Mechanistic Study of Schisandra chinensis Fruit Mixture Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Experimental Validation to Improve the Inflammatory Response of DKD Through AGEs/RAGE Signaling Pathway

References

• Hou J, Haas M. Temporal Trends in the Epidemiology of Biopsy-Proven Glomerular Diseases: an Alarming Increase in Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(4):556–558. doi:10.2215/CJN.02190217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umanath K, Lewis JB. Update on Diabetic Nephropathy: core Curriculum 2018. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(6):884–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic Targets: standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl1):S55–S64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jia W, Weng J, Zhu D, et al. Standards of medical care for type 2 diabetes in China 2019. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;35(6):e3158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Zhang B. Traditional Chinese medicine network pharmacology: theory, methodology and application. Chin J Nat Med. 2013;11(2):110–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI clinical practice guideline for diabetes and CKD: 2012 update. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60(5):850–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Lu W, Lu H. The clinical efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14(1):47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abegaz TM, Diaby V, Sherbeny F, Ali AA. Cost Effectiveness of Dapagliflozin Added to Standard of Care for the Management of Diabetic Nephropathy in the USA. Clin Drug Investig. 2022;42(6):501–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alicic RZ, Johnson EJ, Tuttle KR. SGLT2 Inhibition for the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease: a Review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;72(2):267–277. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.03.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pecoits-Filho R, Perkovic V. Are SGLT2 Inhibitors Ready for Prime Time for CKD? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(2):318–320. doi:10.2215/CJN.07680717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T, Yang X, Cong Y, et al. Effects of Qidantang Granule on early stage of diabetic kidney disease in rats. Aging. 2022;14(11):4888–4896. doi:10.18632/aging.204121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao J, Ai J, Mo C, Shi W, Meng L. Comparative efficacy of seven Chinese patent medicines for early diabetic kidney disease: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2022;67:102831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Gao LD, Fu B, et al. Efficacy and safety of Zicuiyin decoction on diabetic kidney disease: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2022;100:154079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Dong S, Liu Y, et al. Efficacy and Safety of “Bushen Huoxue Therapy”-Based Combined Chinese and Western Medicine Treatment for Diabetic Kidney Disease: an Updated Meta-Analysis of 2105 Patients. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:3710074.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang M, Liu M, Xiong M, Gong J, Tan X. Schisandra chinensis fruit extract attenuates albuminuria and protects podocyte integrity in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;141(1):111–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Deng Y, Li N, et al. Network pharmacology analysis combined with experimental validation to explore the therapeutic mechanism of Schisandra Chinensis Mixture on diabetic nephropathy. J Ethnopharmacol. 2023;302(Pt A):115768.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hopkins AL. Network pharmacology: the next paradigm in drug discovery. Nat Chem Biol. 2008;4(11):682–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Wang ZY, Zheng JH, Li S. TCM network pharmacology: a new trend towards combining computational, experimental and clinical approaches. Chin J Nat Med. 2021;19(1):1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Liu J, Tong X, et al. Network Pharmacology Prediction and Molecular Docking-Based Strategy to Discover the Potential Pharmacological Mechanism of Huai Hua San Against Ulcerative Colitis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:3255–3276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ru J, Li P, Wang J, et al. TCMSP: a database of systems pharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines. J Cheminform. 2014;6:13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue R, Fang Z, Zhang M, Yi Z, Wen C, Shi T. TCMID: traditional Chinese Medicine integrative database for herb molecular mechanism analysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Databaseissue):D1089–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu HY, Zhang YQ, Liu ZM, et al. ETCM: an encyclopaedia of traditional Chinese medicine. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(D1):D976–D982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Guo F, Wang Y, et al. BATMAN-TCM: a Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular mechANism of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao W, Xu X, Wang X, et al. Network pharmacology-based prediction of the active ingredients and potential targets of Chinese herbal Radix Curcumae formula for application to cardiovascular disease. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;145(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Zhang W, Huang C, et al. A novel chemometric method for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(6):6964–6982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daina A, Michielin O, Zoete V. SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou J, Gao P, Hao X, Xu H, Zhan P, Liu X. Recent progress in the structural modification and pharmacological activities of ligustrazine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem. 2018;147:150–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim N, Priefer R. Retinol binding protein 4 antagonists and protein synthesis inhibitors: potential for therapeutic development. Eur J Med Chem. 2021;226:113856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daina A, Michielin O, Zoete V. SwissTargetPrediction: updated data and new features for efficient prediction of protein targets of small molecules. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(W1):W357–W364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao CH, Hsu JL, Chen MF, et al. Anti-hypertensive effects of Radix Rehmanniae and its active ingredients. Nat Prod Res. 2020;34(11):1547–1552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodsell DS, Zardecki C, Di Costanzo L, et al. RCSB Protein Data Bank: enabling biomedical research and drug discovery. Protein Sci. 2020;29(1):52–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Xiao J, Suzek TO, et al. PubChem’s BioAssay Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;40(Databaseissue):D400–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Hachem N, Haibe-Kains B, Khalil A, Kobeissy FH, Nemer G. AutoDock and AutoDockTools for Protein-Ligand Docking: beta-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1(BACE1) as a Case Study. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1598:391–403.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baugh EH, Lyskov S, Weitzner BD, Gray JJ. Real-time PyMOL visualization for Rosetta and PyRosetta. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e21931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su X, Yu W, Liu A, et al. San-Huang-Yi-Shen Capsule Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy in Rats Through Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Overall Metabolism. Front Pharmacol. 2022;12:808867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Du X, Liu Y, et al. A Systems Pharmacology Approach for Identifying the Multiple Mechanisms of Action for the Rougui-Fuzi Herb Pair in the Treatment of Cardiocerebral Vascular Diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:5196302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Tang H, Tang Q, Chen W. Decoding the Mechanism of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction in Treating Pneumonia Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:638366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulyman AO, Akolade JO, Sabiu SA, Aladodo RA, Muritala HF. Antidiabetic potentials of ethanolic extract of Aristolochia ringens (Vahl.) roots. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;182:122–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang J, Li R, Zhang Y, et al. Aristolone in Nardostachys jatamansi DC. induces mesenteric vasodilation and ameliorates hypertension via activation of the KATP channel and PDK1-Akt-eNOS pathway. Phytomedicine. 2022;104:154257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen SM, Yang Q, Zang Y, Li J, Liu X, Guo YW. Anti-inflammatory aromadendrane- and cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids from the South China Sea sponge Acanthella cavernosa. Beilstein J Org Chem. 2022;18:916–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amara I, Timoumi R, Annabi E, Ben Othmène Y, Abid-Essefi S. The protective effects of thymol and carvacrol against di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced cytotoxicity in HEK-293 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2022;36(8):e23092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellahcen S, Mekhfi H, Ziyyat A, et al. Prevention of chemically induced diabetes mellitus in experimental animals by virgin argan oil. Phytother Res. 2012;26(2):180–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajleh MNA, Khleifat KM, Alqaraleh M, et al. Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Effects of Ephedra foeminea Aqueous Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients. 2022;14(11):2338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh Y, Das UN. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and chemically induced diabetes mellitus. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids. Nutrition. 2003;19(3):213–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molitch ME, Adler AI, Flyvbjerg A, et al. Diabetic kidney disease: a clinical update from Kidney Disease: improving Global Outcomes. Kidney Int. 2015;87(1):20–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrone A, Giovino A, Benny J, Martinelli F. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs): biochemistry, Signaling, Analytical Methods, and Epigenetic Effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:3818196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar Pasupulati A, Chitra PS, Reddy GB. Advanced glycation end products mediated cellular and molecular events in the pathology of diabetic nephropathy. Biomol Concepts. 2016;7(5–6):293–309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanajou D, Ghorbani Haghjo A, Argani H, Aslani S. AGE-RAGE axis blockade in diabetic nephropathy: current status and future directions. Eur J Pharmacol. 2018;833:158–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto Y, Kato I, Doi T, et al. Development and prevention of advanced diabetic nephropathy in RAGE-overexpressing mice. J Clin Invest. 2001;108(2):261–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YH, Chen ZW, Li HM, et al. AGE/RAGE-Induced EMP Release via the NOX-Derived ROS Pathway. J Diabetes Res. 2018;2018:6823058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XQ, Zhang DD, Wang YN, Tan YQ, Yu XY, Zhao YY. AGE/RAGE in diabetic kidney disease and ageing kidney. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;171:260–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukami K, Taguchi K, Yamagishi S, Okuda S. Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and progressive kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2015;24(1):54–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong JN, Li WW, Wang LL, et al. Jiangtang decoction ameliorate diabetic nephropathy through the regulation of PI3K/Akt-mediated NF-κB pathways in KK-Ay mice. Chin Med. 2017;12:13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz AB, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ramos AM, et al. NF-kappaB in renal inflammation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(8):1254–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cepas V, Collino M, Mayo JC, Sainz RM. Redox Signaling and Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) in Diet-Related Diseases. Antioxidants. 2020;9(2):142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong J, Wang X, Zhang N, Fu H, Li W. D-ribose induces nephropathy through RAGE-dependent NF-κB inflammation. Arch Pharm Res. 2018;41(8):838–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Liu CP, Xu KF, et al. Effect of taurine-conjugated ursodeoxycholic acid on endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis induced by advanced glycation end products in cultured mouse podocytes. Am J Nephrol. 2008;28(6):1014–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong J, Li G, Zhang Q, Ritter J, Li W, Li PL. D-Ribose Induces Podocyte NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Glomerular Injury via AGEs/RAGE Pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7:259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldszmid RS, Trinchieri G. The price of immunity. Nat Immunol. 2012;13(10):932–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro JF, Mora-Fernández C. The role of TNF-alpha in diabetic nephropathy: pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2006;17(6):441–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niewczas MA, Gohda T, Skupien J, et al. Circulating TNF receptors 1 and 2 predict ESRD in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(3):507–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriwaki Y, Yamamoto T, Shibutani Y, et al. Elevated levels of interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in serum of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship with diabetic nephropathy. Metabolism. 2003;52(5):605–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmarakby AA, Sullivan JC. Relationship between oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic nephropathy. Cardiovasc Ther. 2012;30(1):49–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiPetrillo K, Coutermarsh B, Gesek FA. Urinary tumor necrosis factor contributes to sodium retention and renal hypertrophy during diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003;284(1):F113–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolkow PP, Niewczas MA, Perkins B, et al. Association of urinary inflammatory markers and renal decline in microalbuminuric type 1 diabetics. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(4):789–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayego-Mateos S, Morgado-Pascual JL, Opazo-Ríos L, et al. Pathogenic Pathways and Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Inflammation in Diabetic Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(11):3798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelrahman AM, Al Suleimani Y, Shalaby A, Ashique M, Manoj P, Ali BH. Effect of tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 inhibitor, on early stage streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2019;392(8):1005–1013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buraczynska M, Ksiazek K, Wacinski P, Zaluska W. Interleukin-1β Gene (IL1B) Polymorphism and Risk of Developing Diabetic Nephropathy. Immunol Invest. 2019;48(6):577–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Morales RE, Del Pino MD, Valdivielso JM, Ortiz A, Mora-Fernández C, Navarro-González JF. Inflammation in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Nephron. 2019;143(1):12–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesey DA, Cheung C, Cuttle L, Endre Z, Gobe G, Johnson DW. Interleukin-1beta stimulates human renal fibroblast proliferation and matrix protein production by means of a transforming growth factor-beta-dependent mechanism. J Lab Clin Med. 2002;140(5):342–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen CM, Faulenbach M, Vaag A, et al. Interleukin-1-receptor antagonist in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(15):1517–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoyiannis D, Kotlyarov A, Carballo E, et al. Interleukin-10 targets p38 MAPK to modulate ARE-dependent TNF mRNA translation and limit intestinal pathology. EMBO J. 2001;20(14):3760–3770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobert AP, Verriere T, Asim M, et al. Heme oxygenase-1 dysregulates macrophage polarization and the immune response to Helicobacter pylori. J Immunol. 2014;193(6):3013–3022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar