127
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Correlation Between Thyroid-Related Hormones and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Normal Thyroid Function: A Retrospective Study

, ORCID Icon, , , &
Pages 1481-1490 | Received 19 Jan 2024, Accepted 19 Mar 2024, Published online: 26 Mar 2024

References

  • Rehman K, Akash M. Mechanism of generation of oxidative stress and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus: how are they interlinked? J Cell Biochem. 2017;118(11):3577–3585. doi:10.1002/jcb.26097
  • White NH, Pan Q, Knowler WC, et al. Risk factors for the development of retinopathy in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: the diabetes prevention program experience. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(11):2653–2661. doi:10.2337/dc22-0860
  • Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):556–564. doi:10.2337/dc11-1909
  • Lin KY, Hsih WH, Lin YB, et al. Update in the epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Investig. 2021;12(8):1322–1325. doi:10.1111/jdi.13480
  • Song SJ, Wong TY. Current concepts in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(6):416–425. doi:10.4093/dmj.2014.38.6.416
  • Kuo JZ, Wong TY, Rotter JI. Challenges in elucidating the genetics of diabetic retinopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(1):96–107. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.5024
  • Zhang L, Krzentowski G, Albert A, et al. Risk of developing retinopathy in Diabetes Control and Complications Trial type 1 diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(7):1275–1279. doi:10.2337/diacare.24.7.1275
  • Enzsoly A, Hajdu RI, Turoczi Z, et al. The predictive role of thyroid hormone levels for early diabetic retinal changes in experimental rat and human diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;62(6):20. doi:10.1167/iovs.62.6.20
  • Pessoa CN, Santiago LA, Santiago DA, et al. Thyroid hormone action is required for normal cone opsin expression during mouse retinal development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(5):2039–2045. doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0908
  • Zou J, Li Z, Tian F, et al. Association between normal thyroid hormones and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:8161797. doi:10.1155/2020/8161797
  • Falkowski B, Rogowicz-Frontczak A, Grzelka A, et al. Higher free triiodothyronine concentration is associated with lower prevalence of microangiopathic complications and better metabolic control in adult euthyroid people with type 1 diabetes. Endocrine. 2018;60(3):458–465. doi:10.1007/s12020-018-1582-8
  • Cao X, Lu M, Xie RR, et al. A high TSH level is associated with diabetic macular edema: a cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Connect. 2022;11(7). doi:10.1530/EC-22-0122
  • Heidari Z, Asadzadeh R. Subclinical hypothyroidism is a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2021;35:186. doi:10.47176/mjiri.35.186
  • Bao W, Dar S, Zhu Y, et al. Plasma concentrations of lipids during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal study. J Diabetes. 2018;10(6):487–495. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12563
  • American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(Suppl 1):S17–S38. doi:10.2337/dc22-S002
  • Rao H, Jalali JA, Johnston TP, et al. Emerging roles of dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia in diabetic retinopathy: molecular mechanisms and clinical perspectives. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:620045. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.620045
  • Lin D, Qin R, Guo L. Thyroid stimulating hormone aggravates diabetic retinopathy through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. J Cell Physiol. 2022;237(1):868–880. doi:10.1002/jcp.30563
  • Iwen KA, Schroder E, Brabant G. Thyroid hormones and the metabolic syndrome. Eur Thyroid J. 2013;2(2):83–92. doi:10.1159/000351249
  • Maiden MJ, Torpy DJ. Thyroid Hormones in Critical Illness. Crit Care Clin. 2019;35(2):375–388. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2018.11.012
  • Cheng SY, Leonard JL, Davis PJ. Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(2):139–170. doi:10.1210/er.2009-0007
  • Glaschke A, Weiland J, Del TD, et al. Thyroid hormone controls cone opsin expression in the retina of adult rodents. J Neurosci. 2011;31(13):4844–4851. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6181-10.2011
  • Bapputty R, Sapa H, Masaru M, et al. Diabetes modulates iodothyronine deiodinase 2 expression in the mouse retina: a role for thyroid hormone in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2023;64(15):3. doi:10.1167/iovs.64.15.3
  • Forini F, Nicolini G, Amato R, et al. Local modulation of thyroid hormone signaling in the retina affects the development of diabetic retinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2024;1870(1):166892. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166892
  • Gao X, Wang X, Zhong Y, et al. Serum antithyroglobulin antibody levels are associated with diabetic retinopathy among euthyroid type 2 diabetes patients: a hospital-based, retrospective study. J Diabetes Res. 2022;2022:2552186. doi:10.1155/2022/2552186
  • Liu Y, Yang J, Tao L, et al. Risk factors of diabetic retinopathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy: a cross-sectional study of 13 473 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mainland China. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016280. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016280
  • Busik JV. Lipid metabolism dysregulation in diabetic retinopathy. J Lipid Res. 2021;62:100017. doi:10.1194/jlr.TR120000981
  • Kowluru RA. Diabetic retinopathy and NADPH oxidase-2: a sweet slippery road. Antioxidants. 2021;10(5):783. doi:10.3390/antiox10050783
  • Xuan Q, Zheng F, Yu D, et al. Rapid lipidomic profiling based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application in diabetic retinopathy. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2020;412(15):3585–3594. doi:10.1007/s00216-020-02632-6
  • Ezhilvendhan K, Sathiyamoorthy A, Prakash BJ, et al. Association of dyslipidemia with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a hospital-based study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021;13(Suppl 2):S1062–S1067. doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_164_21
  • Tung TH, Chen SJ, Liu JH, et al. A community-based follow-up study on diabetic retinopathy among type 2 diabetics in Kinmen. EUR J EPIDEMIOL. 2005;20(4):317–323. doi:10.1007/s10654-004-6651-z
  • Zhang HY, Wang JY, Ying GS, et al. Serum lipids and other risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2013;14(5):392–399. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1200237
  • DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Groop L, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. NAT REV DIS PRIMERS. 2015;1:15019. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.19
  • Menon PS, Vaidyanathan B, Kaur M. Autoimmune thyroid disease in Indian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2001;14(3):279–286. doi:10.1515/JPEM.2001.14.3.279
  • Zhang YJ, Zhao W, Zhu MY, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone induces the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a protein kinase A-dependent pathway. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2013;121(8):488–493. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1347266
  • van de Woestijne AP, Monajemi H, Kalkhoven E, et al. Adipose tissue dysfunction and hypertriglyceridemia: mechanisms and management. Obes Rev. 2011;12(10):829–840. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00900.x
  • Pazos F, Alvarez JJ, Rubies-Prat J, et al. Long-term thyroid replacement therapy and levels of lipoprotein(a) and other lipoproteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(2):562–566. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.2.7852521
  • Gu L, Yang J, Gong Y, et al. Lower free thyroid hormone levels are associated with high blood glucose and insulin resistance; these normalize with metabolic improvement of type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes. 2021;13(4):318–329. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13118
  • Lin Y, Sun Z. Thyroid hormone potentiates insulin signaling and attenuates hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Br J Pharmacol. 2011;162(3):597–610. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01056.x
  • Condorelli RA, Cannarella R, Aversa A, et al. Effects of slow-acting metformin treatment on the hormonal and morphological thyroid profile in patients with insulin resistance. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(10):1987. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14101987
  • Pappa T, Alevizaki M. Metformin and thyroid: an update. Eur Thyroid J. 2013;2(1):22–28. doi:10.1159/000346248