The Association Between Prediabetes and Dyslipidemia Among Attendants of Primary Care Health Centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

References

• Barr EL , Zimmet PZ , Welborn TA , et al. Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Circulation . 2007;116(2):151–157. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.685628 17576864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unwin N , Shaw J , Zimmet P , Alberti KG . Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia: the current status on definition and intervention. Diabet Med . 2002;19(9):708–723. doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00835.x 12207806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue K , Matsumoto M , Akimoto K . Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c as risk factors for Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Med . 2008;25(10):1157–1163. doi:10.1111/dme.2008.25.issue-10 19046193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vegt F , Dekker JM , Jager A , et al. Relation of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population: the Hoorn Study. JAMA . 2001;285(16):2109–2113. doi:10.1001/jama.285.16.2109 11311100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes A. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care . 2012;35(Suppl 1):S64–71.22187472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng YJ , Gregg EW , Geiss LS , et al. Association of A1C and fasting plasma glucose levels with diabetic retinopathy prevalence in the U.S. population: implications for diabetes diagnostic thresholds. Diabetes Care . 2009;32(11):2027–2032. doi:10.2337/dc09-0440 19875604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler D , Rathmann W , Dickhaus T , Meisinger C , Mielck A , Group KS . Prevalence of polyneuropathy in pre-diabetes and diabetes is associated with abdominal obesity and macroangiopathy: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Surveys S2 and S3. Diabetes Care . 2008;31(3):464–469. doi:10.2337/dc07-1796 18039804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diabetes Prevention Program Research G. The prevalence of retinopathy in impaired glucose tolerance and recent-onset diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetic Med . 2007;24(2):137–144. doi:10.1111/dme.2007.24.issue-2 17257275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plantinga LC , Crews DC , Coresh J , et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in US adults with undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol . 2010;5(4):673–682. doi:10.2215/CJN.07891109 20338960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham TM , Fox CS . Implications of rising prediabetes prevalence. Diabetes Care . 2013;36(8):2139–2141. doi:10.2337/dc13-0792 23881964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopper I , Billah B , Skiba M , Krum H . Prevention of diabetes and reduction in major cardiovascular events in studies of subjects with prediabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil . 2011;18(6):813–823. doi:10.1177/1741826711421687 21878448
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuomilehto J , Lindstrom J , Eriksson JG , et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med . 2001;344(18):1343–1350. doi:10.1056/NEJM200105033441801 11333990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA . Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Neth J Med . 1997;50(5):191–197. doi:10.1016/S0300-2977(97)00012-0 9175399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahijri SM , Jambi HA , Al Raddadi RM , Ferns G , Tuomilehto J . The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in the adult population of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia–A community-based survey. PLoS ONE . 2016;11(4):e0152559. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152559 27035920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Amiri E , Abdullatif M , Abdulle A , et al. The prevalence, risk factors, and screening measure for prediabetes and diabetes among Emirati overweight/obese children and adolescents. BMC Public Health . 2015;15:1298. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2649-6 26704130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murea M , Ma L , Freedman BI . Genetic and environmental factors associated with type 2 diabetes and diabetic vascular complications. Rev Diabetic Stud . 2012;9(1):6–22. doi:10.1900/RDS.2012.9.6 22972441
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stone NJ , Robinson JG , Lichtenstein AH , et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;63(25Pt B):2889–2934. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002 24239923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedgwick P . Stratified cluster sampling. BMJ . 2013;347:f7016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahijri SM , Al Raddadi RM . The importance of local criteria in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab . 2013;4(2):51–59. doi:10.1177/2042018813483165 23626902
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chobanian AV , Bakris GL , Black HR , et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension . 2003;42(6):1206–1252. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2 14656957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips LS , Ziemer DC , Kolm P , et al. Glucose challenge test screening for prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes. Diabetologia . 2009;52(9):1798–1807. doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1407-7 19557386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro A , Scott JP , Grettie DP , Macfarlane D , Bailey RE . Plasma insulin and glucose responses of healthy subjects to varying glucose loads during three-hour oral glucose tolerance tests. Diabetes . 1970;19(11):842–851. doi:10.2337/diab.19.11.842 5480737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT , Levy RI , Fredrickson DS . Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem . 1972;18(6):499–502.4337382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes A . Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care . 2014;37(Suppl 1):S81–90.24357215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal N . Prediabetes diagnosis and treatment: a review. World J Diabetes . 2015;6(2):296–303. doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.296 25789110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti KG , Eckel RH , Grundy SM , et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation . 2009;120(16):1640–1645. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644 19805654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation . 2002;106(25):3143–3421. doi:10.1161/circ.106.25.3143 12485966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Rubeaan K , Al-Manaa H , Khoja T , et al. The Saudi Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes Impact Study (SAUDI-DM). Ann Saudi Med . 2014;34(6):465–475. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2014.465 25971818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris MI , Flegal KM , Cowie CC , et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Diabetes Care . 1998;21(4):518–524. doi:10.2337/diacare.21.4.518 9571335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran A . Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in Indians. J Indian Med Assoc . 2002;100(7):425–427.12674166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thabit H , Burns N , Shah S , et al. Prevalence and predictors of diabetes and cardiometabolic risk among construction workers in Ireland: the Construction Workers Health Trust screening study. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res . 2013;10(4):337–345. doi:10.1177/1479164113479808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia. World Health Organization and International Diabetes Federation Consultation Report . Geneva; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Dagogo-Jack S , Edeoga C , Ebenibo S , Nyenwe E , Wan J . Lack of racial disparity in incident prediabetes and glycemic progression among black and white offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes: the pathobiology of prediabetes in a biracial cohort (POP-ABC) study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2014;99(6):E1078–1087. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-1077 24628558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kansal S , Kamble TK . Lipid profile in prediabetes. J Assoc Physicians India . 2016;64(3):18–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nam GE , Han K , Kim DH , et al. Relationship between dyslipidemia and albuminuria in prediabetic adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012. Endocrine . 2015;48(2):557–565. doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0411-y 25205446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandama Balgi LH , Sahna E , Thomas SK . Pattern of lipid profile abnormality in subjects with prediabetes. Int J Sci Study . 2017;4:11.
   Google Scholar
• Owei I , Umekwe N , Wan J , Dagogo-Jack S . Plasma lipid levels predict dysglycemia in a biracial cohort of nondiabetic subjects: potential mechanisms. Exp Biol Med . 2016;241(17):1961–1967. doi:10.1177/1535370216659946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng S , Xu H , Zhou H , et al. Associations of lipid profiles with insulin resistance and beta cell function in adults with normal glucose tolerance and different categories of impaired glucose regulation. PLoS ONE . 2017;12(2):e0172221. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172221 28199386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakarova N , Tankova T , Atanassova I , Dakovska L . Serum lipid and hsCRP levels in prediabetes–impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2009;86(1):56–60. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.04.005 19674805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang YC , Wu WC . Dyslipidemia and diabetic retinopathy. Rev Diabetic Stud . 2013;10(2–3):121–132. doi:10.1900/RDS.2013.10.121 24380088
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fonseca VA . Defining and characterizing the progression of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care . 2009;32(Suppl 2):S151–156. doi:10.2337/dc09-S301 19875543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabak AG , Herder C , Rathmann W , Brunner EJ , Kivimaki M . Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet . 2012;379(9833):2279–2290. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9 22683128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryden L , Grant PJ , Anker SD , et al. ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J . 2013;34(39):3035–3087. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht108 23996285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khavandi K , Amer H , Ibrahim B , Brownrigg J . Strategies for preventing type 2 diabetes: an update for clinicians. Ther Adv Chronic Dis . 2013;4(5):242–261. doi:10.1177/2040622313494986 23997928
   PubMedGoogle Scholar