428547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mould AW, Matthaei KI, Young IG, Foster PS. Relationship between interleukin-5 and eotaxin in regulating blood and tissue eosinophilia in mice. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:1064–1071. doi:10.1172/JCI1192349062365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negewo NA, McDonald VM, Baines KJ, et al. Peripheral blood eosinophils: a surrogate marker for airway eosinophilia in stable COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:1495–1504. doi:10.2147/COPD.S10033827445469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland M, Alkhalil M, Chandromouli S, Janjua A, Babores M. Eosinopenia as a marker of mortality and length of stay in patients admitted with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2010;15:165–167. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01651.x19947999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato M, Tsukagoshi H, Yoshizumi M, et al. Different cytokine profile and eosinophil activation are involved in rhinovirus- and RS virus-induced acute exacerbation of childhood wheezing. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22:e87–e94. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01026.x20408969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung RY, Hui SH, Wong CK, Lam CW, Yin J. A comparison of cytokine responses in respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A infections in infants. Eur J Pediatr. 2001;160:117–122.11271383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim E, Lee H, Kim HS, et al. The effect of rhinovirus on airway inflammation in a murine asthma model. Korean J Pediatr. 2013;56:482–489. doi:10.3345/kjp.2013.56.11.48224348661
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spreng M. Possible health effects of noise induced cortisol increase. Noise Health. 2000;2:59–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar