984
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Practical Guidance and Challenges for Clinical Management

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, &
Pages 1595-1612 | Received 17 Mar 2023, Accepted 16 May 2023, Published online: 02 Jun 2023

References

  • Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119
  • Callaghan BC, Price RS, Chen KS, Feldman EL. The importance of rare subtypes in diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy: a review. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(12):1510–1518. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2347
  • Iqbal Z, Azmi S, Yadav R, et al. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: epidemiology, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy. Clin The. 2018;40(6):828–849. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.04.001
  • Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL, et al. Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):136–154. doi:10.2337/dc16-2042
  • Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, et al. Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2285–2293. doi:10.2337/dc10-1303
  • Tesfaye S, Vileikyte L, Rayman G, et al. Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: consensus recommendations on diagnosis, assessment and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27(7):629–638. doi:10.1002/dmrr.1225
  • Vinik AI, Nevoret ML, Casellini C, Parson H. Diabetic neuropathy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2013;42(4):747–787. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.06.001
  • Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Chee E, Hirsch AG, Brandenburg NA. Lost productive time and costs due to diabetes and diabetic neuropathic pain in the US workforce. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49(6):672–679. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e318065b83a
  • Alleman CJ, Westerhout KY, Hensen M, et al. Humanistic and economic burden of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Europe: a review of the literature. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015;109(2):215–225. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2015.04.031
  • Daousi C, MacFarlane IA, Woodward A, Nurmikko TJ, Bundred PE, Benbow SJ. Chronic painful peripheral neuropathy in an urban community: a controlled comparison of people with and without diabetes. Diabet Med. 2004;21(9):976–982. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01271.x
  • Sadosky A, Hopper J, Parsons B. Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: results of a survey characterizing the perspectives and misperceptions of patients and healthcare practitioners. Patient. 2014;7(1):107–114. doi:10.1007/s40271-013-0038-8
  • Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. Endocr Pract. 2022;28(10):923–1049. doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.002
  • UK National Screening Committee. Population screening explained. GOV.UK. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/population-screening-explained#:~:text=Screening%20is%20the%20process%20of,reduce%20associated%20problems%20or%20complications. Accessed August 2, 2023.
  • Tölle T, Xu X, Sadosky AB. Painful diabetic neuropathy: a cross-sectional survey of health state impairment and treatment patterns. J Diabetes Complications. 2006;20(1):26–33. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.09.007
  • Sorensen L, Molyneaux L, Yue DK. The relationship among pain, sensory loss, and small nerve fibers in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):883–887. doi:10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-2180
  • Petropoulos IN, Ponirakis G, Khan A, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy: ready for prime time. Clin Exp Optom. 2020;103(3):265–277. doi:10.1111/cxo.12887
  • Petropoulos IN, Bitirgen G, Ferdousi M, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy to image small nerve fiber degeneration: ophthalmology meets neurology. Front Pain Res. 2021;2:725363. doi:10.3389/fpain.2021.725363
  • Alam U, Jeziorska M, Petropoulos IN, et al. Diagnostic utility of corneal confocal microscopy and intra-epidermal nerve fibre density in diabetic neuropathy. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180175. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180175
  • Preston FG, Meng Y, Burgess J, et al. Artificial intelligence utilising corneal confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes mellitus and prediabetes. Diabetologia. 2022;65(3):457–466. doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05617-x
  • Alam U, Ponirakis G, Asghar O, et al. Corneal confocal microscopy identifies people with type 1 diabetes with more rapid corneal nerve fibre loss and progression of neuropathy. J Clin Med. 2022;11(8). doi:10.3390/jcm11082249
  • Meng Y, Preston FG, Ferdousi M, et al. Artificial intelligence based analysis of corneal confocal microscopy images for diagnosing peripheral neuropathy: a binary classification model. J Clin Med. 2023;12(4):1284.
  • Alam U, Anson M, Meng Y, et al. Artificial intelligence and corneal confocal microscopy: the start of a beautiful relationship. J Clin Med. 2022;11(20):6199.
  • Selvarajah D, Cash T, Davies J, et al. SUDOSCAN: a simple, rapid, and objective method with potential for screening for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0138224. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138224
  • Krishnan ST, Rayman G. The LDIflare: a novel test of C-fiber function demonstrates early neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(12):2930–2935. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.12.2930
  • Feldman EL, Callaghan BC, Pop-Busui R, et al. Diabetic neuropathy. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):41. doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0092-1
  • Scholz J, Finnerup NB, Attal N, et al. The IASP classification of chronic pain for ICD-11: chronic neuropathic pain. Pain. 2019;160(1):53–59. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001365
  • Spallone V, Morganti R, D’Amato C, Greco C, Cacciotti L, Marfia GA. Validation of DN4 as a screening tool for neuropathic pain in painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabet Med. 2012;29(5):578–585. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03500.x
  • Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U, Tölle TR. painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(10):1911–1920. doi:10.1185/030079906x132488
  • Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain. 1975;1(3):277–299. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5
  • Price R, Smith D, Franklin G, et al. Oral and topical treatment of painful diabetic polyneuropathy: practice guideline update summary: report of the AAN Guideline Subcommittee. Neurology. 2022;98(1):31–43. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000013038
  • Zelman DC, Gore M, Dukes E, Tai KS, Brandenburg N. Validation of a modified version of the brief pain inventory for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005;29(4):401–410. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.06.018
  • Vinik EJ, Hayes RP, Oglesby A, et al. The development and validation of the Norfolk QOL-DN, a new measure of patients’ perception of the effects of diabetes and diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2005;7(3):497–508. doi:10.1089/dia.2005.7.497
  • Kosinski M, Janagap CC, Gajria K, Schein J. Psychometric testing and validation of the Chronic Pain Sleep Inventory. Clin Ther. 2007;29:2562–2577. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.12.001
  • Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
  • Devlin N, Parkin D, Janssen B. Methods for Analysing and Reporting EQ-5D Data. Springer; 2020. Copyright 2020, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s). This book is an open access publication.
  • D’Amato C, Morganti R, Di Gennaro F, Greco C, Marfia GA, Spallone V. A novel association between nondipping and painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(9):2640–2642. doi:10.2337/dc14-0528
  • Gandhi RA, Marques JL, Selvarajah D, Emery CJ, Tesfaye S. Painful diabetic neuropathy is associated with greater autonomic dysfunction than painless diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(7):1585–1590. doi:10.2337/dc09-2314
  • Spallone V, Morganti R, D’Amato C, et al. Clinical correlates of painful diabetic neuropathy and relationship of neuropathic pain with sensorimotor and autonomic nerve function. Eur J Pain. 2011;15(2):153–160. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.06.011
  • Hansen CS, Jensen TM, Jensen JS, et al. The role of serum methylglyoxal on diabetic peripheral and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: the ADDITION Denmark study. Diabet Med. 2015;32(6):778–785. doi:10.1111/dme.12753
  • Krämer HH, Rolke R, Bickel A, Birklein F. Thermal thresholds predict painfulness of diabetic neuropathies. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2386–2391. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.10.2386
  • Ziegler D, Tesfaye S, Spallone V, et al. Screening, diagnosis and management of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy in clinical practice: international expert consensus recommendations. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;186:109063. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109063
  • Alvarez M, Sierra OR, Saavedra G, Moreno S. Vitamin B12 deficiency and diabetic neuropathy in patients taking metformin: a cross-sectional study. Endocrine Connections. 2019;8(10):1324–1329. doi:10.1530/ec-19-0382
  • Ashley JM. Chapter Two - Manifestations and Measurement of Food Insecurity. In: Ashley JM, editor. Food Security in the Developing World. Academic Press; 2016:19–38.
  • Argoff CE, Backonja MM, Belgrade MJ, et al. Consensus guidelines: treatment planning and options. Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006;81(4Suppl):S12–25. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)61475-4
  • Edwards RR. Chapter 5 - Pain Assessment. In: Benzon HT, Raja SN, Molloy RE, Liu SS, Fishman SM, editors. Essentials of Pain Medicine and Regional Anesthesia (Second Edition). Churchill Livingstone; 2005:29–34.
  • Delgado DA, Lambert BS, Boutris N, et al. Validation of digital visual analog scale pain scoring with a traditional paper-based visual analog scale in adults. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2018;2(3):e088. doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-17-00088
  • Rosseland R, Pallesen S, Nordhus IH, Matre D, Blågestad T. Effects of sleep fragmentation and induced mood on pain tolerance and pain sensitivity in young healthy adults. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2089. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02089
  • Tang NKY, Salkovskis PM, Hodges A, Wright KJ, Hanna M, Hester J. Effects of mood on pain responses and pain tolerance: an experimental study in chronic back pain patients. Pain. 2008;138(2):392–401. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.01.018
  • Ang L, Jaiswal M, Martin C, Pop-Busui R. Glucose control and diabetic neuropathy: lessons from recent large clinical trials. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14(9):528. doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0528-7
  • Callaghan BC, Little AA, Feldman EL, Hughes RA. Enhanced glucose control for preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;6(6):Cd007543. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007543.pub2
  • Gouveri E, Papanas N. The emerging role of continuous glucose monitoring in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a narrative review. Diabetes Ther. 2022;13(5):931–952. doi:10.1007/s13300-022-01257-5
  • Ismail-Beigi F, Craven T, Banerji MA, et al. Effect of intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia on microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of the ACCORD randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9739):419–430. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60576-4
  • Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995;28(2):103–117. doi:10.1016/0168-8227(95)01064-k
  • Maser RE, Steenkiste AR, Dorman JS, et al. Epidemiological correlates of diabetic neuropathy. Report from Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes. 1989;38(11):1456–1461. doi:10.2337/diab.38.11.1456
  • Pambianco G, Costacou T, Ellis D, Becker DJ, Klein R, Orchard TJ. The 30-year natural history of type 1 diabetes complications: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study experience. Diabetes. 2006;55(5):1463–1469. doi:10.2337/db05-1423
  • Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE, et al. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(4):341–350. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032782
  • Wiggin TD, Sullivan KA, Pop-Busui R, Amato A, Sima AA, Feldman EL. Elevated triglycerides correlate with progression of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes. 2009;58(7):1634–1640. doi:10.2337/db08-1771
  • Davis TM, Yeap BB, Davis WA, Bruce DG. Lipid-lowering therapy and peripheral sensory neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetologia. 2008;51(4):562–566. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0919-2
  • Villegas-Rivera G, Román-Pintos LM, Cardona-Muñoz EG, et al. Effects of ezetimibe/simvastatin and rosuvastatin on oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:756294. doi:10.1155/2015/756294
  • Iqbal Z, Bashir B, Ferdousi M, et al. Lipids and peripheral neuropathy. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2021;32(4):249–257. doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000770
  • Kluding PM, Pasnoor M, Singh R, et al. The effect of exercise on neuropathic symptoms, nerve function, and cutaneous innervation in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications. 2012;26(5):424–429. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.05.007
  • Yoo M, D’Silva LJ, Martin K, et al. Pilot study of exercise therapy on painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain Med. 2015;16(8):1482–1489. doi:10.1111/pme.12743
  • Smith AG, Russell J, Feldman EL, et al. Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1294–1299. doi:10.2337/dc06-0224
  • Amato Nesbit S, Sharma R, Waldfogel JM, et al. Non-pharmacologic treatments for symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(1):15–25. doi:10.1080/03007995.2018.1497958
  • Naderi Nabi B, Sedighinejad A, Haghighi M, et al. Comparison of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and pulsed radiofrequency sympathectomy for treating painful diabetic neuropathy. Anesth Pain Med. 2015;5(5):e29280. doi:10.5812/aapm.29280
  • Sluka KA, Walsh D. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness. J Pain. 2003;4(3):109–121. doi:10.1054/jpai.2003.434
  • Crasto W, Altaf QA, Selvaraj DR, et al. Frequency Rhythmic Electrical Modulation System (FREMS) to alleviate painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a pilot, randomised controlled trial (The FREMSTOP study). Diabet Med. 2022;39(3):e14710. doi:10.1111/dme.14710
  • Bosi E, Bax G, Scionti L, et al. Frequency-modulated electromagnetic neural stimulation (FREMS) as a treatment for symptomatic diabetic neuropathy: results from a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, long-term, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Diabetologia. 2013;56(3):467–475. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2795-7
  • Bosi E, Conti M, Vermigli C, et al. Effectiveness of frequency-modulated electromagnetic neural stimulation in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabetologia. 2005;48(5):817–823. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1734-2
  • Petersen EA, Stauss TG, Scowcroft JA, et al. Effect of high-frequency (10-kHz) spinal cord stimulation in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(6):687–698. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0538
  • Duarte RV, Nevitt S, Copley S, et al. Systematic review and network meta-analysis of neurostimulation for painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(10):2466–2475. doi:10.2337/dc22-0932
  • de Vos CC, Meier K, Zaalberg PB, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy: a multicentre randomized clinical trial. Pain. 2014;155(11):2426–2431. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.031
  • Slangen R, Schaper NC, Faber CG, et al. Spinal cord stimulation and pain relief in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a prospective two-center randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(11):3016–3024. doi:10.2337/dc14-0684
  • van Beek M, Slangen R, Schaper NC, et al. Sustained treatment effect of spinal cord stimulation in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: 24-month follow-up of a prospective two-center randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):e132–4. doi:10.2337/dc15-0740
  • Eldabe S, Buchser E, Duarte RV. Complications of spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation techniques: a review of the literature. Pain Med. 2016;17(2):325–336. doi:10.1093/pm/pnv025
  • Arnall DA, Nelson AG, López L, et al. The restorative effects of pulsed infrared light therapy on significant loss of peripheral protective sensation in patients with long-term type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol. 2006;43(1):26–33. doi:10.1007/s00592-006-0207-5
  • Leonard DR, Farooqi MH, Myers S. Restoration of sensation, reduced pain, and improved balance in subjects with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study with monochromatic near-infrared treatment. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):168–172. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.1.168
  • Lavery LA, Murdoch DP, Williams J, Lavery DC. Does anodyne light therapy improve peripheral neuropathy in diabetes? A double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized trial to evaluate monochromatic infrared photoenergy. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(2):316–321. doi:10.2337/dc07-1794
  • Rastogi A, Uppula P, Saikia U, Bhansali A. Effect of monochromatic infrared energy on quality of life and intraepidermal nerve fiber density in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, sham control study. Neurol India. 2021;69(5):1331–1337. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.329614
  • Twiddy H, Frank B, Alam U. A Consideration of the psychological aspects to managing patients with painful diabetic neuropathy: an insight into pain management services at a tertiary centre in the UK. Diabetes Ther. 2021;12(2):487–498. doi:10.1007/s13300-020-00983-y
  • Williams ACC, Fisher E, Hearn L, Eccleston C. Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;8(8):Cd007407. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007407.pub4
  • Otis JD, Sanderson K, Hardway C, Pincus M, Tun C, Soumekh S. A randomized controlled pilot study of a cognitive-behavioral therapy approach for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Pain. 2013;14(5):475–482. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.12.013
  • Bril V, Breiner A, Perkins BA, Zochodne D. Neuropathy. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42:S217–s221. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.028
  • Ziegler D, Keller J, Maier C, Pannek J. Diabetic neuropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2021;129(S01):S70–s81. doi:10.1055/a-1284-6245
  • Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(2):162–173. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70251-0
  • Moisset X, Bouhassira D, Avez Couturier J, et al. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for neuropathic pain: systematic review and French recommendations. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2020;176(5):325–352. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2020.01.361
  • NICE CfCPa. Neuropathic pain: the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain in adults in non-specialist settings. 2013.
  • Sloan G, Alam U, Selvarajah D, Tesfaye S. The treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2022;18(5):e070721194556. doi:10.2174/1573399817666210707112413
  • Taylor CP. Mechanisms of analgesia by gabapentin and pregabalin--calcium channel alpha2-delta [Cavalpha2-delta] ligands. Pain. 2009;142(1–2):13–16. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.019
  • Derry S, Bell RF, Straube S, Wiffen PJ, Aldington D, Moore RA. Pregabalin for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;1(1):Cd007076. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007076.pub3
  • Dy SM, Bennett WL, Sharma R, et al. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Preventing Complications and Treating Symptoms of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2017.
  • Liampas A, Rekatsina M, Vadalouca A, Paladini A, Varrassi G, Zis P. Pharmacological management of painful peripheral neuropathies: a systematic review. Pain Ther. 2021;10(1):55–68. doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00210-3
  • Quilici S, Chancellor J, Löthgren M, et al. Meta-analysis of duloxetine vs. pregabalin and gabapentin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. BMC Neurol. 2009;9:6. doi:10.1186/1471-2377-9-6
  • Snedecor SJ, Sudharshan L, Cappelleri JC, Sadosky A, Mehta S, Botteman M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacological therapies for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain Pract. 2014;14(2):167–184. doi:10.1111/papr.12054
  • Vilar S, Castillo JM, Munuera Martínez PV, Reina M, Pabón M. Therapeutic alternatives in painful diabetic neuropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Korean J Pain. 2018;31(4):253–260. doi:10.3344/kjp.2018.31.4.253
  • Waldfogel JM, Nesbit SA, Dy SM, et al. Pharmacotherapy for diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain and quality of life: a systematic review. Neurology. 2017;88(20):1958–1967. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000003882
  • Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6(6):Cd007938. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4
  • Alam U, Sloan G, Tesfaye S. Treating pain in diabetic neuropathy: current and developmental drugs. Drugs. 2020;80(4):363–384. doi:10.1007/s40265-020-01259-2
  • Gillman PK. Tricyclic antidepressant pharmacology and therapeutic drug interactions updated. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;151(6):737–748. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707253
  • Benbouzid M, Gavériaux-Ruff C, Yalcin I, et al. Delta-opioid receptors are critical for tricyclic antidepressant treatment of neuropathic allodynia. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(6):633–636. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.016
  • Griebeler ML, Morey-Vargas OL, Brito JP, et al. Pharmacologic interventions for painful diabetic neuropathy: an umbrella systematic review and comparative effectiveness network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(9):639–649. doi:10.7326/m14-0511
  • Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Aldington D, Moore RA. Nortriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;1(1):Cd011209. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011209.pub2
  • Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ. Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:Cd007115. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007115.pub3
  • Markovits E, Gilhar A. Capsaicin--an effective topical treatment in pain. Int J Dermatol. 1997;36(6):401–404. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00102.x
  • Simpson DM, Robinson-Papp J, Van J, et al. Capsaicin 8% patch in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Pain. 2017;18(1):42–53. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.09.008
  • Vinik AI, Perrot S, Vinik EJ, et al. Capsaicin 8% patch repeat treatment plus standard of care (SOC) versus SOC alone in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a randomised, 52-week, open-label, safety study. BMC Neurol. 2016;16(1):251. doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0752-7
  • Anand P, Privitera R, Donatien P, et al. Reversing painful and non-painful diabetic neuropathy with the capsaicin 8% patch: clinical evidence for pain relief and restoration of function via nerve fiber regeneration. Front Neurol. 2022;13:998904. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.998904
  • Martini C, Yassen A, Olofsen E, Passier P, Stoker M, Dahan A. Pharmacodynamic analysis of the analgesic effect of capsaicin 8% patch (Qutenza™) in diabetic neuropathic pain patients: detection of distinct response groups. J Pain Res. 2012;5:51–59. doi:10.2147/jpr.S30406
  • Barbano RL, Herrmann DN, Hart-Gouleau S, Pennella-Vaughan J, Lodewick PA, Dworkin RH. Effectiveness, tolerability, and impact on quality of life of the 5% lidocaine patch in diabetic polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(6):914–918. doi:10.1001/archneur.61.6.914
  • Argoff CE, Galer BS, Jensen MP, Oleka N, Gammaitoni AR. Effectiveness of the lidocaine patch 5% on pain qualities in three chronic pain states: assessment with the Neuropathic Pain Scale. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(Suppl 2):S21–8. doi:10.1185/030079904x12960
  • Baron R, Mayoral V, Leijon G, Binder A, Steigerwald I, Serpell M. 5% lidocaine medicated plaster versus pregabalin in post-herpetic neuralgia and diabetic polyneuropathy: an open-label, non-inferiority two-stage RCT study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(7):1663–1676. doi:10.1185/03007990903047880
  • Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA, Quinlan J. Topical lidocaine for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(7):Cd010958. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010958.pub2
  • Agrawal R, Goswami J, Jain S and Kochar D. Management of diabetic neuropathy by sodium valproate and glyceryl trinitrate spray: A prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 2009;83(3):371–378. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.12.018
  • Agrawal R, Choudhary R, Sharma P, et al. Glyceryl trinitrate spray in the management of painful diabetic neuropathy: A randomized double blind placebo controlled cross-over study. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 2007;77(2):161–167. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.12.003
  • Yuen KC, Baker NR, Rayman G. Treatment of Chronic Painful Diabetic Neuropathy with Isosorbide Dinitrate Spray. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(10):1699–1703. doi:10.2337/diacare.25.10.1699
  • Gaskell H, Moore RA, Derry S, Stannard C. Oxycodone for pain in fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9(9):Cd012329. doi:10.1002/14651858.Cd012329
  • Tesfaye S, Wilhelm S, Lledo A, et al. Duloxetine and pregabalin: high-dose monotherapy or their combination? The “COMBO-DN study”--a multinational, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain. 2013;154(12):2616–2625. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.043
  • Tesfaye S, Sloan G, Petrie J, et al. Comparison of amitriptyline supplemented with pregabalin, pregabalin supplemented with amitriptyline, and duloxetine supplemented with pregabalin for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (OPTION-DM): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised crossover trial. Lancet. 2022;400(10353):680–690. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01472-6
  • Tesfaye S, Sloan G, Petrie J, et al. Optimal pharmacotherapy pathway in adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: the OPTION-DM RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2022;26(39):1–100. doi:10.3310/rxuo6757
  • Iacob E, Hagn EE, Sindt J, et al. Tertiary Care Clinical Experience with Intravenous Lidocaine Infusions for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Pain Med. 2018;19(6):1245–1253. doi:10.1093/pm/pnx167
  • Kim YC, Castañeda AM, Lee CS, Jin HS, Park KS, Moon JY. Efficacy and safety of lidocaine infusion treatment for neuropathic pain: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(4):415–424. doi:10.1097/aap.0000000000000741
  • Fields HL, Rowbotham M, Baron R. Postherpetic neuralgia: irritable nociceptors and deafferentation. Neurobiol Dis. 1998;5(4):209–227. doi:10.1006/nbdi.1998.0204
  • Demant DT, Lund K, Vollert J, et al. The effect of oxcarbazepine in peripheral neuropathic pain depends on pain phenotype: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phenotype-stratified study. Pain. 2014;155(11):2263–2273. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.08.014
  • Demant DT, Lund K, Finnerup NB, et al. Pain relief with lidocaine 5% patch in localized peripheral neuropathic pain in relation to pain phenotype: a randomised, double-blind, and placebo-controlled, phenotype panel study. Pain. 2015;156(11):2234–2244. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000266
  • Wilkinson ID, Teh K, Heiberg-Gibbons F, et al. Determinants of treatment response in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a combined deep sensory phenotyping and multimodal brain MRI study. Diabetes. 2020;69(8):1804–1814. doi:10.2337/db20-0029
  • Campbell CM, Kipnes MS, Stouch BC, et al. Randomized control trial of topical clonidine for treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain. 2012;153(9):1815–1823. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.014
  • González-Duarte A, Lem M, Díaz-Díaz E, Castillo C, Cárdenas-Soto K. The efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of prediabetic neuropathic pain. Clin J Pain. 2016;32(11):927–932. doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000339
  • Selvarajah D, Wilkinson ID, Fang F, et al. Structural and functional abnormalities of the primary somatosensory cortex in diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a multimodal MRI study. Diabetes. 2019;68(4):796–806. doi:10.2337/db18-0509
  • Niesters M, Proto PL, Aarts L, Sarton EY, Drewes AM, Dahan A. Tapentadol potentiates descending pain inhibition in chronic pain patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113(1):148–156. doi:10.1093/bja/aeu056
  • Yarnitsky D, Granot M, Nahman-Averbuch H, Khamaisi M, Granovsky Y. Conditioned pain modulation predicts duloxetine efficacy in painful diabetic neuropathy. Pain. 2012;153(6):1193–1198. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.021
  • Lee-Kubli C, Marshall AG, Malik RA, Calcutt NA. The H-reflex as a biomarker for spinal disinhibition in painful diabetic neuropathy. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(1):1. doi:10.1007/s11892-018-0969-5
  • Zhou X, Zhu Y, Wang Z, et al. Rate-dependent depression: a predictor of the therapeutic efficacy in treating painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes. 2022;71(6):1272–1281. doi:10.2337/db21-0960
  • Forstenpointner J, Otto J, Baron R. Individualized neuropathic pain therapy based on phenotyping: are we there yet? Pain. 2018;159(3):569–575. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001088
  • Gilron I, Coderre TJ. Emerging drugs in neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2007;12(1):113–126. doi:10.1517/14728214.12.1.113
  • Shaibani AI, Pope LE, Thisted R, Hepner A. Efficacy and safety of dextromethorphan/quinidine at two dosage levels for diabetic neuropathic pain: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Pain Med. 2012;13(2):243–254. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01316.x
  • Allen R, Sharma U, Barlas S. Clinical experience with desvenlafaxine in treatment of pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Pain Res. 2014;7:339–351. doi:10.2147/jpr.S55682
  • Deecher DC, Beyer CE, Johnston G, et al. Desvenlafaxine succinate: a new serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;318(2):657–665. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.103382
  • Rice ASC, Dworkin RH, McCarthy TD, et al. EMA401, an orally administered highly selective angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist, as a novel treatment for postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2 clinical trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9929):1637–1647. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62337-5
  • Anand U, Yiangou Y, Sinisi M, et al. Mechanisms underlying clinical efficacy of Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) antagonist EMA401 in neuropathic pain: clinical tissue and in vitro studies. Mol Pain. 2015;11:38. doi:10.1186/s12990-015-0038-x
  • Liu Y, Luo B, Han F, et al. Erythropoietin-derived nonerythropoietic peptide ameliorates experimental autoimmune neuritis by inflammation suppression and tissue protection. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e90942. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090942
  • Zhang W, Yu G, Zhang M. ARA 290 relieves pathophysiological pain by targeting TRPV1 channel: integration between immune system and nociception. Peptides. 2016;76:73–79. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2016.01.003
  • Brines M, Dunne AN, van Velzen M, et al. ARA 290, a nonerythropoietic peptide engineered from erythropoietin, improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol Med. 2015;20(1):658–666. doi:10.2119/molmed.2014.00215
  • Culver DA, Dahan A, Bajorunas D, et al. Cibinetide improves corneal nerve fiber abundance in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small nerve fiber loss and neuropathic pain. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(6):Bio52–bio60. doi:10.1167/iovs.16-21291
  • Jain SM, Balamurugan R, Tandon M, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ISC 17536, an oral inhibitor of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: impact of preserved small nerve fiber function. Pain. 2022;163(6):e738–e747. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002470
  • Bramson C, Herrmann DN, Carey W, et al. Exploring the role of tanezumab as a novel treatment for the relief of neuropathic pain. Pain Med. 2015;16(6):1163–1176. doi:10.1111/pme.12677
  • Bernier LP, Ase AR, Séguéla P. P2X receptor channels in chronic pain pathways. Br J Pharmacol. 2018;175(12):2219–2230. doi:10.1111/bph.13957
  • Jarvis MF, Burgard EC, McGaraughty S, et al. A-317491, a novel potent and selective non-nucleotide antagonist of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors, reduces chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(26):17179–17184. doi:10.1073/pnas.252537299
  • Rao S, Liu S, Zou L, et al. The effect of sinomenine in diabetic neuropathic pain mediated by the P2X(3) receptor in dorsal root ganglia. Purinergic Signal. 2017;13(2):227–235. doi:10.1007/s11302-016-9554-z
  • Rastogi A, Jude EB. Novel treatment modalities for painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021;15(1):287–293. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.01.004
  • Kopsky DJ, Hesselink JM. High doses of topical amitriptyline in neuropathic pain: two cases and literature review. Pain Pract. 2012;12(2):148–153. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00477.x
  • Mahoney JM, Vardaxis V, Moore JL, Hall AM, Haffner KE, Peterson MC. Topical ketamine cream in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind initial study. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2012;102(3):178–183. doi:10.7547/1020178
  • Ali G, Subhan F, Abbas M, Zeb J, Shahid M, Sewell RD. A streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathic pain model for static or dynamic mechanical allodynia and vulvodynia: validation using topical and systemic gabapentin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2015;388(11):1129–1140. doi:10.1007/s00210-015-1145-y
  • Alam U, Arul-Devah V, Javed S, Malik RA. Vitamin D and diabetic complications: true or false prophet? Diabetes Ther. 2016;7(1):11–26. doi:10.1007/s13300-016-0159-x
  • Lv WS, Zhao WJ, Gong SL, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2015;38(5):513–518. doi:10.1007/s40618-014-0210-6
  • Alam U, Petropoulos IN, Ponirakis G, et al. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2021;37(1):e3361. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3361
  • Basit A, Basit KA, Fawwad A, et al. Vitamin D for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2016;4(1):e000148. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000148
  • Alam U, Fawwad A, Shaheen F, Tahir B, Basit A, Malik RA. Improvement in neuropathy specific quality of life in patients with diabetes after vitamin D supplementation. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:7928083. doi:10.1155/2017/7928083