References
- Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 2021. Available from: https://goldcopd.org. Accessed February 27, 2021.
- Austin V, Crack PJ, Bozinovski S, et al. COPD and stroke: are systemic inflammation and oxidative stress the missing links? Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130:1039–1050. doi:10.1042/CS20160043
- Divo M, Cote C, de Torres JP, et al. Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186:155–161. doi:10.1164/rccm.201201-0034OC
- Sin DD, Anthonisen NR, Soriano JB, et al. Mortality in COPD: role of comorbidities. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:1245–1257. doi:10.1183/09031936.00133805
- Corlateanu A, Covantev S, Mathioudakis AG, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stroke. COPD. 2018;15:405–413. doi:10.1080/15412555.2018.1464551
- Feary JR, Rodrigues LC, Smith CJ, et al. Prevalence of major comorbidities in subjects with COPD and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a comprehensive analysis using data from primary care. Thorax. 2010;65:956–962. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.128082
- Maclay JD, MacNee W. Cardiovascular disease in COPD: mechanisms. Chest. 2013;143:798–807. doi:10.1378/chest.12-0938
- Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects beyond the lungs. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000220. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000220
- Geltser BI, Kurpatov IG, Kotelnikov VN, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular diseases: functional and clinical aspect of comorbidity. Ter Arkh. 2018;90:81–88. doi:10.26442/terarkh201890381-88
- Söderholm M, Inghammar M, Hedblad B, et al. Incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31:159–168. doi:10.1007/s10654-015-0113-7
- Lahousse L, Tiemeier H, Ikram MA, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease: a comprehensive review. Respir Med. 2015;109:1371–1380. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2015.07.014
- Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, et al. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:355–369. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70025-0
- Bonkhoff AK, Karch A, Weber R, et al. Female stroke: sex differences in acute treatment and early outcomes of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2021;52:406–415. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032850
- Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad. Real Decreto 69/2015, de 6 de febrero, por el que se regula el Registro de Actividad de Atención Sanitaria Especializada. (Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database). BOE. 2015;35:10789–10809.
- Soriano JB, Alfageme I, Miravitlles M, et al. Prevalence and determinants of COPD in Spain: EPISCAN II. Arch Bronconeumol. 2021;57:61–69. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2020.07.024
- Ministry of Health. Spanish national health survey 2017 [Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España 2017]; 2017. Available from: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/encuestaNacional/encuesta2017.htm. Accessed April 23, 2021.
- Spanish National Statistics Institute. Population estimates according to sex and age; 2021. Available from: https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=31304. Accessed April 23, 2021.
- Sundararajan V, Henderson T, Perry C, et al. New ICD-10 version of the Charlson comorbidity index predicted in-hospital mortality. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57:1288–1294. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.03.012
- Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX. Applied Logistic Regression. 3rd ed. New Jersey. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.
- Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social. Solicitud de extracción de datos – extraction request (Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database); 2021. Available from: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/estadisticas/estMinisterio/SolicitudCMBDdocs/2018_Formulario_Peticion_Datos_RAE_CMBD.pdf. Accessed January 28, 2021.
- Lekoubou A, Ovbiagele B. Prevalence and influence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on stroke outcomes in hospitalized stroke patients. eNeurologicalSci. 2017;6:21–24. doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2016.11.007
- Yin L, Lensmar C, Ingelsson E, Bäck M. Differential association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke in a nation-wide cohort. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173:601–603. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.140
- Johnston AK, Mannino DM, Hagan GW, et al. Relationship between lung function impairment and incidence or recurrence of cardiovascular events in a middle-aged cohort. Thorax. 2008;63:599–605. doi:10.1136/thx.2007.088112
- Hozawa A, Billings JL, Shahar E, et al. Lung function and ischemic stroke incidence: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Chest. 2006;130:1642–1649. doi:10.1378/chest.130.6.1642
- Yen YS, Harnod D, Lin CL, et al. Long-term mortality and medical burden of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with and without subsequent stroke episodes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:2550. doi:10.3390/ijerph17072550
- Terzano C, Conti V, Di Stefano F, et al. Comorbidity, hospitalization, and mortality in COPD: results from a longitudinal study. Lung. 2010;188:321–329. doi:10.1007/s00408-009-9222-y
- Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, et al. Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke. 2005;36:2756–2763. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000190056.76543.eb
- Portegies ML, Lahousse L, Joos GF, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of stroke. The Rotterdam study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193:251–258. doi:10.1164/rccm.201505-0962OC
- Appelros P, Stegmayr B, Terént A. Sex differences in stroke epidemiology: a systematic review. Stroke. 2009;40:1082–1090. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.540781
- Bushnell C, McCullough LD, Awad IA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45:1545–1588. doi:10.1161/01.str.0000442009.06663.48
- Bushnell CD, Chaturvedi S, Gage KR, et al. Sex differences in stroke: challenges and opportunities. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;38:2179–2191. doi:10.1177/0271678X18793324
- Roy-O’Reilly M, McCullough LD. Age and sex are critical factors in ischemic stroke pathology. Endocrinology. 2018;159:3120–3131. doi:10.1210/en.2018-00465
- Gibson CL, Attwood L. The impact of gender on stroke pathology and treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;67:119–124. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.020
- Carcel C, Woodward M, Wang X, Bushnell C, Sandset EC. Sex matters in stroke: a review of recent evidence on the differences between women and men. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2020;59:100870. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100870
- Purroy F, Vena A, Forné C, et al. Age- and sex-specific risk profiles and in-hospital mortality in 13,932 Spanish stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;47:151–164. doi:10.1159/000500205
- Renoux C, Coulombe J, Li L, et al. Confounding by pre-morbid functional status in studies of apparent sex differences in severity and outcome of stroke. Stroke. 2017;48:2731–2738. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.018187
- Emdin CA, Wong CX, Hsiao AJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation as risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death in women compared with men: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2016;532:h7013. doi:10.1136/bmj.h7013
- Lang C, Seyfang L, Ferrari J, et al. Do women with atrial fibrillation experience more severe strokes? Results from the Austrian stroke unit registry. Stroke. 2017;48:778–780. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015900
- Viderman D, Issanov A, Temirov T, et al. Outcome predictors of stroke mortality in the neurocritical care unit. Front Neurol. 2020;11:579733. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.579733
- Popat C, Ruthirago D, Shehabeldin M, et al. Outcomes in patients with acute stroke requiring mechanical ventilation: predictors of mortality and successful extubation. Am J Med Sci. 2018;356:3–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2018.03.013
- Olsen TS, Dehlendorff C, Petersen HG, et al. Body mass index and poststroke mortality. Neuroepidemiology. 2008;30:93–100. doi:10.1159/000118945
- Chaudhary D, Khan A, Gupta M, et al. Obesity and mortality after the first ischemic stroke: is obesity paradox real? PLoS One. 2021;16:e0246877. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246877
- Huang ZX, Gu HQ, Yang X, et al. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality among acute ischemic stroke patients in China: a nationwide prospective study. Neurol Res. 2020;1–9. doi:10.1080/01616412.2020.1866356.