Effect of Metabolic Health and Obesity Phenotype on Risk of Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study

References

• Williams R , Karuranga S , Malanda B , et al. Global and regional estimates and projections of diabetes-related health expenditure: results from the international diabetes federation diabetes atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2020;162:108072. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108072 32061820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeedi P , Petersohn I , Salpea P , et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the international diabetes federation diabetes atlas, 9(th) edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2019;157:107843. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843 31518657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersmann A , Muller-Wieland D , Muller UA , et al. Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes . 2019;127(S 01):S1–S7. doi:10.1055/a-1018-9078 31860923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo Z , Fabre G , Rodwin VG . Meeting the challenge of diabetes in China. Int J Health Policy Manag . 2020;9(2):47–52. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2019.80 32124588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma RCW . Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetic complications in China. Diabetologia . 2018;61(6):1249–1260. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4557-7 29392352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmet P , Shi Z , El-Osta A , Ji L . Epidemic T2DM, early development and epigenetics: implications of the Chinese Famine. Nat Rev Endocrinol . 2018;14(12):738–746. doi:10.1038/s41574-018-0106-1 30310152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blüher M . Metabolically healthy obesity. Endocr Rev . 2020;41(3):405–420. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malone JI , Hansen BC . Does obesity cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Or is it the opposite? Pediatr Diabetes . 2019;20(1):5–9. doi:10.1111/pedi.12787 30311716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluher M . Mechanisms in endocrinology: are metabolically healthy obese individuals really healthy? Eur J Endocrinol . 2014;171(6):R209–R219. doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0540 25012199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loos RJ . Integrating publicly available genome-wide association data to study the genetic basis of metabolically healthy obese and metabolically obese but normal-weight individuals. Diabetes . 2014;63(12):4004–4007. doi:10.2337/db14-1358 25414016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie J , Zhang S , Yu X , et al. Association between liver enzymes with metabolically unhealthy obese phenotype. Lipids Health Dis . 2018;17(1):198. doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0847-9 30134916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng D , Zhao X , Yang S , Cui H , Wang G . Metabolomic signature between metabolically healthy overweight/obese and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes . 2021;14:991–1010. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S294894 33692630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkas F , Liamis G , Elisaf M , Anastasiou G , Liberopoulos E . Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in 1077 statin-treated individuals: a six-year retrospective study. Eur J Prev Cardiol . 2020;27(19):2341–2344. doi:10.1177/2047487319899191 31964182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinnouho GM , Czernichow S , Dugravot A , et al. Metabolically healthy obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: the Whitehall II cohort study. Eur Heart J . 2015;36(9):551–559. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu123 24670711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B , Zhang M , Wang S , et al. Dynamic status of metabolically healthy overweight/obesity and metabolically unhealthy and normal weight and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study of a rural adult Chinese population. Obes Res Clin Pract . 2018;12(1):61–71. doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2017.10.005 29100915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim NH , Seo JA , Cho H , et al. Risk of the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in metabolically healthy obese people: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Medicine . 2016;95(15):e3384. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003384 27082607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GI , Mittendorfer B , Klein S . Metabolically healthy obesity: facts and fantasies. J Clin Invest . 2019;129(10):3978–3989. doi:10.1172/JCI129186 31524630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou BF . Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults–study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci . 2002;15(1):83–96.12046553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Waist Circumference and Waist-hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation . Vol. 2011. Geneva; 12 8–11, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao L , Li Y , Peng Y , Zhang L , Guo M , Wu Y . The cut-off value of waist-to-height ratio in detecting central obesity in Chinese adult population. Chin J Prev Vet Med . 2012;13(7):481–485.
   Google Scholar
• Alberti KG , Eckel RH , Grundy SM , et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation . 2009;120(16):1640–1645. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644 19805654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongraw-Chaffin M , Foster MC , Anderson CAM , et al. Metabolically healthy Obesity, Transition to Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71(17):1857–1865. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.055 29699611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti KG , Zimmet PZ . Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med . 1998;15(7):539–553. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S 9686693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycaemia: Report of a WHO/IDF Consultation ; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: abbreviated report of a WHO consultation; 2011. Available from: http://who.int/diabetes/publications/report–hbalc–2011.Pdf. Accessed 7 7, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Hubbard AE , Ahern J , Fleischer NL , et al. To GEE or not to GEE: comparing population average and mixed models for estimating the associations between neighborhood risk factors and health. Epidemiology . 2010;21(4):467–474. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181caeb90 20220526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao W , Yip CW , Chen W . Complications of diabetes in China: health system and economic implications. BMC Public Health . 2019;19(1):269. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6569-8 30841928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C , Wang C , Guan S , et al. The prevalence of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity according to different criteria. Obes Facts . 2019;12(1):78–90. doi:10.1159/000495852 30814477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluher M . Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol . 2019;15(5):288–298. doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0176-8 30814686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan XF , Wang L , Pan A . Epidemiology and determinants of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol . 2021;9(6):373–392. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00045-0 34022156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S , Behl T , Sachdeva M , et al. Implicating the effect of ketogenic diet as a preventive measure to obesity and diabetes mellitus. Life Sci . 2021;264:118661. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118661 33121986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng Q , Li N , Pan XF , Chen L , Pan A . Clinical management and treatment of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol . 2021;9(6):393–405. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00047-4 34022157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo D , Liu F , Li X , et al. Comparison of the effect of “metabolically healthy but obese” and “metabolically abnormal but not obese” phenotypes on development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Chinese. Endocrine . 2015;49(1):130–138. doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0444-2 25312689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajik S , Mirzababaei A , Ghaedi E , Kord-Varkaneh H , Mirzaei K . Risk of type 2 diabetes in metabolically healthy people in different categories of body mass index: an updated network meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res . 2019;11(4):254–263. doi:10.15171/jcvtr.2019.43 31824606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser . 2000;894:i–xii, 1–253.
   Google Scholar
• Beh S . Is metabolically healthy obesity a useful concept? Diabet Med . 2019;36(5):539–545. doi:10.1111/dme.13869 30474298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Castillo N , Campos-Perez W , Rodriguez-Echevarria R , Rodriguez-Reyes SC , Martinez-Lopez E , Metabolically Unhealthy A . Phenotype is associated with ADIPOQ genetic variants and lower serum adiponectin levels. Lifestyle Genom . 2020;13(6):172–179. doi:10.1159/000510021 33137807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naja F , Itani L , Nasrallah MP , Chami H , Tamim H , Nasreddine L . A healthy lifestyle pattern is associated with a metabolically healthy phenotype in overweight and obese adults: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Nutr . 2020;59(5):2145–2158. doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02063-9 31363827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verboven K , Hansen D . Critical reappraisal of the role and importance of exercise intervention in the treatment of obesity in adults. Sports Med . 2021;51:379–389. doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01392-8 33332014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M , Liu SW , Wang LJ , et al. Burden of diabetes, hyperglycaemia in China from to 2016: findings from the 1990 to 2016, global burden of disease study. Diabetes Metab . 2019;45(3):286–293. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2018.08.008 30196138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar