Progressive reduction in skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio is associated with a worsening of the hepatic conditions of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

References

• Berzigotti A , Garcia-Tsao G , Bosch J , et al; The Portal Hypertension Collaborative Group. Obesity is an independent risk factor for clinical decompensation in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology . 2011;54:555–561. doi:10.1002/hep.24418 21567436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alameri HF , Sanai FM , Dukhayll MA , et al. Six-minute walk test to assess functional capacity in chronic liver disease patients. World J Gastoenterol . 2007;13:3996–4001. doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i29.3996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iritani S , Imai K , Takai K , et al. Skeletal muscle depletion is an independent prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastoenterol . 2015;50:323–332. doi:10.1007/s00535-014-0964-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara N , Nakagawa H , Kudo Y , et al. Sarcopenia, intramuscular fat deposition, and visceral adiposity independently predict the outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol . 2015;63:131–140. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.031 25724366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong HC , Hwang SY , Choi HY , et al. Relationship between sarcopenia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study. Hepatology . 2014;59:1772–1778. doi:10.1002/hep.26716 23996808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y-H , Jung KS , Kim SU , et al. Sarcopaenia is associated with NAFLD independently of obesity and insulin resistance: nationwide surveys (KNHANES 2008-2011). J Hepatol . 2015;63:486–493. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.051 25772036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y-H , Kim SU , Song K , et al. Sarcopenia is associated with significant liver fibrosis independently of obesity and insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: nationwide surveys (KNHANES 2008-2011). Hepatology . 2016;63:776–786. doi:10.1002/hep.28376 26638128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TN , Park MS , KIl L , et al. Skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio is associated with metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness: the Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2011;93:285–295. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.06.013 21752483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shida T , Akiyama K , Oh S , et al. Skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio is an important determinant affecting hepatic conditions of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol . 2018;53:535–547. doi:10.1007/s00535-017-1377-3 28791501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell GC , Chitturi S , Lau GK , et al. Guidelines for the assessment and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Asia-Pacific region: executive summary. J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2007;22:775–777. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05002.x 17565629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh S , Shida T , Yamagishi K , et al. Moderate to vigorous physical activity volume is an important factor for managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study. Hepatology . 2015;61:1205–1215. doi:10.1002/hep.27544 25271091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews DR , Hosker JP , Rudenski AS , et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia . 1985;28:412–419.3899825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angulo P , Hui JM , Marchesini G , et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology . 2007;45:846–854. doi:10.1002/hep.21496 17393509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallet-Pichard A , Mallet V , Nalpas B , et al. FIB-4: an inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV infection. Comparison with liver biopsy and fibrotest. Hepatology . 2007;46:32–36. doi:10.1002/hep.21669 17567829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadeh S , Younossi ZM , Remer EM , et al. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology . 2002;123:745–750.12198701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandrin L , Fourquet B , Hasquenoph JM , et al. Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound Med Biol . 2003;29:1705–1713.14698338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castera L , Forns X , Alberti A . Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient elastography. J Hepatol . 2008;48:835–847. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.02.008 18334275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasso M , Beaugrand M , de Ledinghen V , et al. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP): a novel VCTE guided ultrasonic attenuation measurement for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis: preliminary study and validation in a cohort of patients with chronic liver disease from various causes. Ultrasound Med Biol . 2010;36:1825–1835. doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.07.005 20870345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa H , Fujitani K , Tsujinaka T , et al. InBody 720 as a new method of evaluating visceral obesity. Hepatogastroenterology . 2011;58:42–44.21510284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilg H , Moschen AR . Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis. Hepatology . 2010;52:1836–1846. doi:10.1002/hep.24001 21038418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller S , Sandrin L . Liver stiffness: a novel parameter for the diagnosis of liver disease. Hepatic Med . 2010;2:19–67.
   Google Scholar
• Stefan N , Häring HU , Cusi K . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: causes, diagnosis, cardiometabolic consequences, and treatment strategies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol . 2018. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30154-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbatecola AM , Ferrucci L , Ceda G , et al. Insulin resistance and muscle strength in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci-Med Sci . 2005;60A:1278–1282. doi:10.1093/gerona/60.10.1278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesari M , Kritchevsky SB , Baumgartner RN , et al. Sarcopenia, obesity, and inflammation —results from the trial of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and novel cardiovascular risk factors study. Am J Clin Nutr . 2005;82:428–434. doi:10.1093/ajcn.82.2.428 16087989
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrager ME , Metter EJ , Simonsick E , et al. Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation in the In CHIANTI study. J Appl Physiol . 2007;102:919–925. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00627.2006 17095641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonala S , McFarlane C , Ang J , et al. Pid1 induces insulin resistance in both human and mouse skeletal muscle during obesity. Mol Endocrinol . 2013;27:1518–1535. doi:10.1210/me.2013-1048 23927930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C , McFarlane C , Lokireddy S , et al. Myostatin-deficient mice exhibit reduced insulin resistance through activating the AMP-activated protein kinase signalling pathway. Diabetologia . 2011;54:1491–1501. doi:10.1007/s00125-010-2040-1 21347623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merli M , Dasarathy S . Sarcopenia in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: targeting the real culprit? J Hepatol . 2015;63:309–311. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.014 26022692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia PS , Cabbabe A , Kambadur R , Nicholas G , Csete M . Elevated myostatin levels in patients with liver disease: a potential contributor to skeletal muscle wasting. Anesthesia Analg . 2010;111:707–709. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181eac1c9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalasani N , Younossi Z , Lavine JE , et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology . 2012;142:1592–1609. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.001 22656328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteoni CA , Younossi ZM , Gramlich T , Boparai N , Liu YC , McCullough AJ . Non- alcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology . 1999;116:1413–1419. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70506-8 10348825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S , Allen AM , Wang Z , Prokop LJ , Murad MH , Loomba R . Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2015;13:643–654. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.014 24768810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angulo P , Kleiner DE , Dam-Larsen S , et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long- term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology . 2015;149:389–397. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.043 25935633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar