Assessment of the Negative Factors for the Clinical Outcome in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

References

• World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 –; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020. Accessed March 13, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727–733. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worldometer. COVID-19: coronavirus pandemic; 2021. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus. Accessed March 13, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan RE, Adab P, Cheng KK. Covid‐19: risk factors for severe disease and death. BMJ. 2020;368:m1198. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas AM, Sayed R, Omar F, Ahmed L. Bidirectional relationship between COVID‐19 and diabetes. AJBSR. 2020;9(6):424–426. doi:10.34297/AJBSR.2020.09.001442
   Google Scholar
• Kalligeros M, Shehadeh F, Mylona EK, et al. Association of obesity with disease severity among patients with COVID‐19. Obesity. 2020;28(7):1200–1204. doi:10.1002/oby.22859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas AM, Fathy SK, Fawzy AT, Salem AS, Shawky MS. The mutual effects of COVID-19 and obesity. Obes Med. 2020;19:100250. doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100250
   Google Scholar
• Youssef ME, Yahya G, Popoviciu MS, Cavalu S, Abd-Eldayem MA, Saber S. Unlocking the Full Potential of SGLT2 Inhibitors: expanding Applications beyond Glycemic Control. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(7):6039. doi:10.3390/ijms24076039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacobellis G, Penaherrera CA, Bermudez LE, Mizrachi EB. Admission hyperglycemia and radiological findings of SARS-COv2 in patients with and without diabetes. Diab Res Clin Pract. 2020;164:108185. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ. COVID‐19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1033‐1034. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 2020;181(2):281–92 e286. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, Karran E, Christie G, Turner AJ. A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(43):33238–33243. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002615200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donoghue M, Hsieh F, Baronas E, et al. A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9. Circ Res. 2000;87:E1–E9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(2):271–280.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain M, Jabeen N, Raza F, et al. Structural variations in human ACE2 may influence its binding with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1580–1586. doi:10.1002/jmv.25832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glowacka I, Bertram S, Muller MA, et al. Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response. J Virol. 2011;85(9):4122–4134. doi:10.1128/JVI.02232-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M-Y, Li L, Zhang Y, Wang X-S. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):45. doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00662-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popoviciu MS, Kaka N, Sethi Y, Patel N, Chopra H, Cavalu S. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune diseases: a critical review of the association and the application of personalized medicine. J Pers Med. 2023;13(3):422. doi:10.3390/jpm13030422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batlle D, Wysocki J, Satchell K. Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy? Clin Sci. 2020;134(5):543–545. doi:10.1042/CS20200163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crețu OM, Dan RG, Blidişel IAC, Sima LV, Munteanu M, Păun I. Hemobilia through aneurysm of the right hepatic artery, 22 months after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: case presentation. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2017;58(1):197–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel VB, Zhong JC, Grant MB, Oudit GY. Role of the ACE2/Angiotensin 1-7 axis of the renin-angiotensin system in heart failure. Circ Res. 2016;118(8):1313–1326. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner AJ, Hiscox JA, Hooper NM. ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004;25(6):291–294. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2004.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, Zhong N, Slutsky AS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(4):586–590. doi:10.1007/s00134-020-05985-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardu C, D’Onofrio N, Balestrieri ML, et al. Hyperglycaemia on admission to hospital and COVID-19. Diabetologia. 2020;63(11):2486–2487. doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05216-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ADA. How COVID-19 impacts people with diabetes. Available from: https://www.diabetes.org/coronavirus-covid-19/how-coronavirus-impacts-people-with-diabetes. Accessed July 13, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Moore JB, June CH. Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19. Science. 2020;368(6490):473–474. doi:10.1126/science.abb8925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albai O, Frandes M, Timar B, Paun DL, Roman D, Timar R. Long-term risk of malignant neoplastic disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:1317–1326. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S243263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albai O, Timar B, Paun DL, Sima A, Roman D, Timar R. Metformin treatment: a potential cause of megaloblastic anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:3873–3878. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S270393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali Abdelhamid Y, Kar P, Finnis ME, et al. Stress hyperglycaemia in critically ill patients and the subsequent risk of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):301. doi:10.1186/s13054-016-1471-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilias I, Zabuliene L. Hyperglycemia and the novel covid-19 infection: possible pathophysiologic mechanisms. Med Hypotheses. 2020;139:109699. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of sars coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2021;47(3):193–199. doi:10.1007/s00592-009-0109-4
   Google Scholar
• Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kruger N. Polymorphisms in dipeptidyl peptidase 4 reduce host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):155–168. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1713705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(7):934–943. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–513. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardu C, D’Onofrio N, Balestrieri ML, Barbieri M, Rizzo MR. Messina, Maggi P, Coppola, Paolisso G, Marfella R: outcomes in patients with hyperglycemia affected by covid-19: can we do more on glycemic control? Diabetes Care. 2020;43(7):1408–1415. doi:10.2337/dc20-0723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, You X, Thaler LM, Kitabchi AE. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(3):978–982. doi:10.1210/jcem.87.3.8341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitcomb BW, Pradhan EK, Pittas AG, Roghmann MC, Perencevich EN. Impact of admission hyperglycemia on hospital mortality in various intensive care unit populations. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(12):2772–2777. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000189741.44071.25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albai O, Frandes M, Sima A, Timar B, Vlad A, Timar R. Practical applicability of the ISARIC-4C score on severity and mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicina. 2022;58(7):848. doi:10.3390/medicina58070848
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dungan KM, Braithwaite SS, Preiser JC. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet. 2009;373(9677):1798–1807. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60553-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang JK, Feng Y, Yuan MY. Plasma glucose levels and diabetes are independent predictors for mortality and morbidity in patients with SARS. Diabet Med. 2006;23(6):623–628. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01861.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh AK, Singh R. Hyperglycemia without diabetes and new-onset diabetes are both associated with poorer outcomes in COVID-19. Diabet Res Clin Pract. 2020;167:108382. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadini GP, Morieri ML, Boscari F, et al. Newly-diagnosed diabetes and admission hyperglycemia predict COVID-19 severity by aggravating respiratory deterioration. Diabet Res Clin Pract. 2020;168:108374. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppelli A, Giannarelli R, Aragona M, et al.; Pisa COVID-19 Study Group. Hyperglycemia at hospital admission is associated with severity of the prognosis in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: the Pisa COVID-19 Study. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(10):2345–2348. doi:10.2337/dc20-1380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, Chen H, Li J. Fasting blood glucose predicts the occurrence of critical illness in COVID-19 patients: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Infect. 2020;81(3):e20–e23. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SM, Boppana A, Traupman JA, et al. Impaired glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes, prediabetes, and obesity is associated with severe COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):409–415. doi:10.1002/jmv.26227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahrooz A, Muscogiuri G, Buzzetti R, Maddaloni E. The complex combination of COVID-19 and diabetes: pleiotropic changes in glucose metabolism. Endocrine. 2021;2:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Poly TN, Islam MM, Li YJ, Lin MC, Hsu MH, Wang YC. Metformin use is associated with decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes: evidence from retrospective studies and biological mechanism. J Clin Med. 2021;10(16):3507. doi:10.3390/jcm10163507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugwueze CV, Ezeokpo BC, Nnolim BI, et al. COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: the link and clinical implications. Dubai Diabetes Endocrinol J. 2020;26(2):69–77. doi:10.1159/000511354
   Google Scholar
• Santos A, Magro DO, Evangelista-Poderoso R, Saad MJA. Diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance in COVID-19: molecular interrelationship and therapeutic implications. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2021;13(1):23. doi:10.1186/s13098-021-00639-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocoş R, Mahler B, Turcu-Stiolica A, et al. Risk of death in comorbidity subgroups of hospitalized COVID-19 patients inferred by routine laboratory markers of systemic inflammation on admission: a retrospective study. Viruses. 2022;14(6):1201. doi:10.3390/v14061201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lighter J, Phillips M, Hochman S, et al. Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for Covid‐19 hospital admission. Clinl Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):896–897. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruglikov IL, Scherer PE. The role of adipocytes and adipocyte‐like cells in the severity of COVID‐19 infections. Obesity. 2020;28(7):1187‐1190. doi:10.1002/oby.22856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heialy SA, Hachim M, Senok A, et al. Regulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in obesity: implications for COVID‐19. bioRxiv. 2020;3:046938.
   Google Scholar
• CDC Weekly C. The novel coronavirus pneumonia emergency response epidemiology team The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) —China, 2020. China CDC Weekly. 2020;2(8):113–122. doi:10.46234/ccdcw2020.032
   PubMedGoogle Scholar