Association Between Aspartate Aminotransferase to Alanine Aminotransferase Ratio and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Japanese Population: A Secondary Analysis of a Retrospective Cohort Study

References

• Zhou B , Lu Y , Hajifathalian K , Bentham J , Di Cesare M , Danaei G . Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Lancet . 2016;387:1513–1530. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00618-8 27061677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bommer C , Heesemann E , Sagalova V , et al. The global economic burden of diabetes in adults aged 20–79 years: a cost-of-illness study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol . 2017;5(6):423–430. doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30097-9 28456416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diniz M , Beleigoli AMR , Schmidt MI , et al. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and metabolic syndrome at baseline of a multicentric Brazilian cohort: ELSA-Brasil study. Cad Saude Publica . 2020;36(8):e00072120. doi:10.1590/0102-311X00072120 32901702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen MC , Shulman GI . Mechanisms of insulin action and insulin resistance. Physiol Rev . 2018;98(4):2133–2223. doi:10.1152/physrev.00063.2017 30067154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballestri S , Zona S , Targher G , et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2016;31(5):936–944. doi:10.1111/jgh.13264 26667191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi ZM , Golabi P , de Avila L , et al. The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol . 2019;71(4):793–801. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.021 31279902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel VT , Liu ZX , Qu X , et al. Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biol Chem . 2004;279(31):32345–32353. doi:10.1074/jbc.M313478200 15166226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seki E , Brenner DA , Karin M . A liver full of JNK: signaling in regulation of cell function and disease pathogenesis, and clinical approaches. Gastroenterology . 2012;143(2):307–320. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.004 22705006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamoto R , Kohara K , Kusunoki T , Tabara Y , Abe M , Alanine MT . Alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio is the best surrogate marker for insulin resistance in non-obese Japanese adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol . 2012;11(1):117. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-11-117 23020992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao F , Huang XL , Jiang XP , et al. Independent effect of alanine transaminase on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, stratified by age and gender: a secondary analysis based on a large cohort study in China. Clin Chim Acta . 2019;495:54–59. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1636 30946812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon SS , Lee SG , High Alanine A . Aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio determines insulin resistance and metabolically healthy/unhealthy obesity in a general adult population in Korea: the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2007–2010. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes . 2019;127(10):677–684. doi:10.1055/a-0752-0217 30366352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko SH , Baeg MK , Han KD , Ko SH , Ahn YB . Increased liver markers are associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes. World J Gastroenterol . 2015;21(24):7478–7487. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i24.7478 26139993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanji AA , French SW , Freeman JB . Serum alanine aminotransferase to aspartate aminotransferase ratio and degree of fatty liver in morbidly obese patients. Enzyme . 1986;36(4):266–269. doi:10.1159/000469304 3569188
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao L , Cheng J , Chen Y , et al. Serum alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio is one of the best markers of insulin resistance in the Chinese population. Nutr Metab (Lond) . 2017;14:64. doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0219-x 29051770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simental-Mendia LE , Rodriguez-Moran M , Gomez-Diaz R , Wacher NH , Rodriguez-Hernandez H , Guerrero-Romero F . Insulin resistance is associated with elevated transaminases and low aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio in young adults with normal weight. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 2017;29(4):435–440. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000811 28009717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamura T , Hashimoto Y , Hamaguchi M , Obora A , Kojima T , Fukui M . Ectopic fat obesity presents the greatest risk for incident type 2 diabetes: a population-based longitudinal study. Int J Obes . 2019;43(1):139–148. doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0076-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genuth S , Alberti KG , Bennett P , Buse J . Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care . 2003;26(11):3160–3167. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160 14578255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang N , Hu X , Zhang Q , et al. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is an independent risk factor for diabetes mellitus. Results from a population-based cohort study. J Diabetes . 2018;10(9):708–714. doi:10.1111/jdb.12650 29437292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes A. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care . 2013;36(Suppl 1):S67–74. doi:10.2337/dc13-S067 23264425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z , Hu H , Chen M , et al. Association of Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and incident of diabetes mellitus: a secondary retrospective analysis based on a Chinese cohort study. Lipids Health Dis . 2020;19(1):33. doi:10.1186/s12944-020-01213-x 32131838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbroucke JP , von Elm E , Altman DG , Gøtzsche PC , Mulrow CD , Pocock SJ . Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med . 2007;4(10):e297. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed 17941715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MK , Han K , Kim MK , et al. Combinations of metabolic syndrome components and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nationwide cohort study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2020;165:108237. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108237 32473297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C , Hsieh MC , Chang SJ . Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperuricemia. Curr Opin Rheumatol . 2013;25(2):210–216. doi:10.1097/BOR.0b013e32835d951e 23370374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillioja S , Mott DM , Spraul M , et al. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians. N Engl J Med . 1993;329(27):1988–1992. doi:10.1056/nejm199312303292703 8247074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu WC , Wei JN , Chen SC , et al. Progression of insulin resistance: a link between risk factors and the incidence of diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract . 2020;161:108050. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108050 32035116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng X , Cao C , He Y , Wang X , Wu J , Hu H . Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and incident diabetes mellitus among Japanese: a retrospective cohort study using propensity score matching. Lipids Health Dis . 2021;20(1):59. doi:10.1186/s12944-021-01485-x 34130693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loria P , Lonardo A , Anania F . Liver and diabetes. A vicious circle. Hepatol Res . 2013;43(1):51–64. doi:10.1111/j.1872-034X.2012.01031.x 23332087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkenfeld AL , Shulman GI . Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Hepatology . 2014;59(2):713–723. doi:10.1002/hep.26672 23929732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CF , Zhou WN , Lu Z , Wang XT , Qiu ZH . The associations between liver enzymes and the risk of metabolic syndrome in the elderly. Exp Gerontol . 2018;106:132–136. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.02.026 29499373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L , Ma X , Jiang Z , et al. Liver enzymes and metabolic syndrome: a large-scale case-control study. Oncotarget . 2015;6(29):26782–26788. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5792 26449189
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee K , Yang JH . Which liver enzymes are better indicators of metabolic syndrome in adolescents: the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010. Metab Syndr Relat Disord . 2013;11(4):229–235. doi:10.1089/met.2012.0153 23451816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bril F , Barb D , Portillo-Sanchez P , et al. Metabolic and histological implications of intrahepatic triglyceride content in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology . 2017;65(4):1132–1144. doi:10.1002/hep.28985 27981615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou Y , Zhong L , Hu C , Sheng G . Association between the alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio and new-onset non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a nonobese Chinese population: a population-based longitudinal study. Lipids Health Dis . 2020;19(1):245. doi:10.1186/s12944-020-01419-z 33239040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CH , Kim HK , Kim EH , Bae SJ , Park JY . Relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the development of Type 2 diabetes in Koreans. Diabet Med . 2013;30(9):1075–1079. doi:10.1111/dme.12201 23600561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian K , Zhong S , Xie K , Yu D , Yang R , Gong DW . Hepatic ALT isoenzymes are elevated in gluconeogenic conditions including diabetes and suppressed by insulin at the protein level. Diabetes Metab Res Rev . 2015;31(6):562–571. doi:10.1002/dmrr.2655 25865565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinnaduwage L , Ye C , Hanley AJ , et al. Changes over time in hepatic markers predict changes in insulin sensitivity, beta-cell function, and glycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2018;103(7):2651–2659. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00306 29897453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derakhshan A , Tohidi M , Arshi B , Khalili D , Azizi F , Hadaegh F . Relationship of hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction with incident diabetes and pre-diabetes: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Diabet Med . 2015;32(1):24–32. doi:10.1111/dme.12560 25131451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon PD , Singh T , Hubbard H , Hackman S , Sharkey FE . Cholangiolytic changes in statin-induced liver injury. Case Rep Pathol . 2020;2020:9650619. doi:10.1155/2020/9650619 32099709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjornsson E , Jacobsen EI , Kalaitzakis E . Hepatotoxicity associated with statins: reports of idiosyncratic liver injury post-marketing. J Hepatol . 2012;56(2):374–380. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2011.07.023 21889469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meurer L , Cohen SM . Drug-induced liver injury from statins. Clin Liver Dis . 2020;24(1):107–119. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2019.09.007 31753243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar