Relationship Between the TyG Index and Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

References

• Pugliese G . Updating the natural history of diabetic nephropathy. Acta Diabetol . 2014;51(6):905–915. doi:10.1007/s00592-014-0650-7 25297841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afkarian M , Zelnick LR , Hall YN , et al. Clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults with diabetes, 1988–2014. JAMA . 2016;316(6):602–610. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.10924 27532915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L , Zuo L . Current burden of end-stage kidney disease and its future trend in China. Clin Nephrol . 2016;86(7):27. doi:10.5414/CNP86S104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2020. 11. Microvascular complications and foot care: standards of medical care in diabetes−2020. Diabetes Care . 2020;43:S135–S151. doi:10.2337/dc20-S011 31862754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis . 2007;49:S12–S154. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.12.005 17276798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plantinga L , Boulware L , Coresh J , et al. Patient awareness of chronic kidney disease: trends and predictors. Arch Internal Med . 2008;168(20):2268–2275. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.20.2268 19001205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westreich KD , Mottl AK . Is insulin resistance a useful predictor of outcomes in diabetic kidney disease? J Diabetes Complicat . 2015;29(8):971–973. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.07.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornstad P , Snell-Bergeon JK , Rewers M , et al. Early diabetic nephropathy: a complication of reduced insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care . 2013;36(11):3678–3683. doi:10.2337/dc13-0631 24026551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mottl AK , Lauer A , Dabelea D , et al. Albuminuria according to status of autoimmunity and insulin sensitivity among youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care . 2013;36(11):3633–3638. doi:10.2337/dc13-0568 23846811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maahs DM , Snively BM , Bell RA , et al. Higher prevalence of elevated albumin excretion in youth with type 2 than type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Diabetes Care . 2007;30(10):2593–2598. doi:10.2337/dc07-0450 17630264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlqvist E , Storm P , Käräjämäki A , et al. Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol . 2018;6(5):361–369. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30051-2 29503172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nerpin E , Riserus U , Ingelsson E , et al. Insulin sensitivity measured with euglycemic clamp is independently associated with glomerular filtration rate in a community-based cohort. Diabetes Care . 2008;31(8):1550–1555. doi:10.2337/dc08-0369 18509205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otten J , Ahrén B , Olsson T . Surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity vs the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp: a meta-analysis. Diabetologia . 2014;57(9):1781–1788. doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3285-x 24891021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonora E , Targher G , Alberiche M , et al. Homeostasis model assessment closely mirrors the glucose clamp technique in the assessment of insulin sensitivity: studies in subjects with various degrees of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care . 2000;23(1):57–63. doi:10.2337/diacare.23.1.57 10857969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews D , Hosker J , Rudenski A , Nayler B , Treacher D , Turner R . Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia . 1985;28(7):412–419. doi:10.1007/BF00280883 3899825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simental-Mendia LE , Rodriguez-Moran M , Guerrero-Romero F . The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord . 2008;6:299–304. doi:10.1089/met.2008.0034 19067533
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guerrero-Romero F , Simental-Mendia LE , Gonzalez-Ortiz M , et al. The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2010;95:3347–3351. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0288 20484475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang B , Yang Y , Lee EY , et al. Triglycerides/glucose index is a useful surrogate marker of insulin resistance among adolescents. Int J Obes . 2017;41:789–792. doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz J , Brozek W , Concin H , et al. The triglyceride-glucose index and obesity-related risk of end-stage kidney disease in Austrian adults. JAMA Netw Open . 2021;4:e212612. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.2612 33787913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L , Xia R , Song X , et al. Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Investig . 2021;12:557–565. doi:10.1111/jdi.13371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamroonkiadtikun P , Ananchaisarp T , Wanichanon W . The triglyceride-glucose index, a predictor of type 2 diabetes development: a retrospective cohort study. Prim Care Diabetes . 2020;14(2):161–167. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2019.08.004 31466834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-íñigo L , Navarro-González D , Fernández-Montero A , Pastrana-Delgado J , Martínez J . The TyG index may predict the development of cardiovascular events. Eur J Clin Invest . 2016;46(2):189–197. doi:10.1111/eci.12583 26683265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan S , Sobia F , Niazi N , Manzoor S , Fazal N , Ahmad F . Metabolic clustering of risk factors: evaluation of Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) for evaluation of insulin resistance. Diabetol Metab Syndr . 2018;10:74. doi:10.1186/s13098-018-0376-8 30323862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao S , Yu S , Chi C , et al. Association between macro- and microvascular damage and the triglyceride glucose index in community-dwelling elderly individuals: the Northern Shanghai Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol . 2019;18(1):95. doi:10.1186/s12933-019-0898-x 31345238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamura T , Hashimoto Y , Hamaguchi M , Obora A , Kojima T , Fukui M . Triglyceride-glucose index is a predictor of incident chronic kidney disease: a population-based longitudinal study. Clin Exp Nephrol . 2019;23(7):948–955. doi:10.1007/s10157-019-01729-2 30955189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cosmo S , Menzaghi C , Prudente S , Trischitta V . Role of insulin resistance in kidney dysfunction: insights into the mechanism and epidemiological evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant . 2013;28:29–36. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfs290 23048172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karalliedde J , Gnudi L . Diabetes mellitus, a complex and heterogeneous disease, and the role of insulin resistance as a determinant of diabetic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant . 2016;31:206–213. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfu405 25550448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnudi L , Coward RJM , Long DA . Diabetic nephropathy: perspective on novel molecular mechanisms. Trends Endocrinol Metab . 2016;27:820–830. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.07.002 27470431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coward RJM , Welsh GI , Yang J , et al. The human glomerular podocyte is a novel target for insulin action. Diabetes . 2005;54:3095–3102. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.11.3095 16249431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari S , Sharma N , Gill PS , et al. Impaired sodium excretion and increased blood pressure in mice with targeted deletion of renal epithelial insulin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2008;105:6469–6474. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711283105 18424559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh GI , Hale LJ , Eremina V , et al. Insulin signaling to the glomerular podocyte is critical for normal kidney function. Cell Metab . 2010;12:329–340. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2010.08.015 20889126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma K . Mitochondrial hormesis and diabetic complications. Diabetes . 2015;64:663–672. doi:10.2337/db14-0874 25713188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opazo-Ríos L , Mas S , Marín-Royo G , et al. Lipotoxicity and diabetic nephropathy: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities. Int J Mol Sci . 2020;21(7):2632. doi:10.3390/ijms21072632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang J , Yu D , Cai Y , et al. The triglyceride glucose index can predict newly diagnosed biopsy-proven diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: a nested case control study. Medicine . 2019;98(46):e17995. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017995 31725665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar