Sex-Specific Contribution of Cardiometabolic Index in Predicting Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: Insights from a General Population

References

• Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statementJ. J Hepatol. 2020;73(1):202–209. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(7):1999–2014. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslam M, Sarin SK, Wong VW, et al. The Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Hepatol Int. 2020;14(6):889–919. doi:10.1007/s12072-020-10094-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamura S, Eslam M, Kawaguchi T, et al. MAFLD identifies patients with significant hepatic fibrosis better than NAFLD. Liver Int. 2020;40(12):3018–3030. doi:10.1111/liv.14675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin S, Huang J, Wang M, et al. Comparison of MAFLD and NAFLD diagnostic criteria in real world. Liver Int. 2020;40(9):2082–2089. doi:10.1111/liv.14548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Lee YH, Kim SU, et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and incident cardiovascular disease risk: a nationwide cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(10):2138–2147. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.12.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, et al. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15(1):11–20. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarin SK, Kumar M, Eslam M, et al. Liver diseases in the Asia-Pacific region: a lancet gastroenterology & hepatology commission. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(2):167–228. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30342-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Wilson LA, et al. Association of histologic disease activity with progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(10):e1912565. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilar-Gomez E, Calzadilla-Bertot L, Wai-Sun WV, et al. Fibrosis severity as a determinant of cause-specific mortality in patients with advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a multi-national cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(2):443–457. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.04.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Cuevas J, Lucano-Landeros S, López-Cifuentes D, et al. Epidemiologic, genetic, pathogenic, metabolic, epigenetic aspects involved in NASH-HCC: current therapeutic Strategies. Cancers. 2022;15(1). doi:10.3390/cancers15010023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun D-Q, Jin Y, Wang T-Y, et al. MAFLD and risk of CKD. Metabolism. 2021;115:154433. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drozdz K, Nabrdalik K, Hajzler W, et al. Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD), diabetes, and cardiovascular disease: associations with fructose metabolism and gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2021;14(1):103. doi:10.3390/nu14010103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeren J, Scheja L. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Metab. 2021;50:101238. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Cuevas J, Santos A, Armendariz-Borunda J. Pathophysiological molecular mechanisms of obesity: a link between MAFLD and NASH with cardiovascular diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(21). doi:10.3390/ijms222111629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moura CG, Navin PJ, Fowler KJ, et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging for chronic liver disease. Br J Radiol. 2021;94(1121):20201377. doi:10.1259/bjr.20201377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho CS, Curran S, Schwartz LH, et al. Preoperative radiographic assessment of hepatic steatosis with histologic correlation. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206(3):480–488. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Mantzoros CS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia: an update. Metabolism. 2016;65(8):1109–1123. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milic S, Lulic D, Stimac D. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity: biochemical, metabolic and clinical presentations. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(28):9330–9337. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i28.9330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan N, Peng L, Xia Z, et al. Triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as a surrogate for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis. 2019;18(1):39. doi:10.1186/s12944-019-0986-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fukuda Y, Hashimoto Y, Hamaguchi M, et al. Triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is an independent predictor of incident fatty liver; a population-based cohort study. Liver Int. 2016;36(5):713–720. doi:10.1111/liv.12977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim-Dorner SJ, Deuster PA, Zeno SA, et al. Should triglycerides and the triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio be used as surrogates for insulin resistance? Metabolism. 2010;59(2):299–304. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomas Z, Skaric-Juric T, Zajc PM, et al. Waist to height ratio is the anthropometric index that most appropriately mirrors the lifestyle and psychological risk factors of obesity. Nutr Diet. 2019;76(5):539–545. doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashwell M, Gunn P, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2012;13(3):275–286. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00952.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa MM, Thume E, De Oliveira ER, et al. Performance of the waist-to-height ratio in identifying obesity and predicting non-communicable diseases in the elderly population: a systematic literature review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;65:174–182. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2016.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng G, Xie Q, Wang R, et al. Waist-to-height ratio and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021;21(1):239. doi:10.1186/s12876-021-01824-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakabayashi I, Daimon T. The “cardiometabolic index” as a new marker determined by adiposity and blood lipids for discrimination of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;438:274–278. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi WR, Wang HY, Chen S, et al. Estimate of prevalent diabetes from cardiometabolic index in general Chinese population: a community-based study. Lipids Health Dis. 2018;17(1):236. doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0886-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dursun M, Besiroglu H, Otunctemur A, et al. Association between cardiometabolic index and erectile dysfunction: a new index for predicting cardiovascular disease. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2016;32(12):620–623. doi:10.1016/j.kjms.2016.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Chen Y, Guo X, et al. Usefulness of cardiometabolic index for the estimation of ischemic stroke risk among general population in rural China. Postgrad Med. 2017;129(8):834–841. doi:10.1080/00325481.2017.1375714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Chen Y, Sun G, et al. Validity of cardiometabolic index, lipid accumulation product, and body adiposity index in predicting the risk of hypertension in Chinese population. Postgrad Med. 2018;130(3):325–333. doi:10.1080/00325481.2018.1444901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HY, Shi WR, Yi X, et al. Value of reduced glomerular filtration rate assessment with cardiometabolic index: insights from a population-based Chinese cohort. BMC Nephrol. 2018;19(1):294. doi:10.1186/s12882-018-1098-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zou J, Xiong H, Zhang H, et al. Association between the cardiometabolic index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: insights from a general population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22(1):20. doi:10.1186/s12876-022-02099-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Su Z, Feng Y, et al. Comparison of several blood lipid-related indexes in the screening of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in women: a cross-sectional study in the Pearl River Delta region of southern China. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021;21(1):482. doi:10.1186/s12876-021-02072-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia W, Weng J, Zhu D, et al. Standards of medical care for type 2 diabetes in China 2019. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;35(6):e3158. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Hu S, Wu L, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypertension in China: a systematic review of the methodological quality. BMJ Open. 2015;5(7):e8099. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vekic J, Zeljkovic A, Stefanovic A, et al. Obesity and dyslipidemia. Metabolism. 2019;92:71–81. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslam M, Ratziu V, George J. Yet more evidence that MAFLD is more than a name change. J Hepatol. 2021;74(4):977–979. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.12.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng J, Qin L, Jin Q, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of MAFLD in Chinese adults aged 40 years or older: a community-based study. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2022;21(2):154–161. doi:10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ipsen DH, Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018;75(18):3313–3327. doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2860-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundi MS, Velapati S, Patel J, et al. Evolution of NAFLD and Its Management. Nutr Clin Pract. 2020;35(1):72–84. doi:10.1002/ncp.10449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin IT, Lee MY, Wang CW, et al. Gender differences in the relationships among metabolic syndrome and various obesity-related indices with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a Taiwanese population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(3). doi:10.3390/ijerph18030857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Wang B, Yuan H, et al. Triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is the best surrogate marker for insulin resistance in nonobese middle-aged and elderly population: a cross-sectional study. Int J Endocrinol. 2021;2021:6676569. doi:10.1155/2021/6676569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quispe R, Martin SS, Jones SR. Triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2016;23(2):150–156. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xin Y, Wang Y, Chi J, et al. Elevated free fatty acid level is associated with insulin-resistant state in nondiabetic Chinese people. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:139–147. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S186505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina-Urrutia A, Posadas-Romero C, Posadas-Sanchez R, et al. Role of adiponectin and free fatty acids on the association between abdominal visceral fat and insulin resistance. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2015;14:20. doi:10.1186/s12933-015-0184-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks JD, Sparks CE, Adeli K. Selective hepatic insulin resistance, VLDL overproduction, and hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(9):2104–2112. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.241463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi SH, Ginsberg HN. Increased very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2011;22(9):353–363. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2011.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Du T, Zhang J, et al. The triglyceride and glucose index (TyG) is an effective biomarker to identify nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16(1):15. doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0409-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berk PD, Verna EC. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: lipids and insulin resistance. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20(2):245–262. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2015.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith HJ, Sharma A, Mair WB. Metabolic communication and healthy aging: where should we focus our energy? Dev Cell. 2020;54(2):196–211. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JafariNasabian P, Inglis JE, Reilly W, et al. Aging human body: changes in bone, muscle and body fat with consequent changes in nutrient intake. J Endocrinol. 2017;234(1):R37–R51. doi:10.1530/JOE-16-0603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correa-Rodriguez M, Gonzalez-Jimenez E, Fernandez-Aparicio A, et al. Dietary energy density is associated with body mass index and fat mass in early adulthood. Clin Nurs Res. 2021;30(5):591–598. doi:10.1177/1054773819883192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meredith-Jones K, Taylor R, Brown R, et al. Age- and sex-specific visceral fat reference cutoffs and their association with cardio-metabolic risk. Int J Obes. 2021;45(4):808–817. doi:10.1038/s41366-021-00743-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali R, Oriolo C. Obesity and androgens in women. Front Horm Res. 2019;53:120–134. doi:10.1159/000494908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar