275
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW

Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Associations of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease

, , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 283-294 | Received 09 Aug 2023, Accepted 29 Dec 2023, Published online: 21 Jan 2024

References

  • Mathur A, Marine M, Lu D, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease. HPB. 2007;9(4):312–318. doi:10.1080/13651820701504157
  • Filippatos TD. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease: a Diagnosis of Increasing Importance. Angiology. 2022;73(6):495–496. doi:10.1177/00033197211053902
  • Pinnick KE, Collins SC, Londos C, Gauguier D, Clark A, Fielding BA. Pancreatic ectopic fat is characterized by adipocyte infiltration and altered lipid composition. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(3):522–530. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.110
  • Kovanlikaya A, Mittelman SD, Ward A, Geffner ME, Dorey F, Gilsanz V. Obesity and fat quantification in lean tissues using three-point Dixon MR imaging. Pediatr Radiol. 2005;35(6):601–607. doi:10.1007/s00247-005-1413-y
  • Ogilvie RF. The islands of Langerhans in 19 cases of obesity. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1933;37(3):473–481. doi:10.1002/path.1700370314
  • Paul J, Shihaz AVH. Pancreatic Steatosis: a New Diagnosis and Therapeutic Challenge in Gastroenterology. Arq Gastroenterol. 2020;57(2):216–220. doi:10.1590/s0004-2803.202000000-27
  • Smits MM, van Geenen EJ. The clinical significance of pancreatic steatosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8(3):169–177. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.4
  • Wang CY, Ou HY, Chen MF, Chang TC, Chang CJ. Enigmatic ectopic fat: prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease and its associated factors in a Chinese population. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(1):e000297. doi:10.1161/JAHA.113.000297
  • Wong VW, Wong GL, Yeung DK, et al. Fatty pancreas, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function: a population study using fat-water magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(4):589–597. doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.1
  • Sepe PS, Ohri A, Sanaka S, et al. A prospective evaluation of fatty pancreas by using EUS. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73(5):987–993. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2011.01.015
  • Lesmana CR, Pakasi LS, Inggriani S, Aidawati ML, Lesmana LA. Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease (NAFPD) and its risk factors among adult medical check-up patients in a private hospital: a large cross sectional study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015;15:174. doi:10.1186/s12876-015-0404-1
  • Al-Haddad M, Khashab M, Zyromski N, et al. Risk factors for hyperechogenic pancreas on endoscopic ultrasound: a case-control study. Pancreas. 2009;38(6):672–675. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181a9d5af
  • Muftah AA, Pecha RL, Riojas Barrett M, et al. Pancreatic parenchymal changes seen on endoscopic ultrasound are dynamic in the setting of fatty pancreas: a short-term follow-up study. Pancreatology. 2022;22(8):1187–1194. doi:10.1016/j.pan.2022.10.006
  • Ahbab S, Ünsal A, Ataoğlu HE, Can TS, Kayaş D, Savaş Y. Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes are Independent Risk Factors for Computed Tomography-Estimated Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease. Clinics. 2019;74:e1337. doi:10.6061/clinics/2019/e1337
  • Li J, Xie Y, Yuan F, Song B, Tang C. Noninvasive quantification of pancreatic fat in healthy male population using chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging: effect of aging on pancreatic fat content. Pancreas. 2011;40(2):295–299. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e318201669f
  • Patel NS, Peterson MR, Brenner DA, Heba E, Sirlin C, Loomba R. Association between novel MRI-estimated pancreatic fat and liver histology-determined steatosis and fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37(6):630–639. doi:10.1111/apt.12237
  • Tushuizen ME, Bunck MC, Pouwels PJ, et al. Pancreatic fat content and beta-cell function in men with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(11):2916–2921. doi:10.2337/dc07-0326
  • Ma J. Dixon techniques for water and fat imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;28(3):543–558. doi:10.1002/jmri.21492
  • Reeder SB, Pineda AR, Wen Z, et al. Iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL): application with fast spin-echo imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2005;54(3):636–644. doi:10.1002/mrm.20624
  • Singh RG, Yoon HD, Wu LM, Lu J, Plank LD, Petrov MS. Ectopic fat accumulation in the pancreas and its clinical relevance: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Metabolism. 2017;69:1–13. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.012
  • Catanzaro R, Cuffari B, Italia A, Marotta F. Exploring the metabolic syndrome: nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(34):7660–7675. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i34.7660
  • Rugivarodom M, Geeratragool T, Pausawasdi N, Charatcharoenwitthaya P. Fatty Pancreas: linking Pancreas Pathophysiology to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Exploring the metabolic syndrome: nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease Disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2022;10(6):1229–1239. doi:10.14218/JCTH.2022.00085
  • Guglielmi V, Sbraccia P. Type 2 diabetes: does pancreatic fat really matter? Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018;34(2). doi:10.1002/dmrr.2955
  • Tannenbaum BM, Brindley DN, Tannenbaum GS, Dallman MF, McArthur MD, Meaney MJ. High-fat feeding alters both basal and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in the rat. Am J Physiol. 1997;273(6):E1168–1177. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.6.E1168
  • Kyrou I, Tsigos C. Stress mechanisms and metabolic complications. Horm Metab Res. 2007;39(6):430–438. doi:10.1055/s-2007-981462
  • Fraulob JC, Ogg-Diamantino R, Fernandes-Santos C, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. A Mouse Model of Metabolic Syndrome: insulin Resistance, Fatty Liver and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease (NAFPD) in C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High Fat Diet. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2010;46(3):212–223. doi:10.3164/jcbn.09-83
  • Zhang X, Cui Y, Fang L, Li F. Chronic high-fat diets induce oxide injuries and fibrogenesis of pancreatic cells in rats. Pancreas. 2008;37(3):e31–38. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181744b50
  • Filippatos TD, Alexakis K, Mavrikaki V, Mikhailidis DP. Nonalcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease: role in Metabolic Syndrome, “Prediabetes”, Diabetes and Atherosclerosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2022;67(1):26–41. doi:10.1007/s10620-021-06824-7
  • Yoshikawa H, Tajiri Y, Sako Y, Hashimoto T, Umeda F, Nawata H. Effects of free fatty acids on beta-cell functions: a possible involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha or pancreatic/duodenal homeobox. Metabolism. 2001;50(5):613–618. doi:10.1053/meta.2001.22565
  • Walz HA, Harndahl L, Wierup N, et al. Early and rapid development of insulin resistance, islet dysfunction and glucose intolerance after high-fat feeding in mice overexpressing phosphodiesterase 3B. J Endocrinol. 2006;189(3):629–641. doi:10.1677/joe.1.06522
  • Houten SM, Wanders RJ. A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2010;33(5):469–477. doi:10.1007/s10545-010-9061-2
  • Juge-Aubry CE, Henrichot E, Meier CA. Adipose tissue: a regulator of inflammation. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;19(4):547–566. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2005.07.009
  • Greenberg AS, Obin MS. Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(2):461S–465S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.2.461S
  • Matsuda A, Makino N, Tozawa T, et al. Pancreatic fat accumulation, fibrosis, and acinar cell injury in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat fed a chronic high-fat diet. Pancreas. 2014;43(5):735–743. doi:10.1097/MPA.0000000000000129
  • Horii T, Kozawa J, Fujita Y, et al. Lipid droplet accumulation in beta cells in patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and beta cell dysfunction involving decreased insulin granules. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:996716. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.996716
  • Petrov MS, Taylor R. Intra-pancreatic fat deposition: bringing hidden fat to the fore. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(3):153–168. doi:10.1038/s41575-021-00551-0
  • Altinel D, Basturk O, Sarmiento JM, et al. Lipomatous pseudohypertrophy of the pancreas: a clinicopathologically distinct entity. Pancreas. 2010;39(3):392–397. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181bd2923
  • Yan MX, Li YQ, Meng M, Ren HB, Kou Y. Long-term high-fat diet induces pancreatic injuries via pancreatic microcirculatory disturbances and oxidative stress in rats with hyperlipidemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;347(1):192–199. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.063
  • Lee Y, Lingvay I, Szczepaniak LS, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Unger RH. Pancreatic steatosis: harbinger of type 2 diabetes in obese rodents. Int J Obes Lond. 2010;34(2):396–400. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.245
  • Lopez JM, Bombi JA, Valderrama R, et al. Effects of prolonged ethanol intake and malnutrition on rat pancreas. Gut. 1996;38(2):285–292. doi:10.1136/gut.38.2.285
  • Chang ML. Fatty Pancreas-Centered Metabolic Basis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: from Obesity, Diabetes and Pancreatitis to Oncogenesis. Biomedicines. 2022;10(3). doi:10.3390/biomedicines10030692
  • Silva L, Fernandes MSS, Lima EA, Stefano JT, Oliveira CP, Jukemura J. Fatty Pancreas: disease or Finding? Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2021;76:e2439. doi:10.6061/clinics/2021/e2439
  • Patel S, Bellon EM, Haaga J, Park CH. Fat replacement of the exocrine pancreas. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1980;135(4):843–845. doi:10.2214/ajr.135.4.843
  • den Boer M, Voshol PJ, Kuipers F, Havekes LM, Romijn JA. Hepatic steatosis: a mediator of the metabolic syndrome. Lessons from animal models. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24(4):644–649. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000116217.57583.6e
  • Nunez-Duran E, Chanclon B, Sutt S, et al. Protein kinase STK25 aggravates the severity of non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease in mice. J Endocrinol. 2017;234(1):15–27. doi:10.1530/JOE-17-0018
  • Pinte L, Balaban DV, Baicus C, Jinga M. Non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease - practices for clinicians. Rom J Intern Med. 2019;57(3):209–219. doi:10.2478/rjim-2019-0005
  • Nascimento FA, Barbosa-da-silva S, Fernandes-Santos C, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. Adipose tissue, liver and pancreas structural alterations in C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat-high-sucrose diet supplemented with fish oil (n-3 fatty acid rich oil). Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2010;62(1):17–25. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2008.12.008
  • Lee Y, Hirose H, Ohneda M, Johnson JH, McGarry JD, Unger RH. Beta-cell lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of obese rats: impairment in adipocyte-beta-cell relationships. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91(23):10878–10882. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.10878
  • Chitturi S, Abeygunasekera S, Farrell GC, et al. NASH and insulin resistance: insulin hypersecretion and specific association with the insulin resistance syndrome. Hepatology. 2002;35(2):373–379. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.30692
  • Bollheimer LC, Skelly RH, Chester MW, McGarry JD, Rhodes CJ. Chronic exposure to free fatty acid reduces pancreatic beta cell insulin content by increasing basal insulin secretion that is not compensated for by a corresponding increase in proinsulin biosynthesis translation. J Clin Invest. 1998;101(5):1094–1101. doi:10.1172/JCI420
  • Lin M, Weng SY, Chai KF, Mao ZJ. Lipidomics as a tool of predicting progression from non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease to type 2 diabetes mellitus. RSC Adv. 2019;9(71):41419–41430. doi:10.1039/c9ra07071k
  • Bonora E. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Ann Med. 2006;38(1):64–80. doi:10.1080/07853890500401234
  • Yu TY, Wang CY. Impact of non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease on glucose metabolism. J Diabetes Investig. 2017;8(6):735–747. doi:10.1111/jdi.12665
  • Fernandes-Santos C, Evangelista Carneiro R, de Souza Mendonca L, Barbosa Aguila M, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Rosiglitazone aggravates nonalcoholic Fatty pancreatic disease in C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat and high-sucrose diet. Pancreas. 2009;38(3):e80–86. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181987d9d
  • Fields M, Lewis CG. Impaired endocrine and exocrine pancreatic functions in copper-deficient rats: the effect of gender. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997;16(4):346–351. doi:10.1080/07315724.1997.10718696
  • Tarantino G, Porcu C, Arciello M, Andreozzi P, Balsano C. Prediction of carotid intima-media thickness in obese patients with low prevalence of comorbidities by serum copper bioavailability. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33(8):1511–1517. doi:10.1111/jgh.14104
  • Walters MN. Adipose atrophy of the exocrine pancreas. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1966;92(2):547–557. doi:10.1002/path.1700920232
  • de Wilde J, Mohren R, van den Berg S, et al. Short-term high fat-feeding results in morphological and metabolic adaptations in the skeletal muscle of C57BL/6J mice. Physiol Genomics. 2008;32(3):360–369. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00219.2007
  • Emery MG, Fisher JM, Chien JY, et al. CYP2E1 activity before and after weight loss in morbidly obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2003;38(2):428–435. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50342
  • Chtioui H, Semela D, Ledermann M, Zimmermann A, Dufour JF. Expression and activity of the cytochrome P450 2E1 in patients with nonalcoholic steatosis and steatohepatitis. Liver Int. 2007;27(6):764–771. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01524.x
  • Ikejima K, Okumura K, Kon K, Takei Y, Sato N. Role of adipocytokines in hepatic fibrogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(Suppl 1):S87–92. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04961.x
  • Nerstedt A, Cansby E, Andersson CX, et al. Serine/threonine protein kinase 25 (STK25): a novel negative regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism in rodent and human skeletal muscle. Diabetologia. 2012;55(6):1797–1807. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2511-7
  • Chursa U, Nunez-Duran E, Cansby E, et al. Overexpression of protein kinase STK25 in mice exacerbates ectopic lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Diabetologia. 2017;60(3):553–567. doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4171-5
  • Amrutkar M, Cansby E, Chursa U, et al. Genetic Disruption of Protein Kinase STK25 Ameliorates Metabolic Defects in a Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes Model. Diabetes. 2015;64(8):2791–2804. doi:10.2337/db15-0060
  • Amrutkar M, Cansby E, Nunez-Duran E, et al. Protein kinase STK25 regulates hepatic lipid partitioning and progression of liver steatosis and NASH. FASEB J. 2015;29(4):1564–1576. doi:10.1096/fj.14-264937
  • Amrutkar M, Chursa U, Kern M, et al. STK25 is a critical determinant in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. FASEB J. 2016;30(10):3628–3643. doi:10.1096/fj.201600562R
  • Munzberg H, Flier JS, Bjorbaek C. Region-specific leptin resistance within the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese mice. Endocrinology. 2004;145(11):4880–4889. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0726
  • Akagiri S, Naito Y, Ichikawa H, et al. A Mouse Model of Metabolic Syndrome; Increase in Visceral Adipose Tissue Precedes the Development of Fatty Liver and Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Diet-Fed Male KK/Ta Mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008;42(2):150–157. doi:10.3164/jcbn.2008022
  • Al-Ani Z, Ko J, Petrov MS. Intra-pancreatic fat deposition across the pancreatitis spectrum and the influence of gut hormones. Dig Liver Dis. 2023;55(8):1081–1090. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2023.02.013
  • Finelli C, Padula MC, Martelli G, Tarantino G. Could the improvement of obesity-related co-morbidities depend on modified gut hormones secretion? World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(44):16649–16664. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16649
  • Begovatz P, Koliaki C, Weber K, et al. Pancreatic adipose tissue infiltration, parenchymal steatosis and beta cell function in humans. Diabetologia. 2015;58(7):1646–1655. doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3544-5
  • Heni M, Machann J, Staiger H, et al. Pancreatic fat is negatively associated with insulin secretion in individuals with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance: a nuclear magnetic resonance study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2010;26(3):200–205. doi:10.1002/dmrr.1073
  • Ozturk K, Uygun A, Guler AK, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in young adult men. Atherosclerosis. 2015;240(2):380–386. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.009
  • Li YX, Sang YQ, Sun Y, et al. Pancreatic Fat is not significantly correlated with beta-cell Dysfunction in Patients with new-onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus using quantitative Computed Tomography. Int J Med Sci. 2020;17(12):1673–1682. doi:10.7150/ijms.46395
  • van Geenen EJ, Smits MM, Schreuder TC, van der Peet DL, Bloemena E, Mulder CJ. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is related to nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease. Pancreas. 2010;39(8):1185–1190. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181f6fce2
  • Wu S, Wu F, Ding Y, Hou J, Bi J, Zhang Z. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:33386. doi:10.1038/srep33386
  • Sijens PE, Edens MA, Bakker SJ, Stolk RP. MRI-determined fat content of human liver, pancreas and kidney. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(16):1993–1998. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i16.1993
  • Della Corte C, Mosca A, Majo F, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease and Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: more than ectopic fat. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;83(5):656–662. doi:10.1111/cen.12862
  • Patel NS, Peterson MR, Lin GY, et al. Insulin Resistance Increases MRI-Estimated Pancreatic Fat in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Normal Controls. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013;2013:498296. doi:10.1155/2013/498296
  • Schwenzer NF, Machann J, Martirosian P, et al. Quantification of pancreatic lipomatosis and liver steatosis by MRI: comparison of in/opposed-phase and spectral-spatial excitation techniques. Invest Radiol. 2008;43(5):330–337. doi:10.1097/RLI.0b013e31816a88c6
  • Rathod A, Neema S, Radhakrishnan S, Vendhan S, Tripathy DM, Vasudevan B. Palmoplantar Plaque Psoriasis is Associated with Diabetes, Hypertension, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome-A Case-Control Study. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2022;13(5):606–610. doi:10.4103/idoj.idoj_59_22
  • Jensen P, Skov L. Psoriasis and Obesity. Dermatology. 2016;232(6):633–639. doi:10.1159/000455840
  • Hao Y, Zhu YJ, Zou S, et al. Metabolic Syndrome and Psoriasis: mechanisms and Future Directions. Front Immunol. 2021;12:711060. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.711060
  • Balato N, Napolitano M, Ayala F, Patruno C, Megna M, Tarantino G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, spleen and psoriasis: new aspects of low-grade chronic inflammation. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(22):6892–6897. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i22.6892
  • Białecka A. Evaluation of pancreatic function in patients with plaque psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2023;40(3):372–376. doi:10.5114/ada.2023.129400
  • Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet. 2005;366(9492):1197–1209. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1
  • Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, De Block CE. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006;444(7121):875–880. doi:10.1038/nature05487
  • Panuganti KK, Nguyen M, Kshirsagar RK. Obesity. Statpearls, Treasure Island. 2022.
  • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2735–2752. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404
  • Lee JS, Kim SH, Jun DW, et al. Clinical implications of fatty pancreas: correlations between fatty pancreas and metabolic syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(15):1869–1875. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.1869
  • Wu WC, Wang CY. Association between non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease (NAFPD) and the metabolic syndrome: case-control retrospective study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013;12:77. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-12-77
  • Ozturk K, Dogan T, Celikkanat S, et al. The association of fatty pancreas with subclinical atherosclerosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;30(4):411–417. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000001059
  • Seppala-Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, Hakkinen AM, et al. Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(7):3023–3028. doi:10.1210/jcem.87.7.8638
  • Gabriely I, Ma XH, Yang XM, et al. Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging: an adipokine-mediated process? Diabetes. 2002;51(10):2951–2958. doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2951
  • Kotronen A, Seppala-Lindroos A, Bergholm R, Yki-Jarvinen H. Tissue specificity of insulin resistance in humans: fat in the liver rather than muscle is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia. 2008;51(1):130–138. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0867-x
  • Milburn JL Jr, Hirose H, Lee YH, et al. Pancreatic beta-cells in obesity. Evidence for induction of functional, morphologic, and metabolic abnormalities by increased long chain fatty acids. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(3):1295–1299. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.3.1295
  • Lingvay I, Esser V, Legendre JL, et al. Noninvasive quantification of pancreatic fat in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):4070–4076. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0584
  • Yamazaki H, Tsuboya T, Katanuma A, et al. Lack of Independent Association Between Fatty Pancreas and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: 5-Year Japanese Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(10):1677–1683. doi:10.2337/dc16-0074
  • Raeder H, Haldorsen IS, Ersland L, et al. Pancreatic lipomatosis is a structural marker in nondiabetic children with mutations in carboxyl-ester lipase. Diabetes. 2007;56(2):444–449. doi:10.2337/db06-0859
  • Lim S, Meigs JB. Links between ectopic fat and vascular disease in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(9):1820–1826. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303035
  • Chung GE, Choi SY, Kim D, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor of arterial stiffness measured by the cardioankle vascular index. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(12):e654. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000654
  • Ozturk K, Guler AK, Cakir M, et al. Pulse Wave Velocity, Intima Media Thickness, and Flow-mediated Dilatation in Patients with Normotensive Normoglycemic Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(6):1314–1320. doi:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000355
  • Rasool A, Dar W, Latief M, Dar I, Sofi N, Khan MA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as an independent risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis. Brain Circ. 2017;3(1):35–40. doi:10.4103/bc.bc_28_16
  • Fracanzani AL, Tiraboschi S, Pisano G, et al. Progression of carotid vascular damage and cardiovascular events in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients compared to the general population during 10 years of follow-up. Atherosclerosis. 2016;246:208–213. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.016
  • Li N, Zhang GW, Zhang JR, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with progression of arterial stiffness. Nutr, Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25(2):218–223. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.002
  • Zheng J, Zhou Y, Zhang K, et al. Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and subclinical atherosclerosis: a cross-sectional study on population over 40 years old. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018;18(1):147. doi:10.1186/s12872-018-0877-2
  • Sahin S, Yerlikaya MG, Ozderya A, et al. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease is Associated with SYNTAX Score in Acute Coronary Syndrome. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2022;38(6):683–690. doi:10.6515/ACS.202211_38(6).20220424A
  • Kul S, Karadeniz A, Dursun I, et al. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Pancreas Disease is Associated with Increased Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Aortic Intima-Media Thickness. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2019;35(2):118–125. doi:10.6515/ACS.201903_35(2).20181009A
  • Pitt HA. Hepato-pancreato-biliary fat: the good, the bad and the ugly. HPB. 2007;9(2):92–97. doi:10.1080/13651820701286177
  • Zyromski NJ, Mathur A, Pitt HA, et al. A murine model of obesity implicates the adipokine milieu in the pathogenesis of severe acute pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;295(3):G552–558. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.90278.2008
  • Sbeit W, Khoury T. Fatty Pancreas Represents a Risk Factor for Acute Pancreatitis: a Pilot Study. Pancreas. 2021;50(7):990–993. doi:10.1097/MPA.0000000000001867
  • Arslan AA, Helzlsouer KJ, Kooperberg C, et al. Anthropometric measures, body mass index, and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium (PanScan). Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(9):791–802. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.63
  • Lesmana CRA, Gani RA, Lesmana LA. Non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer based on endoscopic ultrasound examination among pancreatic cancer patients: a single-center experience. JGH Open. 2018;2(1):4–7. doi:10.1002/jgh3.12032
  • Hori M, Takahashi M, Hiraoka N, et al. Association of pancreatic Fatty infiltration with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2014;5(3):e53. doi:10.1038/ctg.2014.5
  • Khoury T, Sbeit W. Fatty Pancreas and Pancreatic Cancer: an Overlooked Association? J Clin Med. 2022;11(3). doi:10.3390/jcm11030763
  • Mathur A, Zyromski NJ, Pitt HA, et al. Pancreatic steatosis promotes dissemination and lethality of pancreatic cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(5):989–994. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.12.026
  • Zhang CL, Wang JJ, Li JN, Yang Y. Nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease: an emerging clinical challenge. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(23):6624–6638. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i23.6624
  • Rizos CV, Liberopoulos EN, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. Pleiotropic effects of thiazolidinediones. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9(7):1087–1108. doi:10.1517/14656566.9.7.1087
  • Gottlieb S. Company played down drug’s risks, report says. BMJ. 2001;322(7288).
  • Jia DM, Fukumitsu KI, Tabaru A, Akiyama T, Otsuki M. Troglitazone stimulates pancreatic growth in congenitally CCK-A receptor-deficient OLETF rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;280(5):R1332–1340. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.5.R1332
  • Fang T, Huang S, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chen J, Hu W. Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Alter Pancreatic and Hepatic Histology and Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in High-fat Diet Mouse Model. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2021;129(9):625–633. doi:10.1055/a-1240-4936
  • Akoumianakis I, Zagaliotis A, Konstantaraki M, Filippatos TD. GLP-1 analogs and regional adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2023;e13574. doi:10.1111/obr.13574
  • Souza-Mello V, Gregório BM, Relvas-Lucas B, da Silva Faria T, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Pancreatic ultrastructural enhancement due to telmisartan plus sitagliptin treatment in diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Pancreas. 2011;40(5):715–722. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3182153922
  • Salman AA, Salman MA, Said M, et al. Improvement of Pancreatic Steatosis and Indices of Insulin Resistance After Metabolic Surgery. Front Med Lausanne. 2022;9:894465. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.894465
  • Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Ann Hepatol. 2023:101133. doi:10.1016/j.aohep.2023.101133
  • Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J Hepatol. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2023.06.003
  • Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology. 2023. doi:10.1097/hep.0000000000000520