Clinical Impact of Liraglutide as a Treatment of Obesity

References

• O’Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. Human obesity: a heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Diabetes. 2008;57(11):2905–2910. doi:10.2337/db08-021018971438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilitsi E. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: available medications and drugs under investigation. Metabolism. 2019;92:170–192. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.01030391259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jéquier E, Tappy L. Regulation of body weight in humans. Physiol Rev. 1999;79(2):451–480. doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.2.45110221987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blundell J, Lawton C, Hill A. Mechanisms of appetite control and their abnormalities in obese patients. Horm Res Paediatr. 1993;39(Suppl. 3):72–76. doi:10.1159/000182788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray GA, Frühbeck G, Ryan DH, Wilding JPH. Management of obesity. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1947–1956. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00271-326868660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hales CM, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Freedman DS, Aoki Y, Ogden CL. Differences in obesity prevalence by demographic characteristics and urbanization level among adults in the United States, 2013–2016. JAMA. 2018;319(23):2419–2429. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.727029922829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanaswami V, Dwoskin LP. Obesity: current and potential pharmacotherapeutics and targets. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;170:116–147. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.01527773782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. Inflammation: a key player linking obesity with malignancies. Metabolism. 2018;81:A3–A6. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.12.01529309747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huh JH, Kim KJ, Kim SU. Obesity is more closely related with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis measured by transient elastography than metabolic health status. Metabolism. 2017;66:23–31. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.10.00327923446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhana K, Nano J, Ligthart S. Obesity and life expectancy with and without diabetes in adults aged 55 years and older in the Netherlands: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2016;13(7):e1002086–e1002086. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.100208627433939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koren D, Taveras EM. Association of sleep disturbances with obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism. 2018;84:67–75. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.00129630921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane J, McGowan B. The GLP-1 Agonist, Liraglutide, as a Pharmacotherapy for Obesity. Vol. 7. London, England: SAGE Publications; 2016:92–107.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhri OB, Salem V, Murphy KG, Bloom SR. Gastrointestinal satiety signals. Annu Rev Physiol. 2008;70(1):239–255. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.10050617937600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small CJ, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and the control of appetite. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2004;15(6):259–263. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2004.06.00215358278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhri OB, Wynne K, Bloom SR. Can gut hormones control appetite and prevent obesity? Diabetes Care. 2008;31(Supplement 2):S284–S289. doi:10.2337/dc08-s26918227498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deacon CF, Johnsen AH, Holst JJ. Degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 by human plasma in vitro yields an N-terminally truncated peptide that is a major endogenous metabolite in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(3):952–957.7883856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst JJ, Deacon CF. Glucagon-like peptide-1 mediates the therapeutic actions of DPP-IV inhibitors. Diabetologia. 2005;48(4):612–615. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1705-715759106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudsen LB, Nielsen PF, Huusfeldt PO. Potent derivatives of glucagon-like peptide-1 with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once daily administration. J Med Chem. 2000;43(9):1664–1669. doi:10.1021/jm990964510794683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscogiuri G, Cignarelli A, Giorgino F. GLP-1: benefits beyond pancreas. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(12):1143–1153. doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0137-y25107343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen PJ, Tang-Christensen M, Holst JJ, Ørskov C. Distribution of glucagon-like peptide-1 and other preproglucagon-derived peptides in the rat hypothalamus and brainstem. Neuroscience. 1997;77(1):257–270. doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00434-49044391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter K, Hölscher C. Drugs developed to treat diabetes, liraglutide and lixisenatide, cross the blood brain barrier and enhance neurogenesis. BMC Neurosci. 2012;13(1):33. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-3322443187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turton M, O’Shea D, Gunn I. A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding. Nature. 1996;379(6560):69–72. doi:10.1038/379069a08538742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(4):1409–1439. doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.200617928588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heppner KM, Kirigiti M, Secher A. Expression and distribution of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor mRNA, protein and binding in the male nonhuman primate (macaca mulatta) brain. Endocrinology. 2015;156(1):255–267. doi:10.1210/en.2014-167525380238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farr OM, Sofopoulos M, Tsoukas MA, et al. GLP-1 receptors exist in the parietal cortex, hypothalamus and medulla of human brains and the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide alters brain activity related to highly desirable food cues in individuals with diabetes: a crossover, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2016;59(5):954–965. doi:10.1007/s00125-016-3874-y26831302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ørskov C, Poulsen SS, Mørten M, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide I receptors in the subfornical organ and the area postrema are accessible to circulating glucagon-like peptide I. Diabetes. 1996;45(6):832–835. doi:10.2337/diab.45.6.8328635662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint A, Raben A, Astrup A, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans. J Clin Invest. 1998;101(3):515–520. doi:10.1172/JCI9909449682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Näslund E, Gutniak M, Skogar S, Rössner S, Hellström PM. Glucagon-like peptide 1 increases the period of postprandial satiety and slows gastric emptying in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(3):525–530. doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.3.5259734726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shughrue PJ, Lane MV, Merchenthaler I. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1-R) mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology. 1996;137(11):5159–5162. doi:10.1210/endo.137.11.88953918895391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secher A, Jelsing J, Baquero AF, et al. The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(10):4473–4488. doi:10.1172/jci7527625202980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson SL, Shirazi RH, Hansson C, Bergquist F, Nissbrandt H, Skibicka KP. The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue, exendin-4, decreases the rewarding value of food: a new role for mesolimbic GLP-1 receptors. J Neurosci. 2012;32(14):4812–4820. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6326-11.201222492036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dailey MJ, Moran TH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and appetite. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013;24(2):85–91. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2012.11.00823332584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams DL, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Evidence that intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 plays a physiological role in satiety. Endocrinology. 2009;150(4):1680–1687. doi:10.1210/en.2008-104519074583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, et al. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1481–1486. doi:10.2337/dc10-241521593294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes MR, Bradley L, Grill HJ. Endogenous hindbrain glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation contributes to the control of food intake by mediating gastric satiation signaling. Endocrinology. 2009;150(6):2654–2659. doi:10.1210/en.2008-147919264875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes MR, Leichner T, Zhao S, et al. Intracellular signals mediating the food intake-suppressive effects of hindbrain glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation. Cell Metab. 2011;13(3):320–330. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.02.00121356521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman S. Differentiating incretin therapies based on structure activity, and metabolism: focus on liraglutide. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(12P2):25S–32S. doi:10.1592/phco.29.pt2.25S19947814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornsdottir I, Olsen A, Larsen U, et al. Metabolism and excretion of the once-daily human GLP-1 analogue liraglutide in healthy subject and its in vitro degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and neutral endopeptidase. Diabetologia. 2008;51:S356–S356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber A, Henry R, Ratner R, et al. Liraglutide versus glimepiride monotherapy for type 2 diabetes (LEAD-3 Mono): a randomised, 52-week, Phase III, double-blind, parallel-treatment trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):473–481. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61246-518819705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang W, Chen L, Ji Q, et al. Liraglutide provides similar glycaemic control as glimepiride (both in combination with metformin) and reduces body weight and systolic blood pressure in Asian population with type 2 diabetes from China, South Korea and India: a 16‐week, randomized, double‐blind, active control trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13(1):81–88.21114607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingwersen SH, Khurana M, Madabushi R, et al. Dosing rationale for liraglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pharmacometric assessment,”. J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;52(12):1815–1823. doi:10.1177/009127001143050422174428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingwersen S, Petri KC, Tandon N, et al. Liraglutide pharmacokinetics and dose-exposure response in Asian subjects with type 2 diabetes from China, India and South Korea. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015;108(1):113–119. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.01.00125684604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damholt B, Golor G, Wierich W, Pedersen P, Ekblom M, Zdravkovic M. An open‐label, parallel group study investigating the effects of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of the once‐daily glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogue liraglutide. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;46(6):635–641. doi:10.1177/009127000628821516707410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri KCC, Jacobsen LV, Klein DJ. Comparable liraglutide pharmacokinetics in pediatric and adult populations with type 2 diabetes: a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015;54(6):663–670. doi:10.1007/s40262-014-0229-z25603819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G, et al. Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6). Lancet. 2009;374(9683):39–47. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60659-019515413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint A, Nazzal K, Jagielski P, Segel S, Zdravkovic M. Influence of hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics of the long-acting human GLP-1 analogue liraglutide. Diabetes. 2007;56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Garber A, Rosenstock J, et al. Liraglutide treatment is associated with a low frequency and magnitude of antibody formation with no apparent impact on glycemic response or increased frequency of adverse events: results from the liraglutide effect and action in diabetes (LEAD) trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(6):1695–1702. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-282221450987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott LJ. Liraglutide: a review of its use in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2014;74(18):2161–2174. doi:10.1007/s40265-014-0321-625367717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Nauck M, Forst T, et al. Exenatide once weekly versus liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-6): a randomised, open-label study. Lancet. 2013;381(9861):117–124. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61267-723141817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies MJ, Bergenstal R, Bode B, et al. Efficacy of liraglutide for weight loss among patients with type 2 diabetes: the SCALE diabetes randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(7):687–699. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.967626284720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11–22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa141189226132939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier A, Blackman A, Foster G, et al. S28 Liraglutide 3.0 Mg Reduces Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Body Weight in Obese Individuals with Moderate or Severe Disease: Scale Sleep Apnoea Trial. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Le Roux CW, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10077):1399–1409. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30069-728237263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403. doi:10.1056/nejmoa01251211832527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311–322. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa160382727295427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadden TA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE maintenance randomized study. Int J Obes. 2013;37(11):1443–1451. doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadden TA, Tronieri JS, Sugimoto D, et al. Liraglutide 3.0 mg and intensive behavioral therapy (IBT) for obesity in primary care: the SCALE IBT randomized controlled trial. Obesity. 2020;28(3):529–536. doi:10.1002/oby.2272632090517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker DJ, Buse JB, Taylor K, et al. Exenatide once weekly versus twice daily for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority study. Lancet. 2008;372(9645):1240–1250. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61206-418782641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ussher JR, Drucker DJ. Cardiovascular actions of incretin-based therapies. Circ Res. 2014;114(11):1788–1803. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.30195824855202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck M, El-Ouaghlidi A, Hompesch M, Jacobsen J, Elbroend B. No impairment of hypoglycemia counterregulation via glucagon with the long-acting GLP-1 derivative, NN2211, in subjects with Type 2-diabetes. Diabetologia. 2003;46:A285–A285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marre M, Shaw J, Brändle M, et al. Liraglutide, a once‐daily human GLP‐1 analogue, added to a sulphonylurea over 26 weeks produces greater improvements in glycaemic and weight control compared with adding rosiglitazone or placebo in subjects with type 2 diabetes (LEAD‐1 SU). Diabet Med. 2009;26(3):268–278. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02666.x19317822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumaravel A, Zelisko A, Schauer P, Lopez R, Kroh M, Stevens T. Acute pancreatitis in patients after bariatric surgery: incidence, outcomes, and risk factors. Obes Surg. 2014;24(12):2025–2030. doi:10.1007/s11695-014-1337-424972683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consoli A, Formoso G. Potential side effects to GLP-1 agonists: understanding their safety and tolerability. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14(2):207–218. doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.98712225496749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerre Knudsen L, Madsen LW, Andersen S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists activate rodent thyroid C-cells causing calcitonin release and C-cell proliferation. Endocrinology. 2010;151(4):1473–1486. doi:10.1210/en.2009-127220203154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waser B, Beetschen K, Pellegata NS, Reubi JC. Incretin receptors in non-neoplastic and neoplastic thyroid C cells in rodents and humans: relevance for incretin-based diabetes therapy. Neuroendocrinology. 2011;94(4):291–301. doi:10.1159/00033044721893952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotugno M, Nosso G, Saldalamacchia G, et al. Clinical efficacy of bariatric surgery versus liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe obesity: a 12-month retrospective evaluation. Acta Diabetol. 2015;52(2):331–336. doi:10.1007/s00592-014-0644-525218924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar