References
- CamfieldCSCamfieldPRGordonKWirrellEDooleyJMIncidence of epilepsy in childhood and adolescence: a population-based study in Nova Scotia from 1977 to 1985Epilepsia19963719238603618
- WirrellECGrossardtBRWong-KisielLCNickelsKCIncidence and classification of new-onset epilepsy and epilepsy syndromes in children in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1980 to 2004: a population-based studyEpilepsy Res20119511011821482075
- HamiwkaLDSinghNNiosiJWirrellECDiagnostic inaccuracy in children referred with “first seizure”: role for a first seizure clinicEpilepsia2007481062106617553117
- van DonselaarCAStroinkHArtsWFHow confident are we of the diagnosis of epilepsy?Epilepsia200647Suppl 191317044819
- UldallPAlvingJHansenLKKibækMBuchholtJThe misdiagnosis of epilepsy in children admitted to a tertiary epilepsy centre with paroxysmal eventsArch Dis Child20069121922116492886
- BergATBerkovicSFBrodieMJRevised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009Epilepsia20105167668520196795
- CamfieldPCamfieldCChildhood epilepsy: what is the evidence for what we think and what we do?J Child Neurol20031827228712760431
- GlauserTBen-MenachemEBourgeoisBILAE treatment guidelines: evidence-based analysis of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromesEpilepsia2006471094112016886973
- BaramTZMitchellWGTournayASneadOCHansonRAHortonEJHigh-dose corticotropin (ACTH) versus prednisone for infantile spasms: a prospective, randomized, blinded studyPediatrics1996973753798604274
- LuxALEdwardsSWHancockEThe United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study comparing vigabatrin with prednisolone or tetracosactide at 14 days: a multicentre, randomised controlled trialLancet20043641773177815541450
- HrachovyRAFrostJDJrGlazeDGHigh-dose, long-duration versus low-dose, short-duration corticotropin therapy for infantile spasmsJ Pediatr19941248038068176573
- YanagakiSOguniHHayashiKA comparative study of high-dose and low-dose ACTH therapy for West syndromeBrain Dev19992146146710522523
- VigevanoFCilioMRVigabatrin versus ACTH as first-line treatment for infantile spasms: a randomized, prospective studyEpilepsia199738127012749578521
- EltermanRDShieldsWDMansfieldKANakagawaJRandomized trial of vigabatrin in patients with infantile spasmsNeurology2001571416142111673582
- ChironCDumasCJambaqueIMumfordJDulacORandomized trial comparing vigabatrin and hydrocortisone in infantile spasms due to tuberous sclerosisEpilepsy Res1997263893959095401
- AicardiJMumfordJPDumasCWoodSVigabatrin as initial therapy for infantile spasms: a European retrospective survey. Sabril IS Investigator and Peer Review GroupsEpilepsia1996376386428681895
- JambaquéIChironCDumasCMumfordJDulacOMental and behavioural outcome of infantile epilepsy treated by vigabatrin in tuberous sclerosis patientsEpilepsy Res20003815116010642043
- ChironCMarchandMCTranAStiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a randomised placebo-controlled syndrome-dedicated trial. STICLO study groupLancet20003561638164211089822
- ThanhTNChironCDellatolasGLong-term efficacy and tolerance of stiripentol in severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (Dravet’s syndrome)Arch Pediatr2002911201127 German12503502
- KassaïBChironCAugierSSevere myoclonic epilepsy in infancy: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of individual patient dataEpilepsia20084934334818028411
- InoueYOhtsukaYOguniHStiripentol open study in Japanese patients with Dravet syndromeEpilepsia2009502362236819552653
- ErikssonASNergårdhAHoppuKThe efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover studyEpilepsia1998394955019596201
- JensenPKFelbamate in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndromeEpilepsia199435Suppl 5S54S578039473
- ConryJANgYTPaolicchiJMClobazam in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndromeEpilepsia2009501158116619170737
- GlauserTALevisohnPMRitterFSachdeoRCTopiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: open-label treatment of patients completing a randomized controlled trial. Topiramate YL Study GroupEpilepsia200041Suppl 1S86S9010768308
- KlugerGGlauserTKraussGSeeruthunRPerdomoCArroyoSAdjunctive rufinamide in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a long-term, open-label extension studyActa Neurol Scand201212220220820199521
- RatingDWolfCBastTSulthiame as monotherapy in children with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Sulthiame Study GroupEpilepsia2000411284128811051123
- Gross-SelbeckGTreatment of “benign” partial epilepsies of childhood, including atypical formsNeuropediatrics19952645507791951
- WakaiSItoNUedaDChibaSLandau-Kleffner syndrome and sulthiameNeuropediatrics1997281351369208418
- WirrellEHoAWHamiwkaLSulthiame therapy for continuous spike and wave in slow-wave sleepPediatr Neurol20063520420816939861
- SatoSWhiteBGPenryJKDreifussFESackellaresJCKupferbergHJValproic acid versus ethosuximide in the treatment of absence seizuresNeurology1982321571636798490
- CallaghanNO’HareJO’DriscollDO’NeillBDalyMComparative study of ethosuximide and sodium valproate in the treatment of typical absence seizures (petit mal)Dev Med Child Neurol1982248308366818076
- GlauserTACnaanAShinnarSEthosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsyN Engl J Med36279079920200383
- GentonPGuerriniRRemyCPiracetam in the treatment of cortical myoclonusPharmacopsychiatry199932Suppl 1495310338109
- KoskiniemiMVan VleymenBHakamiesLLamusuoSTaalasJPiracetam relieves symptoms in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a multicentre, randomised, double blind, crossover study comparing the efficacy and safety of three dosages of oral piracetam with placeboJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1998643443489527146
- GuerreiroMMVigoniusUPohlmannHA double-blind controlled clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in children and adolescents with epilepsyEpilepsy Res1997272052139237055
- ThilothammalNBanuKRatnamRSComparison of phenobarbitone, phenytoin with sodium valproate: randomized, double-blind studyIndian Pediatr1996335495558979563
- de SilvaMMacArdleBMcGowanMRandomised comparative monotherapy trial of phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate for newly diagnosed childhood epilepsyLancet19963477097138601999
- VerityCMHoskingGEasterDJA multicentre comparative trial of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in paediatric epilepsy. The Paediatric EPITEG Collaborative GroupDev Med Child Neurol199537971087851677
- MitchellWGChavezJMCarbamazepine versus phenobarbital for partial onset seizures in childrenEpilepsia19872856603098555
- BawdenHNCamfieldCSCamfieldPRThe cognitive and behavioural effects of clobazam and standard monotherapy are comparable. Canadian Study Group for Childhood EpilepsyEpilepsy Res19993313314310094425
- PalDKDasTChaudhuryGJohnsonALNevilleBGRandomised controlled trial to assess acceptability of phenobarbital for childhood epilepsy in rural IndiaLancet199835119239433424
- ForsytheIButlerRBergIMcGuireRCognitive impairment in new cases of epilepsy randomly assigned to carbamazepine, phenytoin and sodium valproateDev Med Child Neurol1991335245341864478
- ViningEPMellitisEDDorsenMMPsychologic and behavioral effects of antiepileptic drugs in children: a double-blind comparison between phenobarbital and valproic acidPediatrics1987801651743112727
- Nieto-BarreraMBrozmanovaMCapovillaGA comparison of monotherapy with lamotrigine or carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed partial epilepsyEpilepsy Res20014614515511463516
- SobaniecWKulakWStrzeleckaJSmigielska-KuziaJBoćkowskiLA comparative study of vigabatrin vs carbamazepine in monotherapy of newly diagnosed partial seizures in childrenPharmacol Rep20055764665316227648
- ShieldsWDSaslowEMyoclonic, atonic, and absence seizures following institution of carbamazepine therapy in childrenNeurology198333148714896415512
- SneadOC3rdHoseyLCExacerbation of seizures in children by carbamazepineN Engl J Med19853139169213929090
- VianiFRomeoAViriMSeizure and EEG patterns in Angelman’s syndromeJ Child Neurol1995104674718576558
- KochenSGiaganteBOddoSSpike-and-wave complexes and seizure exacerbation caused by carbamazepineEur J Neurol20029414711784375
- CordaDGelissePGentonPDravetCBaldy-MoulinierMIncidence of drug-induced aggravation in benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikesEpilepsia20014275475911422331
- EldridgeRSternRAnainenMKoerberTWilderBJ“Baltic” myoclonus epilepsy: hereditary disorder of childhood made worse by phenytoinLancet19833228388426137660
- GuerriniRDravetCGentonPBelmonteAKaminskaADulacOLamotrigine and seizure aggravation in severe myoclonic epilepsyEpilepsia1998395085129596203
- TassinariCADravetCRogerJCanoJPGastautHTonic status epilepticus precipitated by intravenous benzodiazepine in five patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndromeEpilepsia1972134214354626571
- SillanpaaMEpilepsy in children: prevalence, disability, and handicapEpilepsia1992334444491534296
- Depositario-CabacarDFZellekeTGTreatment of epilepsy in children with developmental disabilitiesDev Disabil Res Rev201023924720981762
- ShermanEMSlickDJConnollyMBEyrlKLADHD, neurological correlates and health-related quality of life in severe pediatric epilepsyEpilepsia2007481083109117381442
- ParisiPMoaveroRVerrottiACuratoloPAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with epilepsyBrain Dev201032101619369016
- MillerJMKustraRPVuongAHammerAEMessenheimerJADepressive symptoms in epilepsy: prevalence, impact, aetiology, biological correlates and effect of treatment with antiepileptic drugsDrugs2008681493150918627207
- ShellhaasRAJoshiSMVitamin D and bone health among children with epilepsyPediatr Neurol20104238539320472188
- BittigauPSifringerMGenzKAntiepileptic drugs and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brainProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200299150891509412417760
- KaindlAMAsimiadouSMantheyDHagenMVTurskiLIkonomidouCAntiepileptic drugs and the developing brainCell Mol Life Sci20066339941316389461
- GlierCDzietkoMBittigauPJaroszBKorobowiczEIkonomidouCTherapeutic doses of topiramate are not toxic to the developing rat brainExp Neurol200418740340915144866
- DreifussFESantilliNLangerDHSweeneyKPMolineKAMenanderKBValproic acid hepatic fatalities: a retrospective reviewNeurology1987373793853102998
- BryantAE3rdDreifussFEValproic acid hepatic fatalities. III. US experience since 1986Neurology1996464654698614514
- KönigSASiemesHBlakerFSevere hepatotoxicity during valproate therapy: an update and report of eight new fatalitiesEpilepsia199435100510157925143
- DreifussFELangerDHMolineKAMaxwellJEValproic acid hepatic fatalities. II. US experience since 1984Neurology1989392012072492646
- AppletonREFarrellKApplegarthDADimmickJEWongLTDavidsonAGThe high incidence of valproate hepatotoxicity in infants may relate to familial metabolic defectsCan J Neurol Sci1990171451482113424
- FromentyBPessayreDInhibition of mitochondrial beta-oxidation as a mechanism of hepatotoxicityPharmacol Ther1995671011547494860
- KestersonJWGrannemanGRMachinistJMThe hepatotoxicity of valproic acid and its metabolites in rats. I. Toxicologic, biochemical and histopathologic studiesHepatology19844114311526437960
- ShenDDPollackGMCohenMEEffect of age on the serum metabolite pattern of valproic acid in epileptic children [abstract]Epilepsia19845674
- LevyRHRettenmeierAWAndersonGDEffects of polytherapy with phenytoin, carbamazepine, and stiripentol on formation of 4-ene-valproate, a hepatotoxic metabolite of valproic acidClin Pharmacol Ther1990482252352119269
- SchwabeMJDobynsWBBurkeBArmstrongDLValproate-induced liver failure in one of two siblings with Alpers diseasePediatr Neurol1997163373439258971
- DelarueAPautOGuysJMInappropriate liver transplantation in a child with Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome misdiagnosed as valproate-induced acute liver failurePediatr Transplant20004677110731063
- NjølstadPRSkjeldalOHAgsteribbeEMedium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and fatal valproate toxicityPediatr Neurol1997161601629090694
- DhamijaRGavrilovaRHWirrellECValproate-induced worsening of seizures: clue to underlying diagnosisJ Child Neurol2011261319132121454832
- LheureuxPEPenalozaAZahirSGrisMScience review: carnitine in the treatment of valproic acid-induced toxicity – what is the evidence?Crit Care2005943144016277730
- EdwardsSGHubbardVAylettSWrenDConcordance of primary generalised epilepsy and carbamazepine hypersensitivity in monozygotic twinsPostgrad Med J19997568068110621883
- HungSIChungWHJeeSHGenetic susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactionsPharmacogenet Genomics20061629730616538176
- AndersonGDChildren versus adults: pharmacokinetic and adverse-effect differencesEpilepsia200243Suppl 3535912060006
- PellockJMFelbamateEpilepsia199940Suppl 5S57S6210530695
- PopovicMNierkensSPietersRUetrechtJInvestigating the role of 2-phenylpropenal in felbamate-induced idiosyncratic drug reactionsChem Res Toxicol2004171568157615606131
- WillmoreLJAbelsonMBBen-MenachemEPellockJMShieldsWDVigabatrin: 2008 updateEpilepsia20095016317319230067
- JammoulFDegardinJPainDTaurine deficiency damages photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells in vigabatrin-treated neonatal ratsMol Cell Neurosci20104341442120132888
- DracopoulosAWidjajaERaybaudCWestallCASneadOC3rdVigabatrin-associated reversible MRI signal changes in patients with infantile spasmsEpilepsia2010511297130420384718
- HandokoKBSouvereinPCvan StaaTPRisk of aplastic anemia in patients using antiepileptic drugsEpilepsia2006471232123616886988
- CamfieldCCamfieldPSmithETibblesJAAsymptomatic children with epilepsy: little benefit from screening for anticonvulsant-induced liver, blood, or renal damageNeurology1986368388413703292
- HauserWAThe prevalence and incidence of convulsive disorders in childrenEpilepsia199435Suppl 2S1S68275976
- Ben-AriYExcitatory actions of gaba during development: the nature of the nurtureNature Reviews20023728739
- YamadaJOkabeAToyodaHKilbWLuhmannHJFukudaACl− uptake promoting depolarizing GABA actions in immature rat neocortical neurones is mediated by NKCC1J Physiol200455782984115090604
- DzhalaVITalosDMSdrullaDANKCC1 transporter facilitates seizures in the developing brainNat Med2005111205121316227993
- VeliskovaJMosheSLUpdate on the role of substantia nigra pars reticulata in the regulation of seizuresEpilepsy Curr20066838716761069
- EkCJDziegielewskaKMHabgoodMDSaundersNRBarriers in the developing brain and NeurotoxicologyNeurotoxicology12192011 [Epub ahead of print.]
- YokoiTEssentials for starting a pediatric clinical study (1): Pharmacokinetics in childrenJ Toxicol Sci200934Suppl 2SP307SP31219571484
- AndersonGDLynnAMOptimizing pediatric dosing: a developmental pharmacologic approachPharmacotherapy20092968069019476420
- MilsapRLJuskoWJPharmacokinetics in the infantEnviron Health Perspect1994102Suppl 111071107737034
- CvetkovicMLeakeBFrommMFWilkinsonGRKimRBOATP and P-glycoprotein transporters mediate the cellular uptake and excretion of fexofenadineDrug Metab Disp199927866871
- ChapmanKRhoJMPediatric Epilepsy Case StudiesFrom Infancy and Childhood Through AdolescenceBoca RatonCRC Press2009
- PeruccaEClinical pharmacokinetics of new-generation antiepileptic drugs at the extremes of ageClin Pharmacokinet20064535136316584283
- WooEChanYMYuYLChanYWHuangCYIf a well-stabilized epileptic patient has a subtherapeutic antiepileptic drug level, should the dose be increased? A randomized prospective studyEpilepsia1988291291393280304
- St LouisEKMonotherapy to polytherapy: antiepileptic drug conversions through the spectrum of epilepsy careCurr Neuropharmacol20097757619949564
- Ramos-LizanaJAguilera-LópezPAguirre-RodríguezJCassinello-GarcíaEResponse to sequential treatment schedules in childhood epilepsy: risk for development of refractory epilepsySeizure20091862062419656692
- PatsalosPNFröscherWPisaniFvan RijnCMThe importance of drug interactions in epilepsy therapyEpilepsia20024336538511952767
- PatsalosPNPharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions: principles and interpretative pitfallsEpileptologia19986919
- SpatzeneggerMJaegerWClinical importance of hepatic cytochrome P450 in drug metabolismDrug Metab Rev1995273974178521748
- KimuraMIeiriIMamiyaKUraeAHiguchiSGenetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450s, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 in a Japanese populationTher Drug Monit1998202432479631918
- NinomiyaHMamiyaKMatsuoSIeiriIHiguchiSTashiroNGenetic polymorphism of the CYP2C subfamily and excessive serum phenytoin concentration with central nervous system intoxicationTher Drug Monit20002223023210774639
- MayTRambeckBSerum concentrations of valproic acid: influence of dose and comedicationTher Drug Monit198573873903936236
- SachdeoRCSachdeoSKWalkerSAKramerLDNayakRKDooseDRSteady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate and carbamazepine in patients with epilepsy during monotherapy and concomitant therapyEpilepsia1996377747808764818
- RambeckBWolfPLamotrigine clinical pharmacokineticsClin Pharmacokinet1993254334438119045
- BartoliAGuerriniRBelmonteAAlessandriMGGattiGPeruccaEThe influence of dosage, age, and comedication on steady state plasma lamotrigine concentrations in epileptic children: a prospective study with preliminary assessment of correlations with clinical responseTher Drug Monit1997192522609200763
- BrodieMJPeruccaERyvlinPBen-MenachemEMeenckeHJComparison of levetiracetam and controlled-release carbamazepine in newly diagnosed epilepsyNeurology20076840240817283312
- MajowskiJAntiepileptic and nonantiepileptic drug interactionsEpileptologia199865573
- PrichardPJWaltRPKitchingmanGKOral phenytoin pharmacokinetics during omeprazole therapyBr J Clin Pharmacol1987245435453689634
- HetzelDJBochnerFHallpikeJFShearmanDJHannCSCimetidine interaction with phenytoinBr Med J (Clin Res Ed)19812821512
- MonacoFCicolinAInteractions between anticonvulsant and psychoactive drugsEpilepsia199940Suppl 10S71S7610609607
- NelsonMHBirnbaumAKRemmelRPInhibition of phenytoin hydroxylation in human liver microsomes by several selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitorsEpilepsy Res200144718211255075
- GrimsleySRJannMWCarterJGD’MelloAPD’SouzaMJIncreased carbamazepine plasma concentrations after fluoxetine coadministrationClin Pharmacol Ther19915010151855347
- KaufmanKRGernerRLamotrigine toxicity secondary to sertralineSeizure199871631659627209
- BlumRAWiltonJHHilligossDMEffect of fluconazole on the disposition of phenytoinClin Pharmacol Ther1991494204252015731
- CarrancoEKareusJCoSPeakVAl-RajehSCarbamazepine toxicity induced by concurrent erythromycin therapyArch Neurol1985421871883977647
- O’ConnorNKFrisJClarithromycin-carbamazepine interaction in a clinical settingJ Am Board Fam Pract199474894927847111
- RobyCAAndersonGDKantorEDryerDABursteinAHSt John’s Wort: effect on CYP3A4 activityClin Pharmacol Ther20006745145710824623
- ReddyDSClinical pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs and hormonal contraceptivesExpert Rev Clin Pharmacol2010318319220369030
- VajdaFJHitchcockAAGrahamJO’BrienTJLanderCMEadieMJThe teratogenic risk of antiepileptic drug polytherapyEpilepsia20105180581019817810
- MagnussonMODahlMLCederbergJKarlssonMOSandströmRPharmacodynamics of carbamazepine-mediated induction of CYP3A4, CYP1A2, and Pgp as assessed by probe substrates midazolam, caffeine, and digoxinClin Pharmacol Ther200884526217971810
- PatsalosPNProperties of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsiesEpilepsia200546Suppl 914014816302888
- WolfGKMcClainCDZurakowskiDDodsonBMcManusMLTotal phenytoin concentrations do not accurately predict free phenytoin concentrations in critically ill childrenPediatr Crit Care Med20067434439 quiz 44016885794
- BesagFMBerryDJPoolFNewberyJESubelBCarbamazepine toxicity with lamotrigine: pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction?Epilepsia1998391831879577998
- GuptaAKJeavonsPMComplex partial seizures: EEG foci and response to carbamazepine and sodium valproateJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry198548101010143932599
- KetterTAPazzagliaPJPostRMSynergy of carbamazepine and valproic acid in affective illness: case report and review of the literatureJ Clin Psychopharmacol1992122762811527232
- RambeckBMayTJuergensUSerum concentrations of carbamazepine and its epoxide and diol metabolites in epileptic patients: the influence of dose and comedicationTher Drug Monit198792983033672573
- RambeckBAntiepileptic drug interactions in polytherapyEpileptologia199824353
- RowanAJMeijerJWde Beer-PawlikowskiNvan der GeestPMeinardiHValproate-ethosuximide combination therapy for refractory absence seizuresArch Neurol1983407978026416232
- StephenLJSillsGJBrodieMJLamotrigine and topiramate may be a useful combinationLancet19983519589599734949
- StolarekIBlacklawJForrestGBrodieMJVigabatrin and lamotrigine in refractory epilepsyJ Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1994579219248057114
- LeachJPBrodieMJSynergism with GABAergic drugs in refractory epilepsyLancet199434316507911963
- PisaniFDi PerriRPeruccaERichensAInteraction of lamotrigine with sodium valproateLancet199334112248098122
- FerrieCDRobinsonROKnottCPanayiotopoulosCPLamotrigine as an add-on drug in typical absence seizuresActa Neurol Scand1995912002027793236
- FerrieCDPanayiotopoulosCPTherapeutic interaction of lamotrigine and sodium valproate in intractable myoclonic epilepsySeizure199431571598081644
- YuenAWLandGWeatherleyBCPeckAWSodium valproate acutely inhibits lamotrigine metabolismBr J Clin Pharmacol1992335115131524964