Association Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and MACCEs in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers: An Ambispective Longitudinal Cohort Study

References

• Wang L, Peng W, Zhao Z, et al. Prevalence and treatment of diabetes in china, 2013–2018. JAMA. 2021;326(24):2498–2506. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.22208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsner RS, Vivas AC. Lower-extremity ulcers: diagnosis and management. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(2):379–390. doi:10.1111/bjd.13953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura T, Watanabe Y, Tokuoka S, et al. Utility of skin perfusion pressure values with the society for vascular surgery wound, ischemia, and foot infection classification system. J Vasc Surg. 2019;70(4):1308–1317. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2019.01.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(24):2367–2375. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1615439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh JW, Hoffstad OJ, Sullivan MO, Margolis DJ. Association of diabetic foot ulcer and death in a population-based cohort from the United Kingdom. Diabet Med. 2016;33(11):1493–1498. doi:10.1111/dme.13054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong DG, Swerdlow MA, Armstrong AA, et al. Five year mortality and direct costs of care for people with diabetic foot complications are comparable to cancer. J Foot Ankle Res. 2020;13(1):16. doi:10.1186/s13047-020-00383-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020;73(1):202–209. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang M, Wei X-H, Cao H, et al. Association between Chinese visceral adiposity index and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:935980. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.935980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan C, Fu S, Zhen D, et al. Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes from a subcenter of the national metabolic management center. J Diabetes Res. 2022;2022:8429847. doi:10.1155/2022/8429847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abenavoli L, Guido Maria Scarlata G, Scarpellini E, et al. Metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and gut microbiota: from fatty liver to dysmetabolic Syndrome. Medicina. 2023;59(3):594. doi:10.3390/medicina59030594
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eslam M, El-Serag HB, Francque S, et al. Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease in individuals of normal weight. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(10):638–651. doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00635-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• En Chan K, Jia Ling Koh T, Shao Pin Tang A, et al. Global prevalence and clinical characteristics of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review of 10 739 607 individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(9):2691–2700. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alharthi J, Gastaldelli A, Homer Cua I, et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a year in review. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2022;38(3):251–260. doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyersohn NM, Mayrhofer T, Corey KE, et al. Association of hepatic steatosis with major adverse cardiovascular events, independent of coronary artery disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(7):1480–1488.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.07.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le MH, Yeo YH, Li X, et al. 2019 Global NAFLD prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(12):2809–2817.e28. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2021.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, et al. Global epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64(1):73–84. doi:10.1002/hep.28431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan J-G, Farrell GC. Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China. J Hepatol. 2009;50(1):204–210. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeeyavudeen MS, Khan SKA, Fouda S, et al. Management of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: the diabetology perspective. World J Gastroenterol. 2023;29(1):126–143. doi:10.3748/wjg.v29.i1.126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaper NC. Diabetic foot ulcer classification system for research purposes: a progress report on criteria for including patients in research studies. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004;20(Suppl 1):S90–5. doi:10.1002/dmrr.464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon B-J, Jun Choi H, Kang JS, et al. Comparison of five systems of classification of diabetic foot ulcers and predictive factors for amputation. Int Wound J. 2017;14(3):537–545. doi:10.1111/iwj.12642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti KGMM, Zimmet PZ. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabetic Med. 1998;15(7):539–553. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky BA, Senneville É, Abbas ZG, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of foot infection in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3280. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J, et al. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(7):1999–2014.e1. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi ZM, Golabi P, de Avila L, et al. The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2019;71(4):793–801. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiaojun G, Zheng L, Wang M, et al. Prevalence trends in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease at the global, regional and national levels, 1990–2017: a population-based observational study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(8):e036663. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036663
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liao Y, Wang L, Liu F, et al. Emerging trends and hotspots in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) research from 2012 to 2021: a bibliometric analysis. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1078149. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1078149
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu XP, Han GC, Chen Q, et al. Fatty liver is a sensitive early warning for hypertension and its complication in the Chinese population. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2022;44(4):306–312. doi:10.1080/10641963.2022.2029469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokushige K, Ikejima K, Ono M, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis 2020. J Gastroenterol. 2021;56(11):951–963. doi:10.1007/s00535-021-01796-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youwen Y, Kangli L, Fei T, et al. Leukemia inhibitory factor protects against liver steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients and obese mice. J Biol Chem. 2022;298(6):101946. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsubayashi Y, Fujihara K, Yamada-Harada M, et al. Impact of metabolic syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease on cardiovascular risk by the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes and according to sex. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):90. doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01518-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander M, KatrinaLoomis A, van der Lei J, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident acute myocardial infarction and stroke: findings from matched cohort study of 18 million European adults. BMJ. 2019;367:l5367. doi:10.1136/bmj.l5367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baratta F, Pastori D, Angelico F, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events in a prospective study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(10):2324–2331.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.12.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim GEH, Tang A, Ng CH, et al. An observational data meta-analysis on the differences in prevalence and risk factors between MAFLD vs NAFLD. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(3):619–629.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2021.11.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakurai Y, Kubota N, Yamauchi T, et al. Role of insulin resistance in MAFLD. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(8):4156. doi:10.3390/ijms22084156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilar-Gomez E, Calzadilla-Bertot L, Wai-Sun Wong V, et al. Type 2 diabetes and metformin use associate with outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related, child-pugh a cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(1):136–145.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimabukuro M. MAFLD and ASCVD: plasma heparin cofactor ii activity as an anti-liver fibrosis biomarker. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2023;30(8):853–854. doi:10.5551/jat.ED227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stols-Gonçalves D, Hovingh GK, Nieuwdorp M, et al. NAFLD and atherosclerosis: two sides of the same dysmetabolic coin? Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2019;30(12):891–902. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2019.08.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholongitas E, Tsilingiris D, Diamantopoulou P, et al. Association of cardiovascular factors in diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hormones. 2022;21(1):133–145. doi:10.1007/s42000-021-00334-x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Targher G, Lonardo A, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(2):99–114. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2017.173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal SC, Méndez-Sánchez N. Insulin resistance and adipose tissue interactions as the cornerstone of metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2023;29(25):3999–4008. doi:10.3748/wjg.v29.i25.3999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiaoling L, Fengxia S, Zimeng S, et al. Effect of dangfei liganning capsule on liver X receptor α/steroid regulatory element binding protein-1/fatty acid synthase signal pathway in rats with metabolic- associated fatty liver disease. J Tradit Chin Med. 2022;42(6):940–947. doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2022.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel VT, Shulman GI. The pathogenesis of insulin resistance: integrating signaling pathways and substrate flux. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(1):12–22. doi:10.1172/JCI77812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, She Z-G, Hongliang L, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a metabolic burden promoting atherosclerosis. Clin Sci. 2020;134(13):1775–1799. doi:10.1042/CS20200446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu W, Juan Deng C, Ping Xuan L, et al. Peripheral artery disease and risk of fibrosis deterioration in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective investigation. Biomed Environ Sci. 2020;33(4):217–226. doi:10.3967/bes2020.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebert T, Widman L, Stenvinkel P, et al. Increased risk for microvascular outcomes in NAFLD-A nationwide, population-based cohort study. J Intern Med. 2023;294(2):216–227. doi:10.1111/joim.13673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megallaa MH, Ismail AA, Zeitoun MH, et al. Association of diabetic foot ulcers with chronic vascular diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(2):1287–1292. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Fu G, Deng Y, et al. Risk factors for foot ulcer recurrence in patients with comorbid diabetic foot osteomyelitis and diabetic nephropathy: a 3-year follow-up study. Int Wound J. 2023;20(1):173–182. doi:10.1111/iwj.13861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awasthi A, Corrie L, Vishwas S, et al. Gut dysbiosis and diabetic foot ulcer: role of probiotics. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(11):2543. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14112543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vita T, Murphy DJ, Osborne MT, et al. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease at CT and coronary microvascular dysfunction at myocardial perfusion PET/CT. Radiology. 2019;291(2):330–337. doi:10.1148/radiol.2019181793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang X, Han J, Nong Y, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index is strongly associated with all‐cause mortality in elderly females with diabetic foot ulcers: a 9-year follow-up study. Int Wound J. 2024;21(1):e14344. doi:10.1111/iwj.14344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslam M, Ahmed A, Després J-P, et al. Incorporating fatty liver disease in multidisciplinary care and novel clinical trial designs for patients with metabolic diseases. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(9):743–753. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00132-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar