Aerobic Exercise in the Management of Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Fatty Liver Disease

References

• Rodulfo JIA . Sedentary lifestyle a disease from xxi century. Clin e Investig Atheroscleros . 2019;31(5):233–240.
   Google Scholar
• Booth FW , Roberts CK , Thyfault JP , Ruegsegger GN , Toedebusch RG . Role of inactivity in chronic diseases: evolutionary insight and pathophysiological mechanisms. Physiol Rev . 2017;97(4):1351–1402. doi:10.1152/physrev.00019.2016 28814614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber LH , Weinstein A , Pawloski L . Role of exercise in optimizing the functional status of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis . 2014;18(1):113–127. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2013.09.016 24274868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson R , McNamara E , Tainio M , et al. Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol . 2018;33(9):811–829. doi:10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1 29589226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekelund U , Steene-Johannessen J , Brown WJ , et al. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet . 2016;388(10051):1302–1310. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1 27475271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu S , Chang Y , Jung HS , et al. Relationship of sitting time and physical activity with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol . 2015;63(5):1229–1237. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.010 26385766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado MV . Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in lean subjects: is it all metabolic-associated fatty liver disease? Hepatoma Res . 2020;6:84.
   Google Scholar
• Machado MV , Diehl AM . Pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology . 2016;150(8):1769–1777. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.066 26928243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslam M , Newsome PN , Sarin SK , et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol . 2020;73(1):202–209. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.039 32278004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi ZM . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – a global public health perspective. J Hepatol . 2019;70(3):531–544. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.033 30414863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg D , Ditah IC , Saeian K , et al. Changes in the prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and alcoholic liver disease among patients with cirrhosis or liver failure on the waitlist for liver transplantation. Gastroenterology . 2017;152(5):1090–1099. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.003 28088461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noureddin M , Vipani A , Bresee C , et al. NASH leading cause of liver transplant in women: updated analysis of indications for liver transplant and ethnic and gender variances. Am J Gastroenterol . 2018;113(11):1649–1659. doi:10.1038/s41395-018-0088-6 29880964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y , Zhong GC , Tan HY , Hao FB , Hu JJ . Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep . 2019;9(1):11124. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47687-3 31366982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher G , Byrne CD , Lonardo A , Zoppini G , Barbui C . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. J Hepatol . 2016;65(3):589–600. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.013 27212244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado MV , Cortez-Pinto H . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: what the clinician needs to know. World J Gastroenterol . 2014;20(36):12956–12980. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12956 25278691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersen CJ , Powell KE , Christenson GM . Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep . 1985;100(2):126–131.3920711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetté M , Sidney K , Blümchen G . Metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and evaluation of functional capacity. Clin Cardiol . 1990;13(8):555–565. doi:10.1002/clc.4960130809 2204507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell S , Lazo M . Is exercise an effective treatment for NASH? Knowns and unknowns. Ann Hepatol . 2009;8(Suppl 1):S60–S66. doi:10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31828-9 19381126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golabi P , Locklear CT , Austin P , et al. Effectiveness of exercise in hepatic fat mobilization in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review. World J Gastroenterol . 2016;22(27):6318–6327. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i27.6318 27468220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak MS , Kim D , Chung EG , Kim W , Kim YJ , Yoon JH . Role of physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in terms of visceral obesity and insulin resistance. Liver Int . 2015;35(3):944–952. doi:10.1111/liv.12552 24684289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak MS , Kim D , Chung EG , Kim W , Kim JS . The preventive effect of sustained physical activity on incident nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int . 2017;37(6):919–926. doi:10.1111/liv.13332 27917585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byambasukh O , Zelle D , Corpeleijn E . Physical activity, fatty liver, and glucose metabolism over the life course: the lifelines cohort. Am J Gastroenterol . 2019;114(6):907–915. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000168 30865013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perseghin G , Lattuada G , Cobelli F , et al. Habitual physical activity is associated with intrahepatic fat content in humans. Diabetes Care . 2007;30(3):683–688. doi:10.2337/dc06-2032 17327341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelber-Sagi S , Nitzan-Kaluski D , Goldsmith R , et al. Role of leisure-time physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study. Hepatology . 2008;48(6):1791–1798. doi:10.1002/hep.22525 18972405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt SP , Misra A , Nigam P . Nutrition and physical activity in Asian Indians with non-alcoholic fatty liver: a case control study. Diabetes Metab Syndr . 2019;13(2):1271–1274. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.054 31336476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YF , He F , He Y , et al. Dose-response association between physical activity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study in a Chinese population. BMJ Open . 2019;9(3):e026854. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang DK , Lee JS , Lee JK , Kim YH . Independent association of physical activity with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alanine aminotransferase levels. J Clin Med . 2019;8(7):1013. doi:10.3390/jcm8071013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei H , Qu H , Wang H , Deng H . Associations between sitting time and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in Chinese male workers: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open . 2016;6(9):e011939. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croci I , Coombes JS , Sandbakk SB , et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: prevalence and all-cause mortality according to sedentary behaviour and cardiorespiratory fitness. The HUNT study. Prog Cardiovasc Dis . 2019;62(2):127–134. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2019.01.005 30796942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joo JH , Kim HJ , Park EC , Jang SI . Association between sitting time and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in South Korean population: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis . 2020;19(1):212. doi:10.1186/s12944-020-01385-6 32967678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunstan DW , Kingwell BA , Larsen R , et al. Breaking up prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Diabetes Care . 2012;35(5):976–983. doi:10.2337/dc11-1931 22374636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber L , Otgonsuren M , Mishra A , Escheik C , Stepanova M , Younossi ZM . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with low level of physical activity: a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2012;36(8):772–781. doi:10.1111/apt.12038 22958053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallsworth K , Thoma C , Moore S , et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with higher levels of objectively measured sedentary behaviour and lower levels of physical activity than matched healthy controls. Frontline Gastroenterol . 2015;6(1):44–51. doi:10.1136/flgastro-2014-100432 25580206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keating SE , Parker HM , Pavey TG , et al. Objectively quantified physical activity and sedentary behavior in predicting visceral adiposity and liver fat. J Obes . 2016;2016:2719014. doi:10.1155/2016/2719014 27777796
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huai P , Xun H , Reilly KH , Wang Y , Ma W , Xi B . Physical activity and risk of hypertension: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Hypertension . 2013;62(6):1021–1026. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01965 24082054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson CA , Krøll L , Bennet L , Gullber B , Rastam L , Lindblad U . Leisure time and occupational physical activity in relation to obesity and insulin resistance: a population-based study from the Skaraborg Project in Sweden. Metabolism . 2012;61(4):590–598. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2011.09.010 22146090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae JC , Suh S , Park SE , et al. Regular exercise is associated with a reduction in the risk of NAFLD and decreased liver enzymes in individuals with NAFLD independent of obesity in Korean adults. PLoS One . 2012;7(10):e46819. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046819 23110056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake T , Kumagi T , Hirooka M , et al. Significance of exercise in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in men: a community-based large cross-sectional study. J Gastroenterol . 2015;50(2):230–237. doi:10.1007/s00535-014-0959-6 24748332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki A , Lindor K , St Saver J , et al. Effect of changes on body weight and lifestyle in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol . 2005;43(6):1060–1066. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.06.008 16140415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung KC , Ryu S , Lee JY , Kim JY , Wild SH , Byrne CD . Effect of exercise on the development of new fatty liver and the resolution of existing fatty liver. J Hepatol . 2016;65(4):791–797. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.026 27255583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerage AM , Ritti-Dias RM , Balagopal PB , et al. Physical activity levels and hepatic steatosis: a longitudinal follow-up study in adults. J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2018;33(3):741–746. doi:10.1111/jgh.13965 28857324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kistler KD , Brunt EM , Clark JM , et al. Physical activity recommendations, exercise intensity, and histological severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol . 2011;106(3):460–468. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.488 21206486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsunoda K , Kai Y , Kitano N , Kuchiki T , Nagamatsu T , Nagamatsu T . Impact of physical activity on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in people with nonalcoholic simple fatty liver: a prospective cohort study. Prev Med . 2016;88:237–240. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.04.020 27143495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter EA , Ruderman N . AMPK and the biochemistry of exercise: implications for human health and disease. Biochem J . 2009;418(2):261–275. doi:10.1042/BJ20082055 19196246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church TS , Kuk JL , Ross R , Priest EL , Biltoft E , Blair SN . Association of cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and waist circumference to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology . 2006;130(7):2023–2030. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.03.019 16762625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan KP , Kuk JL , Church TS , Blair SN , Ross R . Independent associations between liver fat, visceral adipose tissue, and metabolic risk factors in men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metabol . 2007;32(2):265–272. doi:10.1139/h06-112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argo CK , Stine JG , Henry ZH , et al. Physical deconditioning is the common denominator in both obese and overweight subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2018;48(3):290–299. doi:10.1111/apt.14803 29797529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin P , Gerber L , Paik JM , Price JK , Escheik C , Younossi ZM . Aerobic capacity and exercise performance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Sports Med Phys Fitness . 2019;59(8):1376–1388. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09231-4 30758165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canada JM , Abbate A , Collen R , et al. Relation of hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to left ventricular diastolic function and exercise tolerance. Am J Cardiol . 2019;123(3):466–473. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.10.027 30502049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasnoff JB , Painter PL , Wallace JP , Bass NM , Merriman RB . Health-related fitness and physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology . 2008;47(4):1158–1166. doi:10.1002/hep.22137 18266250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon TG , Kim MN , Luo X , et al. Physical activity compared to adiposity and risk of liver-related mortality: results from two prospective, nationwide cohorts. J Hepatol . 2020;72(6):1062–1069. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.12.022 31954204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D , Murag S , Cholankeril G , et al. Physical activity, measured objectively, is associated with lower mortality in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2021;19(6):1240–1247. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.07.023 32683103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado MV , Cortez-Pinto H . Diet, microbiota, obesity, and NAFLD: a dangerous quartet. Int J Med Sci . 2016;17(4):481.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi H , Kotani K , Tanaka K , Eguchi Y , Anzai K . Therapeutic approaches to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: exercise intervention and related mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) . 2018;9:588. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00588 30374329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail I , Keating SE , Baker MK , Johnson NA . A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of aerobic vs resistance exercise training on visceral fat. Obes Rev . 2012;13(1):68–91. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00931.x 21951360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson NA , Sachinwalla T , Walton DW , et al. Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss. Hepatology . 2009;50(4):1105–1112. doi:10.1002/hep.23129 19637289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu N , Ruan Y , Gao X , Sun J . Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials on the effect of exercise on serum leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese individuals. Hormone Metabol Res . 2017;49(3):164–173. doi:10.1055/s-0042-121605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating SE , Hackett DA , Parker HM , et al. Effect of aerobic exercise training dose on liver fat and visceral adiposity. J Hepatol . 2015;63(1):174–182. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.022 25863524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford KI , Middelbeek RJW , Townsend KL , et al. A novel role for subcutaneous adipose tissue in exercise-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis. Diabetes . 2015;64(6):2002–2014. doi:10.2337/db14-0704 25605808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollisch KSC , Brandauer J , Jessen N , et al. Effects of exercise training on subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in normal- and high-fat diet-fed rats. Am J Pysiol Endocrinol Metabol . 2009;297(2):E495–E504. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90424.2008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu XJ , Gauthier MS , Hess DT , et al. Insulin sensitive and resistant obesity in humans: AMPK activity, oxidative stress, and depot-specific changes in gene expression in adipose tissue. J Lipid Res . 2012;53(4):792–801. doi:10.1194/jlr.P022905 22323564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden G , Duan X , Homko C , et al. Increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins and genes in adipose tissue of obese, insulin-resistant individuals. Diabetes . 2008;57(9):2438–2444. doi:10.2337/db08-0604 18567819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Lay S , Krief S , Farnier C , et al. Cholesterol, a cell size-dependent signal that regulates glucose metabolism and gene expression in adipocytes. J Biol Chem . 2001;276(20):16904–16910. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010955200 11278795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurencikiene J , Skurk T , Kulyté A , et al. Regulation of lipolysis in small and large fat cells of the same subject. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol . 2011;96(12):E2045–E2049. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-1702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinti S , Mitchell G , Barbatelli G , et al. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res . 2005;46(11):2347–2355. doi:10.1194/jlr.M500294-JLR200 16150820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohnert BI , Long EK , Hahn WS , Bernlohr DA . Glutathionylated lipid aldehydes are products of adipocyte oxidative stress and activators of macrophage inflammation. Diabetes . 2014;63(1):89–100. doi:10.2337/db13-0777 24062247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J , Boström P , Sparks LM , et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell . 2012;150(2):366–376. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.016 22796012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boström P , Wu J , Jedrychowski MP , et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature . 2012;481(7382):463–468. doi:10.1038/nature10777 22237023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppeler H , Howald HC , Lindstedt SL , Claassen H , Vock P , Weibel ER . Endurance training in humans: aerobic capacity and structure of skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol . 1985;59(2):320–327.4030584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argilés JM , Campos N , Lopez-Pedrosa JM , Rueda R , Rodriguez-Mañas L . Skeletal muscle regulates metabolism via interorgan crosstalk: roles in health and disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc . 2016;17(9):789–796. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.04.019 27324808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford KI , Goodyear LJ . Exercise and type 2 diabetes: molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Adv Physiol Educ . 2014;38(4):308–314.25434013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabøl R , Petersen KF , Dufour S , Flannery C , Shulman GI . Reversal of muscle insulin resistance with exercise reduces postprandial hepatic de novo lipogenesis in insulin resistant individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 2011;108(33):13705–13709. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110105108 21808028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergström J , Hermansen L , Hultman E , Saltin B . Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance. Acta Physiol Scand . 1967;71(2–3):140–150. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x 5584523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cartee GD , Farrar RP . Exercise training induces glycogen sparing during exercise by old rats. J Appl Physiol . 1988;64(1):259–265. doi:10.1152/jappl.1988.64.1.259 3356644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe RR , Klein S , Carraro F , Weber JM . Role of triglyceride-fatty acid cycle in controlling fat metabolism in humans during and after exercise. Am J Physiol . 1990;258(2 Pt 1):E382–E389.2106269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt MJ , Heigenhauser GJF , Spriet LL . Intramuscular triacylglycerol utilization in human skeletal muscle during exercise: is there a controversy? J Appl Physiol . 2002;93(4):1185–1195. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00197.2002 12235013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson NA , Keating SE , George J . Exercise and the liver: implications for therapy in fatty liver disorders. Semin Liver Dis . 2012;32(1):65–79. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1306427 22418889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin JT , Horton ES . Effects of prior high-intensity exercise on glucose metabolism in normal and insulin-resistant men. Diabetes . 1985;34(10):973–979. doi:10.2337/diab.34.10.973 3930321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhanji RA , Narayanan P , Allen AM , Malhi H , Watt KD . Sarcopenia in hiding: the risk and consequence of underestimating muscle dysfunction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology . 2017;66(6):2055–2065. doi:10.1002/hep.29420 28777879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huh JY . The role of exercise-induced myokines in regulating metabolism. Arch Pharm Res . 2018;41(1):14–29. doi:10.1007/s12272-017-0994-y 29177585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li F , Li Y , Duan Y , Hu CAA , Tang Y , Yin Y . Myokines and adipokines: involvement in the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev . 2017;33:73–82. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.10.003 27765498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konopka AR , Wolff CA , Suer MK , Harber MP . Relationship between intermuscular adipose tissue infiltration and myostatin before and after aerobic exercise training. Am J Physiol Regulat Integr Comp Physiol . 2018;315(3):R461–R468. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00030.2018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloglu W , Caligiuri A , Provenzano A , et al. Myostatin regulates the fibrogenic phenotype of hepatic stellate cells via c-jun N-terminal kinase activation. Digest Liver Dis . 2019;51(10):1400–1408. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2019.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer CP . Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance? Exerc Immunol Rev . 2006;12:6–33.17201070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steensberg A , Fischer CP , Keller C , Møller K , Pedersen BK . IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab . 2003;51(2):E433–E437. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thyfault JP , Rector RS , Uptergrove GM , et al. Rats selectively bred for low aerobic capacity have reduced hepatic mitochondrial oxidative capacity and susceptibility to hepatic steatosis and injury. J Physiol . 2009;587(8):1805–1916. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.169060 19237421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuente FP , Quezada L , Sepúlveda C , et al. Exercise regulates lipid droplet dynamics in normal and fatty liver. Biochim Et Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids . 2019;1864(12):158519. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rector RS , Thyfault JP , Morris RT , et al. Daily exercise increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation and prevents steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Am J Physiol Gastroenterol Liver Physiol . 2008;294(3):G619–G626. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00428.2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petridou A , Tsalouhidou S , Tsalis G , Schulz T , Michna H , Mougios V . Long-term exercise increases the DNA binding activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in rat adipose tissue. Metabolism . 2007;56(8):1029–1036. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.03.011 17618946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rector RS , Thyfault JP , Laye MJ , et al. Cessation of daily exercise dramatically alters precursors of hepatic steatosis in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. J Physiol . 2008;586(17):4241–4249. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.156745 18617560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rector RS , Uptergrove GM , Morris EM , et al. Daily exercise vs. caloric restriction for prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the OLETF rat model. Am J Physiol Gastroenterol Liver Physiol . 2011;300(5):G874–G883. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00510.2010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden MA , Sheldon RD , Meers GM , et al. Aerobic exercise training in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease related fibrosis. J Physiol . 2016;594(18):5271–5284. doi:10.1113/JP272235 27104887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Cabrera MC , Domenech E , Viña J . Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free Radic Biol Med . 2008;44(2):126–131. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.001 18191748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung BT , Rodriguez-Bies E , Thanh HN , et al. Organ and tissue-dependent effect of resveratrol and exercise on antioxidant defenses of old mice. Aging Clin Experimen Res . 2015;27(6):775–783. doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0366-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima FD , Stamm DN , Della-Pace ID , et al. Swimming training induces liver mitochondrial adaptations to oxidative stress in rats submitted to repeated exhaustive swimming bouts. PLoS One . 2013;8(2):e55668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055668 23405192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima TI , Monteiro IC , Valença S , et al. Effect of exercise training on liver antioxidant enzymes in STZ-diabetic rats. Life Sci . 2015;128:64–71. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2015.01.031 25744399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avula CPR , Fernandes G . Modulation of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in salivary gland and other tissues in mice by moderate treadmill exercise. Aging . 1999;11(4):246–252.10605613
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Venditti P , Di Meo S . Effect of training on antioxidant capacity, tissue damage, and endurance of adult male rats. Int J Sports Med . 1997;18(7):497–502. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972671 9414071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson M , Bishop NC , Stensel DJ , Lindley MR , Mastana SS , Nimmo MA . The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease. Nat Rev Immunol . 2011;11(9):607–615. doi:10.1038/nri3041 21818123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawanishi N , Yano H , Mizokami T , Takahashi M , Oyanagi E , Suzuki K . Exercise training attenuates hepatic inflammation, fibrosis and macrophage infiltration during diet induced-obesity in mice. Brain Behav Immun . 2012;26(6):931–941. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.04.006 22554494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Kader SMA , Al-Jiffri O , Al-Shreef FM . Markers of liver function and inflammatory cytokines modulation by aerobic versus resisted exercise training for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients. African Health Sci . 2014;14(3):551–557. doi:10.4314/ahs.v14i3.8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleeson M , McFarlin B , Flynn M . Exercise and toll-like receptors. Exerc Immunol Rev . 2006;12:34–53.17201071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J , Song H , Tang X , et al. Effect of exercise training intensity on murine T-regulatory cells and vaccination response. Scand J Med Sci Sports . 2012;22(5):643–652. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01288.x 21410542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo R , Liong EC , So KF , Fung ML , Tipoe GL . Beneficial mechanisms of aerobic exercise on hepatic lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatobil Pancreat Dis Int . 2015;14(2):139–144. doi:10.1016/S1499-3872(15)60355-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boveris A , Navarro A . Systemic and mitochondrial adaptive responses to moderate exercise in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med . 2008;44(2):224–229. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.015 18191758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves IO , Oliveira PJ , Ascensão A , Magalhães J . Exercise as a therapeutic tool to prevent mitochondrial degeneration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Clin Invest . 2013;43(11):1184–1194.24033085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves IO , Passos E , Rocha-Rodrigues S , et al. Physical exercise prevents and mitigates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-induced liver mitochondrial structural and bioenergetics impairments. Mitochondrion . 2014;15:40–51. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2014.03.012 24727595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves IO , Passos E , Diogo CV , et al. Exercise mitigates mitochondrial permeability transition pore and quality control mechanisms alterations in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metabol . 2016;41(3):298–306. doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fealy CE , Haus JM , Solomon TPJ , et al. Short-term exercise reduces markers of hepatocyte apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Appl Physiol . 2012;113(1):1–6. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00127.2012 22582214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajighasem A , Farzanegi P , Mazaheri Z . Effects of combined therapy with resveratrol, continuous and interval exercises on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers in the liver of old rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arch Physiol Biochem . 2019;125(2):142–149. doi:10.1080/13813455.2018.1441872 29463133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piguet AC , Saran U , Simillion C , et al. Regular exercise decreases liver tumors development in hepatocyte-specific PTEN-deficient mice independently of steatosis. J Hepatol . 2015;62(6):1296–1303. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.01.017 25623824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarino M , Kumar P , Felser A , et al. Exercise attenuates the transition from fatty liver to steatohepatitis and reduces tumor formation in mice. Cancers . 2020;12(6):1407. doi:10.3390/cancers12061407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arfianti A , Pok S , Barn V , et al. Exercise retards hepatocarcinogenesis in obese mice independently of weight control. J Hepatol . 2020;73(1):140–148. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.02.006 32302728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern T , Blond MB , Hansen TH , et al. Structured exercise alters the gut microbiota in humans with overweight and obesity-A randomized controlled trial. Int J Obes . 2020;44(1):125–135. doi:10.1038/s41366-019-0440-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes A , Dahmus J , Rivas G , et al. Exercise training reverses gut dysbiosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proof of concept study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2020;S1542(20):31222–31224.
   Google Scholar
• Huber Y , Pfirrmann D , Gebhardt I , et al. Improvement of non-invasive markers of NAFLD from an individualised, web-based exercise program. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2019;50(8):930–939. doi:10.1111/apt.15427 31342533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motiani KK , Collado MC , Eskelinen JJ , et al. Exercise training modulates gut microbiota profile and improves endotoxemia. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2020;52(1):94–104. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002112 31425383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbajo-Pescador S , Porras D , Garcıá-Mediavilla MV , et al. Beneficial effects of exercise on gut microbiota functionality and barrier integrity, and gut-liver crosstalk in an in vivo model of early obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Dis Models Mechan . 2019;12(5):dmm039206. doi:10.1242/dmm.039206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating SE , Hackett DA , George J , Johnson NA . Exercise and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol . 2012;57(1):157–166. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.02.023 22414768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orci LA , Gariani K , Oldani G , Delaune V , Morel P , Toso C . Exercise-based interventions for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta- analysis and meta-regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2016;14(10):1398–1411. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.04.036 27155553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenneally S , Sier JH , Moore JB . Efficacy of dietary and physical activity intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. BMJ Open Gastroenterol . 2017;4(1):e000139–e000151. doi:10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000139
   Google Scholar
• Hashida R , Kawaguchi T , Bekki M , et al. Aerobic vs. resistance exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. J Hepatol . 2017;66(1):142–152. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.08.023 27639843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargeant JA , Gray LJ , Bodicoat DH , et al. The effect of exercise training on intrahepatic triglyceride and hepatic insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev . 2018;19(10):1446–1459. doi:10.1111/obr.12719 30092609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart NA , King N , McFarlane JR , Graham PL , Dieberg G . Effect of exercise training on liver function in adults who are overweight or exhibit fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med . 2018;52(13):834–843. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096197 27317790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang ST , Zheng J , Peng HW , et al. Physical activity intervention for non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Gastroenterol . 2020;20(1):66–77. doi:10.1186/s12876-020-01204-3 32164541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang HJ , Pan LL , Ma ZM , et al. Long-term effect of exercise on improving fatty liver and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adults: a 1-year follow-up study. Diabetes Obes Metab . 2017;19(2):284–289. doi:10.1111/dom.12809 27761987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shojaee-Moradie F , Cuthbertson DJ , Barrett M , et al. Exercise training reduces liver fat and increases rates of VLDL clearance but not VLDL production in NAFLD. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol . 2016;101(11):4219–4228. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte MB , Shojaee-Moradie F , Sharaf SE , et al. HDL-apoA-I kinetics in response to 16 wk of exercise training in men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab . 2020;318(6):E839–E847. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00019.2020 32286882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devries MC , Samjoo IA , Hamadeh MJ , Tarnopolsky MA . Effect of endurance exercise on hepatic lipid content, enzymes, and adiposity in men and women. Obesity . 2008;16(10):2281–2288. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.358 18719669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwers B , Schrauwen-Hinderling VB , Jelenik T , et al. Exercise training reduces intrahepatic lipid content in people with and people without nonalcoholic fatty liver. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab . 2018;314(2):E165–E173. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00266.2017 29118014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan S , Kirk EP , Mittendorfer B , Patterson BW , Klein S . Randomized trial of exercise effect on intrahepatic triglyceride content and lipid kinetics in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology . 2012;55(6):1738–1745. doi:10.1002/hep.25548 22213436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezende REF , Duarte SMB , Stefano JT , et al. Randomized clinical trial: benefits of aerobic physical activity for 24 weeks in postmenopausal women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Menopause . 2016;23(8):876–883. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000000647 27458060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winn NC , Ying L , Rector RS , Parks EJ , Ibdah JA , Kanaley JA . Energy-matched moderate and high intensity exercise training improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk independent of changes in body mass or abdominal adiposity – a randomized trial. Metabolism . 2018;78:128–140. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.012 28941598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekker MJ , Lee SJ , Hudson R , et al. An exercise intervention without weight loss decreases circulating interleukin-6 in lean and obese men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism . 2007;56(3):332–338. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.015 17292721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelbasset WK , Tantawy SA , Kamel DM , Alqahtani BA , Soliman GS . A randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of 8-week high-intensity interval exercise on intrahepatic triglycerides, visceral lipids, and health-related quality of life in diabetic obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicine . 2019;98(12):e14918. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000014918 30896648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelbasset WK , Tantawy SA , Kamel DM , et al. Effects of high-intensity interval and moderate- intensity continuous aerobic exercise on diabetic obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comparative randomized controlled trial. Medicine . 2020;99(10):e19471. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000019471 32150108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacchi E , Negri C , Targher G , et al. Both resistance training and aerobic training reduce hepatic fat content in type 2 diabetic subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (the RAED2 randomized trial). Hepatology . 2013;58(4):1287–1295. doi:10.1002/hep.26393 23504926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy S , Thoma C , Worthsworth K , et al. High intensity intermittent exercise improves cardiac structure and function and reduces liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia . 2016;59(1):56–66. doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3741-2 26350611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng S , Ge J , Zhao C , et al. Effect of aerobic exercise and diet on liver fat in pre-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic-fatty-liver- disease: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep . 2017;7(1):15952. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16159-x 29162875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuthbertson DJ , Shojaee-Moradie F , Sprung VS , et al. Dissociation between exercise-induced reduction in liver fat and changes in hepatic and peripheral glucose homoeostasis in obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Sci . 2016;130(2):93–104. doi:10.1042/CS20150447
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh KW , Tsujimoto T , Kim B , et al. Weight-loss-independent benefits of exercise on liver steatosis and stiffness in Japanese men with NAFLD. JHEP Rep . 2021;3(3):100253. doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100253 33898958
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kantartzis K , Thamer C , Peter A , et al. High cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of the reduction in liver fat during a lifestyle intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut . 2009;58(9):1281–1288. doi:10.1136/gut.2008.151977 19074179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijden GJ , Wang ZJ , Chu ZD , et al. A 12-week aerobic exercise program reduces hepatic fat accumulation and insulin resistance in obese, Hispanic adolescents. Obesity . 2010;18(2):384–390. doi:10.1038/oby.2009.274 19696755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finucane FM , Sharp SJ , Purslow LR , et al. The effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic risk, insulin sensitivity and intrahepatic lipid in healthy older people from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia . 2010;53(4):624–631. doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1641-z 20052455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath P , Panigrahi MK , Sahu MK , et al. Effect of exercise on NAFLD and its risk factors: comparison of moderate versus low intensity exercise. J Clin Transl Hepatol . 2020;8(2):120–126. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2019.00012 32832391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St George A , Bauman A , Johnston A , Farrell G , Chey T , George J . Independent effects of physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology . 2009;50(1):68–76. doi:10.1002/hep.22940 19444870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating SE , George J , Johnson NA . The benefits of exercise for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2015;9(10):1247–1250. doi:10.1586/17474124.2015.1075392 26289101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang HJ , He J , Pan LL , et al. Effects of moderate and vigorous exercise on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med . 2016;176(8):1074–1082. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.3202 27379904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh S , Shida T , Yamagishi K , et al. Moderate to vigorous physical activity volume is an important factor for managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study. Hepatology . 2015;61(4):1205–1215. doi:10.1002/hep.27544 25271091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker CJ , Martinez-Huenchullan FS , D’Souza M , et al. Effect of exercise on hepatic steatosis: are benefits seen without dietary intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes . 2021;13(1):63–77. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13086 32667128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura Y , Tanaka Y , Sato F , et al. Effects of diet and exercise on muscle and liver intracellular lipid contents and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol . 2005;90(6):3191–3196. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah K , Stufflebam A , Hilton TN , Sinacore DR , Klein S , Villareal DT . Diet and exercise interventions reduce intrahepatic fat content and improve insulin sensitivity in obese older adults. Obesity . 2009;17(12):2162–2168. doi:10.1038/oby.2009.126 19390517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson-Meyer DE , Newcomer BR , Heilbronn LK , et al. Effect of 6-month calorie restriction and exercise on serum and liver lipids and markers of liver function. Obesity . 2008;16(6):1155–1362. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodpaster BH , Delany JP , Otto AD , et al. Effects of diet and physical activity interventions on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors in severely obese adults: a randomized trial. JAMA . 2010;304(16):1795–1802. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1505 20935337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden MA , Fletcher JA , Morris EM , et al. Treating NAFLD in OLETF rats with vigorous-intensity interval exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2015;47(3):556–567. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000430 24983336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickman IJ , Byrne NM , Croci I , et al. A pilot randomised study of the metabolic and histological effects of exercise in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Diabetes Metab . 2013;4(8):1000300.
   Google Scholar
• O’Gorman P , Naimimohasses S , Monaghan A , et al. Improvement in histological endpoints of MAFLD following a 12-week aerobic exercise intervention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther . 2020;52(8):1387–1398.32717123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh S , So R , Shida T , et al. High-intensity aerobic exercise improves both hepatic fat content and stiffness in sedentary obese men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep . 2017;7:43029–43041. doi:10.1038/srep43029 28223710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating SE , Adams LA . Exercise in NAFLD: just do it. J Hepatol . 2016;65(4):671–673. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.06.022 27392426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson JM , Loenneke JP , Jo E , Wilson GJ , Zourdos MC , Kim JS . The effects of endurance, strength, and power training on muscle fiber type shifting. J Strength Condition Res Publish . 2012;26(6):1724–1729. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318234eb6f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Z , Scott CA , Mao C , Tang J , Farmer AJ . Resistance exercise versus aerobic exercise for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med . 2014;44(4):487–499. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0128-8 24297743
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso CG , Gomides RS , Queiroz ACC , et al. Acute and chronic effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on ambulatory blood pressure. Clinics . 2010;65(3):317–325. doi:10.1590/S1807-59322010000300013 20360924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes DC , Ellefsen S , Baar K . Adaptations to endurance and strength training. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med . 2018;8(6):a029769. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029769 28490537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slentz CA , Bateman LA , Willis LH , et al. Effects of aerobic vs. resistance training on visceral and liver fat stores, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance by HOMA in overweight adults from STRRIDE AT/RT. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab . 2011;301(5):E1033–E1039. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00291.2011 21846904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamsoddini A , Sobhani V , Chehreh MEG , Alavian SM , Zaree A . Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise training on liver enzymes and hepatic fat in Iranian men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepat Mon . 2015;15(10):e31434. doi:10.5812/hepatmon.31434 26587039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HJ , Lee HJ , So B , Son JS , Yoon D , Song W . Effect of aerobic training and resistance training on circulating irisin level and their association with change of body composition in overweight/obese adults: a pilot study. Physiolog Res . 2016;65(2):271–279. doi:10.33549/physiolres.932997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghamarchehreh ME , Shamsoddini A , Alavian SM . Investigating the impact of eight weeks of aerobic and resistance training on blood lipid profile in elderly with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench . 2019;12(3):190–196.31528301
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hallsworth K , Fattakhova G , Hollingsworth KG , et al. Resistance exercise reduces liver fat and its mediators in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of weight loss. Gut . 2011;60(9):1278–1283. doi:10.1136/gut.2011.242073 21708823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelber-Sagi S , Buch A , Yeshua H , et al. Effect of resistance training on non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease a randomized-clinical trial. World J Gastroenterol . 2014;20(15):4382–4392. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i15.4382 24764677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber CE , Blissmer B , Deschenes MR , et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2011;43(7):1334–1359.21694556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi ZM , Corey KE , Lim JK . AGA clinical practice update on lifestyle modification using diet and exercise to achieve weight loss in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: expert review. Gastroenterology . 2021;160(3):912–918. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.051 33307021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalasani N , Younossi ZM , Lavine JE , et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology . 2018;67(1):328–357.28714183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchesini G , Day CP , Dufour JF , et al. EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol . 2016;64(6):1388–1402.27062661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glen J , Floros L , Day CP , Pryke R . Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): summary of NICE guidance. BMJ . 2016;354:i4428. doi:10.1136/bmj.i4428 27605111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaBrecque DR , Abbas Z , Anania F , et al. World Gastroenterology Organisation global guidelines: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol . 2014;48(6):467–473. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000000116 24921212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rognmo Ø , Moholdt T , Bakken H , et al. Cardiovascular risk of high- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients. Circulation . 2012;126(12):1436–1440. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.123117 22879367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchesini G , Petta S , Dalle Grave R . Diet, weight loss, and liver health in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathophysiology, evidence, and practice. Hepatology . 2016;63(6):2032–2043. doi:10.1002/hep.28392 26663351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith J , Day CP , Robinson LE , Elliott C , Jones DEJ , Newton JL . Potential strategies to improve uptake of exercise interventions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol . 2010;52(1):112–116. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.010 19897272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stine JG , Soriano C , Schreibman I , et al. Breaking down barriers to physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci . 2020;1–8. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06673-w 31598920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoike DT , Baria F , Kamimura MA , Ammirati A , Cuppari L . Home-based versus center-based aerobic exercise on cardiopulmonary performance, physical function, quality of life and quality of sleep of overweight patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol . 2018;22(1):87–98. doi:10.1007/s10157-017-1429-2 28643119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen RE , Wadden TA , Bartlett SJ , Zemel B , Verde TJ , Franckowiak SC . Effects of lifestyle activity vs structured aerobic exercise in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA . 1999;281(4):335–340. doi:10.1001/jama.281.4.335 9929086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangeri F , Montesi L , Forlani G , Dalle Grave R , Marchesini G . A standard ballroom and Latin dance program to improve fitness and adherence to physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes and in obesity. Diabetol Metabol Syndr . 2014;6:74. doi:10.1186/1758-5996-6-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscatiello S , Di Luzio R , Bugianesi E , et al. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a propensity score-adjusted observational study. Obesity . 2011;19(4):763–770. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.254 20966900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar