COPD Management in Community Pharmacy Results in Improved Inhaler Use, Immunization Rate, COPD Action Plan Ownership, COPD Knowledge, and Reductions in Exacerbation Rates

References

• Toelle B, Xuan W, Bird T, et al. Respiratory symptoms and illness in older Australians: the burden of obstructive lung disease (BOLD) study. Med J Aust. 2013;198(3):144–148. doi:10.5694/mja11.11640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health Survey: First Results, 2017-18. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2018. CAT no. 4364. 0.55.001.Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2019. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cat. no. ACM 35. Canberra: AIHW. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/chronic-respiratoryconditions/copd. Accessed September 23, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Economic impact of COPD and cost-effective solutions. Access Economics Pty Ltd for the Australian Lung Foundation; 2008. Available from: http://www.rnig.org.au/docs/EconomicImpactofCOPDandCostEffectiveSolutions-226.pdf. Accessed September 23, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Better outcomes for people with chronic and complex health conditions. Primary Health Care Advisory Group Final Report (2015). Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/76B2BDC12AE54540CA257F72001102B9/%24File/Primary-Health-Care-Advisory-Group_Final-Report.pdf. Accessed September 23, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Yang IA, Brown JL, George J, et al. The COPD-X Plan: Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Version 2.61; 2018. Available from: http://copdx.org.au/copd-x-plan/. Accessed September 18, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• COPD Factsheet. Lung Foundation Australia. Available from: https://lungfoundation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Factsheet-COPD-Sept2018.pdf. Accessed September 18, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Global initiative for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 2020. Available from: https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/GOLD-2020-REPORT-ver1.1wms.pdf. Accessed September 23, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Krigsman K, Nilsson JL, Ring L. Refill adherence for patients with asthma and COPD: comparison of a pharmacy record database with manually collected repeat prescriptions. Pharmacol Epidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(4):441–448. doi:10.1002/pds.1321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecere LM, Slatore CG, Uman JE, et al. Adherence to long-acting inhaled therapies among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD. 2012;9(3):251–258. doi:10.3109/15412555.2011.650241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ismaila A, Corriveau D, Vaillancourt J, et al. Impact of adherence to treatment with tiotropium and fluticasone propionate/salmeterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(7):1427–1436. doi:10.1185/03007995.2014.908828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Boven JF, Chavannes NH, Van der Molen T, Rutten-van Molken MP, Postma MJ, Vegter S. Clinical and economic impact of non-adherence in COPD: a systematic review. Respir Med. 2014;108(1):103–113. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khdour MR, Hawwa AF, Kidney JC, Smyth BM, McElnay JC. Potential risk factors for medication non-adherence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(10):1365–1373. doi:10.1007/s00228-012-1279-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes CM. Medication non-adherence in the elderly – how big is the problem? Drugs Aging. 2004;21(12):793–811. doi:10.2165/00002512-200421120-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH study results. Thorax. 2010;65(8):719–725. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.136077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feary JR, Rodrigues LC, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Gibson JE. Prevalence of major comorbidities in subjects with COPD and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a comprehensive analysis using data from primary care. Thorax. 2010;65(11):956–962. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.128082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershon AS, Mecredy GC, Guan J, Victor JC, Goldstein R, To T. Quantifying comorbidity in individuals with COPD: a population study. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(1):51–59. doi:10.1183/09031936.00061414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon P, Nicholl BI, Jani BD, et al. Examining patterns of multimorbidity, polypharmacy and risk of adverse drug reactions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional UK Biobank study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(1):e018404. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogale SS, Lee TA, Au DH, Boudreau DM, Sullivan SD. Cardiovascular events associated with ipratropium bromide in COPD. Chest. 2010;137(1):13–19. doi:10.1378/chest.08-2367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(8):775–789. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa063070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk JA, Minai OA, Mosenifar Z. Inhaled and systemic corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(4):506–512. doi:10.1513/pats.200707-096ET
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van der Molen T. Co-morbidities of COPD in primary care: frequency, relation to COPD, and treatment consequences. Prim Care Respir J. 2010;19(4):326–334. doi:10.4104/pcrj.2010.00053
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plaza V, Lopez-Vina A, Entrenas LM, et al. Differences in adherence and non-adherence behaviour patterns to inhaler devices between COPD and asthma patients. COPD. 2016;13(5):547–554. doi:10.3109/15412555.2015.1118449
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott RA, Boyd MJ, Salema NE, et al. Supporting adherence for people starting a new medication for a long-term condition through community pharmacies: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of the New Medicine Service. BMJ Qual Saf. 2016;25(10):747–758. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu AP, Guérin A, Ponce de Leon D. Ponce de Leon D, et al. Therapy persistence and adherence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: multiple versus single long-acting maintenance inhalers. J Med Econ. 2011;14(4):486–496. doi:10.3111/13696998.2011.594123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosnic-Anticevich S, Chrystyn H, Costello R, et al. The use of multiple respiratory inhalers requiring different inhalation techniques has an adverse effect on COPD outcomes. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;12:59–71. doi:10.2147/COPD.S117196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price D, Lee AJ, Sims EJ, et al. Characteristics of patients preferring once-daily controller therapy for asthma and COPD: a retrospective cohort study. Prim Care Respir J. 2013;22(2):161–168. doi:10.4104/pcrj.2013.00017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanchis J, Gich I, Pedersen S, et al. Systematic review of errors in inhaler use: has patient technique improved over time? Chest. 2016;150(2):394–406. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sriram KB, Percival M. Suboptimal inhaler medication adherence and incorrect technique are common among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Chron Respir Dis. 2016;13(1):13–22. doi:10.1177/1479972315606313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis A, Torvinen S, Dekhuijzen PN, et al. The economic burden of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the impact of poor inhalation technique with commonly prescribed dry powder inhalers in three European countries. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16(1):251. doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1482-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Usmani OS. Choosing the right inhaler for your asthma or COPD patient. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2019;15:461–472. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S160365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2012). Summary - Vaccination uptake among people with chronic respiratory disease. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/chronic-respiratory-conditions/vaccination-uptake-among-people-with-chronic-respi/contents/summary. Accessed September 25, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Liang J, Abramson MJ, Russell G, et al. Interdisciplinary COPD intervention in primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(4):1801530. doi:10.1183/13993003.01530-2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai JW, Chen XX, Liu S, Yu L, Xu JF. Smoking cessation affects the natural history of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:3323–3328. doi:10.2147/COPD.S150243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bereznicki B, Walters H, Walters J, Peterson G, Bereznicki L. Initial diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Australia: views from the coal face. Intern Med J. 2017;47(7):807–813. doi:10.1111/imj.13418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston KN, Young M, Grimmer KA, Antic A, Frith PA. Barriers to, and facilitators for, referral to pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients from the perspective of Australian general practitioners: a qualitative study. Prim Care Respir J. 2013;22(3):319–324. doi:10.4104/pcrj.2013.00062
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Britt H, Miller GC, Charles J, et al. General practice activity in Australia 2009–10. General practice series no. 27. Cat. no. GEP 27. 2010. Canberra: AIHW. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/ab96aa0b-a070-4026-a57e-bc96d329aae5/12118.pdf.aspx?inline=true. Accessed September 25, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Walters J. COPD - Diagnosis, management and the role of the GP. Aust Fam Physician. 2010;39(3):100–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. General Practice: Health of the Nation 2018. Available from: https://www.racgp.org.au/download/Documents/Publications/Health-of-the-Nation-2018-Report.pdf. accessed September 25, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Mentha K (2011). Retail Pharmacy: ready to take its own medicine. 11-03, p21. Korda Mentha Publication. Available from: https://www.yumpu.com/no/document/read/41213812/retail-pharmacy-a-ready-to-take-its-medicine-kordamentha. Accessed September 25, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Armour C, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Brillant M, et al. Pharmacy Asthma Care Program (PACP) improves outcomes for patients in the community. Thorax. 2007;62(6):496–502. doi:10.1136/thx.2006.064709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajorek B, LeMay K, Magin P, Roberts C, Krass I, Armour CL. Implementation and evaluation of a pharmacist-led hypertension management service in primary care: outcomes and methodological challenges. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2016;14(2):723. doi:10.18549/PharmPract.2016.02.723
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willis A, Rivers P, Gray LJ, Davies M, Khunti K. The effectiveness of screening for diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a community pharmacy setting. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e91157. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram SJ, Kirkdale CL, Williams S. Moving anticoagulation initiation and monitoring services into the community: evaluation of the Brighton and hove community pharmacy service. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):91. doi:10.1186/s12913-018-2901-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordois A, Armour CL, Brillant M, et al. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Pharmacy Asthma Care Program in Australia. Dis Manage Health Outcomes. 2007;15(6):387–396. doi:10.2165/00115677-200715060-00006
   Google Scholar
• Hendrie D, Miller TR, Woodman RJ, Hoti K, Hughes J. Cost-effectiveness of reducing glycaemic episodes through community pharmacy management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Prim Prev. 2014;35(6):439–449. doi:10.1007/s10935-014-0368-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tommelein E, Mehuys E, Van Hees T, et al. Effectiveness of pharmaceutical care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PHARMACOP): a randomized controlled trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;77(5):756–766. doi:10.1111/bcp.12242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesso I, Gebara SN, Kayyali R. Impact of community pharmacists in COPD management: inhalation technique and medication adherence. Respir Med. 2016;118:22–30. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2016.07.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armour CL, Reddel HK, LeMay KS, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of an evidence-based asthma service in Australian community pharmacies: a pragmatic cluster randomized trial. J Asthma. 2013;50(3):302–309. doi:10.3109/02770903.2012.754463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller JM, Saini B, Bosnic-Anticevich S, Garcia Cardenas V, Benrimoj SI, Armour C. Testing evidence routine practice: using an implementation framework to embed a clinically proven asthma service in Australian community pharmacy. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2017;13(5):989–996. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.05.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. World Health Organization. Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(4):373–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong LY, Chua SS, Husin AR, Arshad H. A pharmacy management service for adults with asthma: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Fam Pract. 2017;34(5):564–573. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmx028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Normansell R, Kew KM, Mathioudakis AG. Interventions to improve inhaler technique for people with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD012286. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012286.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster JM, Smith L, Bosnic-Anticevich SZ, et al. Identifying patient-specific beliefs and behaviours for conversations about adherence in asthma. Intern Med J. 2012;42(6):136–144. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2011.02541.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, Wiklund I, Chen WH, Kline Leidy N. Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(3):648–654. doi:10.1183/09031936.00102509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(10):1005–1012. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabrol H, Niezborala M, Chastan E, de Leon J. Comparison of the Heavy Smoking Index and of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence in a sample of 749 cigarette smokers. Addict Behav. 2005;30(7):1474–1477. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maples P, Franks A, Ray S, Stevens AB, Wallace LS. Development and validation of a low-literacy Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Knowledge Questionnaire (COPD-Q). Patient Educ Couns. 2010;81(1):19–22. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2009.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COPD Pharmacy Online Training. Available from: https://lungfoundation.com.au/events/copd-pharmacy-online-training/. Accessed September 18, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Chen TF. Pharmacist-Led Home Medicines Review and Residential Medication Management Review: the Australian Model. Drugs Aging. 2016;33(3):199–204. doi:10.1007/s40266-016-0357-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varghese D, Ishida C, Haseer Koya H. Polypharmacy. 2020 Aug 24. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Inhaler technique in adults with asthma or COPD. (2018). National Asthma Council. Available from: https://assets.nationalasthma.org.au/resources/Inhaler-Technique-info-paper-20180607-web.pdf. Accessed September 25, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Basheti IA, Obeidat NM, Reddel HK. Effect of novel inhaler technique reminder labels on the retention of inhaler technique skills in asthma: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2017;27(1):9. doi:10.1038/s41533-017-0011-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosnic-Anticevich S, Sinha H, So S, Reddel HK. Metered-dose inhaler technique: the effect of two educational interventions delivered in community pharmacy over time. J Asthma. 2010;47(3):251–256. doi:10.3109/02770900903580843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerlein A, Muller U, Schulz M. Pharmacist-led intervention study to improve inhalation technique in asthma and COPD patients. J Eval Clin Pract. 2011;17(1):61–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01369.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess LM, Raebel MA, Conner DA, Malone DC. Measurement of adherence in pharmacy administrative databases: a proposal for standard definitions and preferred measures. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(7–8):1280–1288. doi:10.1345/aph.1H018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhry NK, Shrank WH, Levin RL, et al. Measuring concurrent adherence to multiple related medications. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(7):457–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson SH, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, et al. A meta-analysis of the association between adherence to drug therapy and mortality. BMJ. 2006;333(7557):15. doi:10.1136/bmj.38875.675486.55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestbo J, Anderson JA, Calverley PMA, et al. Adherence to inhaled therapy, mortality and hospital admission in COPD. Thorax. 2009;64(1):939–943. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.113662
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svarstad BL, Chewning BA, Sleath BL, Claesson C. The Brief Medication Questionnaire: a tool for screening patient adherence and barriers to adherence. Patient Educ Couns. 1999;37(2):113–124. doi:10.1016/S0738-3991(98)00107-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollnick S, Butler CC, Kinnersley P, Gregory J, Mash B. Motivational Interviewing. BMJ. 2010;2010(340):c1900. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1900
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Australian Lung Foundation. COPD-The Basics’ booklet; 2018. Available from: https://lungfoundation.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Book-COPD-The-Basics-Sep2018.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP); 2011. Supporting smoking cessation: a guide for health professionals. Melbourne, Australia. [Updated 2014]. Available from: http://www.racgp.org.au/download/documents/Guidelines/smoking-cessation.pdf. Accessed September 25, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. Released 2016. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Emmerton LM, Smith L, LeMay KS, et al. Experiences of community pharmacists involved in the delivery of a specialist asthma service in Australia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12(1):164. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes S, LeMay KS, Saini B, Armour CL. Pharmacy asthma services - will evidence alone sustain them? Australian Pharmacist. 2015;34(1):67–72.
   Google Scholar
• Zwar NA, Bunker JM, Reddel HK, et al. Early intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by practice nurse and GP teams: a cluster randomized trial. Fam Pract. 2016;33(6):663–670. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmw077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Göriş S, Taşci S, Elmali F. The effects of training on inhaler technique and quality of life in patients with COPD. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2013;26(6):336–344. doi:10.1089/jamp.2012.1017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwar NA, Hermiz O, Comino E, et al. Care of patients with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust. 2012;197(7):394–398. doi:10.5694/mja12.10813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochester CL, Vogiatzis I, Holland AE, et al. ATS/ERS Task Force on Policy in Pulmonary Rehabilitation. An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Policy Statement: enhancing Implementation, Use, and Delivery of Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(11):1373–1386. doi:10.1164/rccm.201510-1966ST
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright D, Twigg M, Barton G, Thornley T, Kerr C. An evaluation of a multi-site community pharmacy–based chronic obstructive pulmonary disease support service. Int J Pharm Pract. 2015;23(1):36–43. doi:10.1111/ijpp.12165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Boven JFM, Tommelein E, Boussery K, et al. Improving inhaler adherence in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Respir Res. 2014;15(1):66. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-15-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis S, Reddel HK, Middleton S, et al. Barriers and outcomes of an evidence-based approach to diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Australia: a qualitative study. Fam Pract. 2017;34(4):485‐490. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmw103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. The causes and consequences of seasonal variation in COPD exacerbations. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;(2014(9):1101–1110. doi:10.2147/COPD.S54475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basheti IA, Armour CL, Bosnic-Anticevich SZ, Reddel HK. Evaluation of a novel educational strategy, including inhaler-based reminder labels, to improve asthma inhaler technique. Patient Educ Couns. 2008;72(1):26–33. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.01.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar