References
- SniderGLMartoranaPA, LuceyECLungarellaG. Animal models of emphysema In: Voelkel N MacNee W, editors. Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Hamilton, London: BC Decker Inc.; 2002:237–256.
- Rahman I, De Cunto G, Sundar IK, Lungarella G. Vulnerability and genetic susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2017;57(3):270–271. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2017-0175ED.
- RennardSI. Cigarette smoke in research. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;31:479–480. doi:10.1165/rcmb.F28415494467
- ShapiroSD, GoldsteinNM, HoughtonAM, KobayashiDK, KelleyD, BelaaouajA. Neutrophil elastase contributes to cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Am J Pathol. 2003;163:2329–2335. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63589-414633606
- BartalesiB, CavarraE, FineschiS, LucattelliM, MartoranaPA, LungarellaG. Different lung responses to cigarette smoke in two strains of mice sensitive to oxidants. Eur Respir J. 2005;25:15–22. doi:10.1183/09031936.04.0006720415640318
- CavarraE, LucattelliM, GambelliF, et al. Human SLPI inactivation after cigarette smoke exposure in a new in vivo model of pulmonary oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001;281:L412–L417. doi:10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.2.L41211435216
- CavarraE, BartalesiB, LucattelliM, et al. Effects of cigarette smoke in mice with different levels of proteinase inhibitor and sensitivity to oxidants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:886–890. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.201003211549550
- GuerassimovA, HoshinoY, TakuboY, et al. The development of emphysema in cigarette smoke-exposed mice is strain dependent. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(9):974–980. doi:10.1164/rccm.200309-1270OC15282203
- MartinezFJ, CurtisJL, SciurbaF; National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Sex differences in severe pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(3):243–252. doi:10.1164/rccm.200606-828OC17431226
- de TorresJP, CoteCG, LopezMV, et al. Sex differences in mortality in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(3):528–535. doi:10.1183/09031936.0009610819047315
- GonzalezAV, SuissaS, ErnstP. Gender differences in survival following hospitalisation for COPD. Thorax. 2011;66:38–42. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.14197821113016
- ForemanMG, ZhangL, MurphyJ; COPDGene Investigators. Early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with female sex, maternal factors, and African American race in the COPD Gene Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:414–420. doi:10.1164/rccm.201011-1928OC21562134
- TamA, ChurgA, WrightJL, et al. Sex differences in airway remodeling in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193:825–834. doi:10.1164/rccm.201503-0487OC26599602
- TamA, BatesJH, ChurgA, WrightJL, ManSF, SinDD. Sex-related differences in pulmonary function following 6 months of cigarette exposure: implications for sexual dimorphism in mild COPD. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0164835. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.016483527788167
- YaoH, RahmanI. Current concepts on oxidative/carbonyl stress, inflammation and epigenetics in pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011;254:72–85. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.10.02221296096
- BrunelliE, DomanicoF, La RussaD, PellegrinoD. Sex differences in oxidative stress biomarkers. Curr Drug Targets. 2014;15:811–815. doi:10.2174/138945011566614062411231724958098
- HakimIA, HarrisR, GarlandL, CordovaCA, MikhaelDM, Sherry ChowHH. Gender difference in systemic oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in current and former heavy smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21:2193–2200. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-082023033455
- TamA, TanabeN, ChurgA, et al. Sex differences in lymphoid follicles in COPD airways. Respir Res. 2020;21:46. doi:10.1186/s12931-020-1311-832033623
- RangasamyT, MisraV, LeeH, SinghA, BiswalS. Differences in Nrf2 activity between emphysema resistant (ICR) and susceptible (C57Bl/6J) mice strains in response to acute cigarette smoke exposure. Proc Am Thor Soc. 2006;3:A129.
- RangasamyT, ChoCY, ThimmulappaRK, et al. Genetic ablation of Nrf2 enhances susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. J Clin Invest. 2004;114:1248–1259.15520857
- RossiR, GiustariniD, FineschiS, De CuntoG, LungarellaG, CavarraE. Differential thiol status in blood of different mouse strains exposed to cigarette smoke. Free Radic Res. 2009;43:538–545. doi:10.1080/1071576090289333219370473
- PetracheI, MedlerTR, RichterAT, et al. Superoxide dismutase protects against apoptosis and alveolar enlargement induced by ceramide. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;295:L44–L53. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00448.200718441093
- PetracheI, NatarajanV, ZhenL, et al. Ceramide upregulation causes pulmonary cell apoptosis and emphysema-like disease in mice. Nat Med. 2005;11:491–498. doi:10.1038/nm123815852018
- CavarraE, FardinP, FineschiS, et al. Early response of gene clusters is associated with mouse lung resistance or sensitivity to cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009;296:L418–L429. doi:10.1152/ajplung.90382.200819118092
- LucattelliM, BartalesiB, CavarraE, et al. Is neutrophil elastase the missing link between emphysema and fibrosis? Evidence from two mouse models. Respir Res. 2005;6:e:83. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-6-83
- De CuntoG, CardiniS, CirinoG, GeppettiP, LungarellaG, LucattelliM. Pulmonary hypertension in smoking mice over-expressing protease-activated receptor-2. Eur Respir J. 2011;37:823–834. doi:10.1183/09031936.0006021020693251
- De CuntoG, BrancaleoneV, RiemmaMA, et al. Functional contribution of sphingosine-1-phosphate to airway pathology in cigarette smoke exposed mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2020;177:267–281. doi:10.1111/bph.1486131499592
- RaderJ, GregoryDA, LemeSA, et al. Variable susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in 34 inbred strains of mice implicates Abi3bp in emphysema susceptibility. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2017;57:365–375.
- SandfordAJ, ChaganiT, WeirTD, ConnettJE, AnthonisenNR, ParéPD. Susceptibility genes for rapid decline of lung function in the lung health study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:469–473. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.200615811179124
- OwenCA. Roles for proteinases in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Internet J COPD. 2008;3:253–268. doi:10.2147/COPD.S2089
- MacNeeW, RahmanI. Is oxidative stress central to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Trends Mol Med. 2001;7:55–62. doi:10.1016/S1471-4914(01)01912-811286755
- WickendenJA, ClarkeMC, RossiAG, et al. Cigarette smoke prevents apoptosis through inhibition of caspase activation and induces necrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003;29:562–570. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2002-0235OC12748058
- YaoH, YangSR, EdirisingheI, et al. Disruption of p21 attenuates lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke, LPS, and fMLP in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2008;39:7–18. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2007-0342OC18239191
- TuderRM, PetracheI. Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:2749–2755. doi:10.1172/JCI6032422850885
- CosioMG, GuerassimovA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Inflammation of small airways and lung parenchyma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:S21–S25. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.160.supplement_1.710556164
- SaettaM, TuratoG, MaestrelliP, MappCE, FabbriLM. Cellular and structural bases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1304–1309. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.6.200911611371392
- MaenoT, HoughtonAM, QuinteroPA, GrumelliS, OwenCA, ShapiroSD. CD8+ T cells are required for inflammation and destruction in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. J Immunol. 2007;178:8090–8096. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.809017548647
- D’HulstAI, MaesT, BrackeKR, et al. Cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in scid-mice. Is the acquired immune system required? Respir Res. 2005;6:e147. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-6-147
- MotzGT, EppertBL, WesselkamperSC, FluryJL, BorchersMT. Chronic cigarette smoke exposure generates pathogenic T cells capable of driving COPD-like disease in Rag2-/- mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:1223–1233. doi:10.1164/rccm.200910-1485OC20133926
- EppertBL, WorthamBW, FluryJL, BorchersMT. Functional characterization of T cell populations in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Immunol. 2013;190:1331–1340. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.120244223264660
- De CuntoG, LunghiB, BartalesiB, et al. Severe reduction in number and function of peripheral T cells does not afford protection toward emphysema and bronchial remodeling induced in mice by cigarette smoke. Am J Pathol. 2016;186:1814–1824. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.00227157991
- GrundyS, PlumbJ, LeaS, KaurM, RayD, SinghD. Down regulation of T cell receptor expression in COPD pulmonary CD8 cells. PLoS One. 2013;8:e71629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.007162923977094
- CardiniS, DalliJ, FineschiS, PerrettiM, LungarellaG, LucattelliM. Genetic ablation of the Fpr1 gene confers protection from smoking- induced lung emphysema in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2012;47(3):332–339. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2012-0036OC22461430
- CickoS, LucattelliM, MüllerT, et al. Purinergic receptor inhibition prevents the development of smoke-induced lung injury and emphysema. J Immunol. 2010;185:688–697. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.090404220519655
- LucattelliM, CickoS, MüllerT, et al. P2X7 receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of smoke- induced lung inflammation and emphysema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2011;44:423–429. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2010-0038OC20508069
- LommatzschM, CickoS, MüllerT, et al. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:928–934. doi:10.1164/rccm.200910-1506OC20093639
- FineschiS, De CuntoG, FacchinettiF, et al. Receptor for advanced glycation end products contributes to postnatal pulmonary development and adult lung maintenance program in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2013;48:164–171. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2012-0111OC23144333
- StogsdillMP, StogsdillJA, BodineBG, et al. Conditional overexpression of receptors for advanced glycation end-products in the adult murine lung causes airspace enlargement and induces inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2013;49:128–134. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2013-0013OC23526218
- RobinsonAB, StogsdillJA, LewisJB, WoodTT, ReynoldsPR. RAGE and tobacco smoke: insights into modeling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Physiol. 2012;3:301. doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.0030122934052
- LazarZ, MüllnerN, LucattelliM, et al. NTPDase1/CD39 and aberrant purinergic signalling in the pathogenesis of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2016;47:254–263. doi:10.1183/13993003.02144-201426541524
- AtzoriL, LucattelliM, ScottonCJ, et al. Absence of proteinase-activated receptor-1 signaling in mice confers protection form f-MLP-induced goblet cell metaplasia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2009;41:680–687. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2007-0386OC19307611
- CurtisJL, FreemanCM, HoggJC. The immunopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from recent research. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2007;4:512–521. doi:10.1513/pats.200701-002FM17878463
- TzortzakiEG, SiafakasNM. A Hypothesis for the initiation of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008;34:310–315. doi:10.1183/09031936.00067008
- Van der VaartH, PostmaDS, TimensW, Ten HackenNHT. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress: a review. Thorax. 2004;59:713–721. doi:10.1136/thx.2003.01246815282395
- RepapiE, SayersI, WainLV, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five loci associated with lung function. Nat Genet. 2010;42(1):36–44. doi:10.1038/ng.50120010834
- ArtigasMS, WainLV, RepapiE, et al. Effect of five genetic variants associated with lung function on the risk of chronic obstructive lung disease, and their joint effects on lung function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:786–795. doi:10.1164/rccm.201102-0192OC21965014
- BudulacSE, BozenHM, HiemstraPS, et al. Toll-like receptor (TLR2 and TLR4) polymorphisms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One. 2012;7:e43124. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.004312422952638
- PouwelsSD, HeijinkIH, Van OosterhoutAJM, NawijnMC. A specific DAMP profile identifies susceptibility to smoke-induced airway inflammation. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:1183–1186. doi:10.1183/09031936.0012781324311772
- FerhaniN, LetuveS, KozhichA, et al. Expression of high-mobility group box 1 and of receptor for advanced glycation end products in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;181:917–927. doi:10.1164/rccm.200903-0340OC20133931
- WasedaK, MiyaharaN, TaniguchiA, et al. Emphysema requires the receptor for advanced glycation end products triggering on structural cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2015;52:482–491. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2014-0027OC25188021
- RutgersSR, TimensW, KaufmannHF, van der MarkTW, KoeterGH, PostmaDS. Comparison of induced sputum with bronchial wash, bronchoalveolar lavage and bronchial biopsies in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2000;15:109–115. doi:10.1183/09031936.00.1511090010678630
- StansecuD, SannaA, VeriterC, KostinevS, CalcagniPG, FabbriLM. Airways obstruction, chronic expectoration and rapid decline in FEV1 in smokers are associated with increased levels of sputum neutrophils. Thorax. 1996;51:267–271. doi:10.1136/thx.51.3.2678779129
- ThompsonAB, DaughtonD, RobbinsRA, GhafouriMA, OhlerkingM, RennardSI. Intraluminal airway inflammation in chronic bronchitis: characterization and correlation with clinical parameters. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1989;140:1527–1537.
- PiletteC, ColinetB, KissR, et al. Increased galectin-3 expression and intraepithelial neutrophils in small airways in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2007;29:914–922. doi:10.1183/09031936.0007300517251233
- DonaldsonGC, SeemungalTA, PatalIS, et al. Airway and systemic inflammation and decline in lung function in patients with COPD. Chest. 2005;128:1995–2004. doi:10.1378/chest.128.4.199516236847
- ParrDG, WhiteAJ, BayleyDL, GuestPJ, StockleyRA. Inflammation in sputum relates to the progression of disease in COPD: a prospective study. Respir Res. 2006;7e:136. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-7-136
- YoshiokaA, BetsuyakuT, NishimuraM, MiyamotoK, KondoT, KawakamiY. Excessive neutrophil elastase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with sub-clinical emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;152:2127–2132. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.152.6.8520785
- StockleyRA. Neutrophils in the pathogenesis of COPD. Chest. 2002;121:151S–155S. doi:10.1378/chest.121.5_suppl.151S12010844
- SniderGL, HayesJA, FranzblauC, KaganHM, StonePJ, KhortyA. Relationship between elastolytic activity and experimental emphysema inducing properties of papain preparations. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974;110:254–257.4415535
- DamianoVV, TsangA, KucichU, et al. Immunolocalization of elastase in human emphysematous lungs. J Clin Invest. 1986;78:482–493. doi:10.1172/JCI1126003525610
- SmallmanLA, HillSL, StockleyRA. Reduction of ciliary beat frequency in vitro by sputum from patients with bronchiectasis: a serine proteinase effect. Thorax. 1984;39:663–667. doi:10.1136/thx.39.9.6636382675
- AoshibaK, YasudaK, YasuiS, TamaokiJ, NagaiA. Serine proteases increase oxidative stress in lung cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001;281:L556–L564. doi:10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.3.L55611504681
- NakajohM, FukushimaT, SuzukiK, et al. Retinoic acid inhibits elastase-induced injury in human lung epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002;28:298–304.
- ShaoMX, NadelJA. Neutrophil elastase induces MUC5AC mucin production in human airway epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:767–772. doi:10.1073/pnas.040893210215640347
- TakeyabuK, AugustiC, UekiIF, LausierJ, CardellLO, NadelJA. Neutrophil-dependent goblet cell degranulation: role of membrane bound elastase and adhesion molecules. Am J Physiol. 1998;19:L294–L302.
- BoulayF, TardifM, BrouchonL, VignaisP. Synthesis and use of a novel N-formyl peptide derivative to isolate a human N-formyl peptide receptor cDNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;168:1103–1109. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(90)91143-G2161213
- International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIII. Nomenclature for the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family. Pharmacol Rev. 2009;61:119–161. doi:10.1124/pr.109.00157819498085
- MigeotteI, CommuniD, ParmentierM. Formyl peptide receptors: a promiscuous subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors controlling immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2006;17(6):501–519. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2006.09.00917084101
- RabietMJ, HuetE, BoulayF. Human mitochondria-derived N formylated peptides are novel agonists equally active on FPR and FPRL1, while Listeria monocytogenes-derived peptides preferentially activate FPR. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35:2486–2495. doi:10.1002/eji.20052633816025565
- HasdayJD, BascomR, CostaJJ, FitzgeraldT, DubinW. Bacterial endotoxin is an active component of cigarette smoke. Chest. 1999;115(3):829–835. doi:10.1378/chest.115.3.82910084499
- DorwardDA, LucasCD, ChapmanGB, HaslettC, DhaliwalK, RossiA. The role of formylated peptides and formyl peptide receptor 1 in governing neutrophil function during acute inflammation. Am J Pathol. 2015;185:1172–1184. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.02025791526
- CavarraE, MartoranaPA, GambelliF, de SantiMM, van EvenP, LungarellaG. Neutrophil recruitment into the lungs is associated with increased lung elastase burden, decreased lung elastin, and emphysema in alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor-deficient mice. Lab Invest. 1996;75(2):273–280.8765327
- CavarraE, MartoranaPA, de SantiMM, BartalesiB, CorteseS, LungarellaG. Neutrophil influx into the lungs of beige mice is followed by elastolytic damage and emphysema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999;20:264–269.9922217
- StockleyRA, GrantRA, Llewellyn-JonesCG, HillSL, BurnettD. Neutrophil formyl-peptide receptors: relationship to peptide-induced responses and emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:464–468. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.83060478306047
- DorwardDA, LucasCD, DohertyMK, et al. Novel role for endogenous mitochondrial formylated peptide-driven formyl peptide receptor 1 signalling in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Thorax. 2017;72(10):928–936. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-21003028469031
- WillemseBW, Ten HackenNH, RutgersB, Lesman-LeegteIG, PostmaDS, TimensW. Effect of 1-year smoking cessation on airway inflammation in COPD and asymptomatic smokers. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:835–845. doi:10.1183/09031936.05.0010890416264044
- GambleE, GrootendorstDC, HattotuwaK, et al. Airway mucosal inflammation in COPD is similar in smokers and ex-smokers: a pooled analysis. Eur Respir J. 2007;30(3):467–471. doi:10.1183/09031936.0001300617504799
- LapperreTS, PostmaDS, GosmanMM, et al. Relation between duration of smoking cessation and bronchial inflammation in COPD. Thorax. 2006;61:115–121. doi:10.1136/thx.2005.04051916055612
- De CuntoG, BartalesiB, CavarraE, BalzanoE, LungarellaG, LucattelliM. Ongoing lung inflammation and disease progression in mice after smoking cessation. Beneficial effects of formyl-peptide receptors blockade. Am J Pathol. 2018;188(10):2195–2206. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.01030031729
- PahlHL. NF-kB activators and target genes of Rel/NF-kB transcription factors. Oncogene. 1999;18(49):6853–6866. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.120323910602461
- HolJ, WilhelmsenL, HaraldsenG. The murine IL-8 homologues KC, MIP-2, and LIX are found in endothelial cytoplasmic granules but not in Weibel-Palade bodies. J Leukoc Biol. 2010;87(3):501–508. doi:10.1189/jlb.080953220007247
- MentenP, WuytsA, Van DammeJ. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2002;6:455–481. doi:10.1016/S1359-6101(02)00045-X
- LunghiB, De CuntoG, CavarraE, BartalesiB, LungarellaG, LucattelliM. Smoking p66Shc knocked out mice develop respiratory bronchiolitis with fibrosis but not emphysema. PLoS One. 2015;10:e 0119797. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119797
- YuC, WangF, JinC, et al. Role of fibroblast growth factor type 1 and 2 in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury and fibrogenesis. Am J Pathol. 2003;163(4):1653–1662. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63522-514507672
- MartoranaPA, BeumeR, LucattelliM, WollinL, LungarellaG. Roflumilast fully prevents emphysema in mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:848–853. doi:10.1164/rccm.200411-1549OC15961691
- CosioM, GhezzoH, HoggJC, et al. The relations between structural changes in small airways and pulmonary-function tests. N Engl J Med. 1978;298(23):1277–1281. doi:10.1056/NEJM197806082982303651978
- HasegawaM, NasuharaY, OnoderaY, et al. Airflow limitation and airway dimensions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(12):1309–1315. doi:10.1164/rccm.200601-037OC16556695
- SethiS. Bacterial infections and the pathogenesis of COPD. Chest. 2000;117(5):286S–291S. doi:10.1378/chest.117.5_suppl_1.286S10843957
- MathesonM, RynellAC, McCleanM, BerendN. Cigarette smoking increases neutrophil formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine receptor numbers. Chest. 2003;123:1642–1646. doi:10.1378/chest.123.5.164212740285
- FuH, BylundJ, KarlssonA, PellmeS, DahlgrenC. The mechanism for activation of the neutrophil NADPH-oxidase by the peptides formyl–Met–Leu–Phe and Trp–Lys–Tyr–Met–Val–Met differs from that for interleukin-8. Immunology. 2004;112:201–210. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01884.x15147563
- ÖnnheimK, ChristensonK, GablM, et al. A novel receptor cross-talk between the ATP receptor P2Y2 and formyl peptide receptors reactivates desensitized neutrophils to produce superoxide. Exp Cell Res. 2014;323:209–217. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.02324491917
- LungarellaG, CavarraE, FineschiS, LucattelliM. Dual role for proteases in lung inflammation In: VergnolleN, ChignardM, editors. Proteases and Their Receptors in Inflammation. Basel: Spriger Basel; 2011:123–144.
- VlahosR, BozinovskiS. Recent advances in pre-clinical models of COPD. Clin Sci. 2014;126:253–265. doi:10.1042/CS2013018224144354
- RinaldiM, MaesK, De VleeschlauwerS, et al. Long-term nose-only cigarette smoke exposure induced emphysema and mild skeletal muscle dysfunction in mice. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5:333–341. doi:10.1242/dmm.00850822279084
- JobseBN, RhemRG, WangIQ, CounterWB, StampfliMR, LabirisNR. Detection of lung dysfunction using ventilation and perfusion SPECT in a mouse model of chronic cigarette smoke exposure. J Nucl Med. 2013;54:616–623. doi:10.2967/jnumed.112.11141923397007
- SulloN, RoviezzoF, MatteisM, et al. Skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism in an animal model of pulmonary emphysema. Formoterol and skeletal muscle dysfunction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2013;48:198–203. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2012-0167OC23144332
- SchofieldPN, HoehndorfR, GkoutosGV. Mouse genetic and phenotypic resources for human genetics. Hum Mutat. 2012;33:826–836. doi:10.1002/humu.2207722422677
- WaterstonRH, Lindblad-TohK, BirneyE; Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature. 2002;420:520–562. doi:10.1038/nature0126212466850
- PaigenK. One hundred years of mouse genetics: an intellectual history. I. The classical period (1902–1980). Genetics. 2003;163:1–7.12586691
- CottinV, NunesH, BrilletPY, et al. Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:586–593. doi:10.1183/09031936.05.0002100516204587