Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Characteristics of Lipodystrophy in Insulin-Treated Patients with Diabetes: An Old Problem in a New Era of Modern Insulin

References

• Holden SE, Gale EA, Jenkins-Jones S, et al. How many people inject insulin? UK estimates from 1991 to 2010. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(6):553–559. doi:10.1111/dom.12260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vardar B, Kizilci S. Incidence of lipohypertrophy in diabetic patients and a study of influencing factors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77(2):231–236. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.12.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Coninck C, Frid A, Gaspar R, et al. Results and analysis of the 2008–2009 insulin injection technique questionnaire survey. J Diabetes. 2010;2(3):168–179. doi:10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00077.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss K, De Gols H, Hannet I, et al. A Pan-European epidemiologic study of insulin injection technique in patients with diabetes. Pract Diabetes Int. 2002;19(3):71–76. doi:10.1002/pdi.314
   Google Scholar
• Frid AH, Hirsch LJ, Menchior AR, et al. Worldwide injection technique questionnaire study: injecting complications and the role of the professional. Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(9):1224–1230. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.06.012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baruah MP, Kalra S, Bose S, et al. An audit of insulin usage and insulin injection practices in a large Indian cohort. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017;21(3):443–452. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_548_16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deng N, Zhang X, Zhao F, et al. Prevalence of lipohypertrophy in insulin-treated diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2018;9(3):536–543. doi:10.1111/jdi.12742
   Google Scholar
• Hauner H, Stockamp B, Haastert B. Prevalence of lipohypertrophy in insulin-treated diabetic patients and predisposing factors. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2009;104(2):106–110. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1211431
   Google Scholar
• Johansson U-B, Amsberg S, Hannerz L, et al. Impaired absorption of insulin aspart from lipohypertrophic injection sites. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(8):2025–2027. doi:10.2337/diacare.28.8.2025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gentile S, Agrusta M, Guarino G, et al. Metabolic consequence of incorrect insulin administration techniques in aging subjects with diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2011;48(2):121–125. doi:10.1007/s00592-009-0172-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reeves WC, Allen BR, Tattersall RB. Insulin-induced lipoatrophy: evidence for an immune pathogenesis. Br Med J. 1980;280(6230):1500–1503. doi:10.1136/bmj.280.6230.1500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hajheydari Z, Kashi Z, Akha O, et al. Frequency of lipodysdrophy induced by recombinant human insulin. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol. 2011;15(10):1196–1201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holstein A, Stege H, Kovacs P. Lipoatrophy associated with the use of insulin analogues: a new case associated with the use of insulin glargine and review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010;9(2):225–231. doi:10.1517/14740330903496402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singha A, Bhattarcharjee R, Ghosh S, et al. Concurrence of lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy in children with type 1 diabetes using recombinant human insulin: two case reports. Clin Diabetes. 2016;34(1):51–53. doi:10.2337/diaclin.34.1.51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ji J, Lou Q. Insulin pen injection technique survey in patients with type 2 diabetes in mainland China in 2010. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30(6):1087–1093. doi:10.1185/03007995.2014.895711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Glucose concentrations of less than 3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL) should be reported in clinical trials: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes: table 1. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):155–157. doi:10.2337/dc16-2215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sample size calculator for estimating a single proportion [Internet]. Sydney. [cited March 28, 2019]. Available from: http://statulator.com/SampleSize/ss1P.html. Accessed November 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson T, Kerr D. Skin-related complications of insulin therapy: epidemiology and emerging management strategies. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(10):661–667. doi:10.2165/00128071-200304100-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renold AE, Marble A, Fawcett DW. Action of insulin on deposition of glycogen and storage of fat in adipose tissue. Endocrinology. 1950;46(1):55–66. doi:10.1210/endo-46-1-55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Famulla S, Hövelmann U, Fischer A, et al. Insulin injection into lipohypertrophic tissue: blunted and more variable insulin absorption and action and impaired postprandial glucose control. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(9):1486–1492. doi:10.2337/dc16-0610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strollo F, Guarino G, Armentano V, et al. on behalf of AMD-OSDI Italian. Study Group on injection techniques. Unexplained hypoglycaemia and large glycaemic variability: skin lipohypertrophy as a predictive sign. Diabetes Res Open J. 2016;2(1):24–32. doi:10.17140/DROJ-2-126
   Google Scholar
• Swift B, Hawkins PN, Richards C, Gregory R. Examination of insulin injection sites: an unexpected finding of localized amyloidosis. Diabet Med. 2002;19(10):881–882. doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.07581.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagase T, Katsura Y, Iwaki Y, et al. The insulin ball. Lancet. 2009;373(9658):184. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60041-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansari AM, Osmani L, Matsangos AE, et al. Current insight in the localized insulin-derived amyloidosis (LIDA): clinico-pathological characteristics and differential diagnosis. Pathol Res Pract. 2017;213(10):1237–1241. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2017.08.013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iwaya K, Zako T, Fukunaga J, et al. Toxicity of insulin-derived amyloidosis: a case report. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019;19(1):61. doi:10.1186/s12902-019-0385-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gentile S, Guarino G, Giancaterini A, et al. A suitable palpation technique allows to identify skin lipohypertrophic lesions in insulin-treated people with diabetes. Springerplus. 2016;5(1):563. doi:10.1186/s40064-016-1978-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapeluto JE, Paty BW, Chang SD, et al. Ultrasound detection of insulin-induced lipohypertrophy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2018;35(10):1383–1390. doi:10.1111/dme.13764
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spollett G, Edelman SV, Mehner P, et al. Improvement of insulin injection technique: examination of current issues and recommendations. Diabetes Educ. 2016;42(4):379–394. doi:10.1177/0145721716648017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch L, Byron K, Gibney M. Intramuscular risk at insulin injection sites—measurement of the distance from skin to muscle and rationale for shorter-length needles for subcutaneous insulin therapy. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014;16(12):867–873. doi:10.1089/dia.2014.0111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergenstal RM, Strock ES, Peremislov D, et al. Safety and efficacy of insulin therapy delivered via a 4mm pen needle in obese patients with diabetes. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(3):329–338. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.12.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puder JJ, Atar M, Muller B, et al. Using insulin pen needles up to five times does not affect needle tip shape nor increase pain intensity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;67(2):119–123. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2004.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco M, Hernández MT, Strauss KW, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2013;39(5):445–453. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2013.05.006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ji L, Sun Z, Li Q, et al. Lipohypertrophy in China: prevalence, risk factors, insulin consumption, and clinical impact. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017;19(1):61–67. doi:10.1089/dia.2016.0334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar D, Miller LV, Mehtalia SD. Use of dexamethasone in treatment of insulin lipoatrophy. Diabetes. 1977;26(4):296–299. doi:10.2337/diab.26.4.296
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phua E-J, Lopez X, Ramus J, et al. Cromolyn sodium for insulin-induced lipoatrophy: old drug, new use. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):e204–e205. doi:10.2337/dc13-1123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misnikova IV, Gubkina VA, Lakeeva TS, et al. A randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of proper insulin injection technique training on glycemic control. Diabetes Ther. 2017;8(6):1309–1318. doi:10.1007/s13300-017-0315-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar